SİTRİK ASİT ÜRETİMİ VE SAFLAŞTIRILMASI

Abstract

Sitrik asit, oksidatif solunum yapan bütün canlı organizmaların metabolizmasında bulunan önemli bir organik asittir. Bu organik asit; yüksek ekonomik potansiyeli, düşük maliyeti ve düşük toksisitesi nedenleriyle gıda, ilaç, kimya, tarım ve kozmetik endüstrilerinde geniş bir kullanım alanına sahiptir. Sitrik asit özellikle gıda endüstrisinde asitlik düzenleyici, lezzet verici, koruyucu, kıvam arttırıcı ve stabilize edici olarak kullanılmaktadır. Dünyada her yıl 2 milyon tondan fazla sitrik asit üretilmesine rağmen ülkemizde sitrik asit üretimi ve bu konu üzerine bilimsel çalışmalar sınırlıdır. Sitrik asit üretimi doğal kaynaklardan izolasyon, biyokimyasal sentez veya mikrobiyel fermantasyon yöntemleriyle yapılmaktadır. Sitrik asit üretim miktarının %99’undan fazlası Aspergillus niger ve Yarrowia lipolytica mikroorganizmaları kullanılarak mikrobiyel fermantasyon ile gerçekleştirilmektedir. Sitrik asit üretildikten sonra farklı saflaştırma yöntemleri ile izole edilerek ticari bir ürüne dönüştürülmektedir. Bu çalışmada sitrik asidin bazı özellikleri, kullanım alanları, sağlık üzerine etkileri, üretim ve saflaştırma yöntemleri derlenmiştir.

Keywords

• Sitrik asit üretimi
• , fermantasyon
• Aspergillus niger
• Yarrowia lipolytica
• saflaştırma

CITRIC ACID PRODUCTION AND PURIFICATION

Abstract

Citric acid is an important organic acid found in oxidative metabolism of all living organisms. It has common usage in food, medicine, chemical, agricultural, and cosmetic industries because of its high economic potential and low cost and toxicity. Citric acid is used in food industry as acidity regulator, flavoring, preservative, thickener, and stabilizer. Although more than 2 million tons/year of citric acid is produced in the world, citric acid production and scientific research on this subject in Turkey are limited. Its production is conducted by isolation from natural sources, synthesis or microbial fermentation. More than 99% of total citric acid production is performed with microbial fermentation by using Aspergillus niger and Yarrowia lipolytica. After the production, it is isolated by different purification methods and turned into a commercial product. In this study, some properties of citric acid, its usage area, effects on human health, production and purification methods were reviewed.

Keywords

• Citric acid production
• fermentation
• Aspergillus niger
• Yarrowia lipolytica
• purification

References

1. Addo, M. G., Kusi, A., Andoh, L. A., and Obiri-Danso, K. (2016). Citric acid production by Aspergillus niger on a corn cob solid substrate using one factor at a time optimisation method. Int Adv Res J in Sci, Eng Technol, 3(1): 95-99.
2. Alnassar, M., Tayfour, A., Afif, R. (2016). The study of lactose effect on citric acid production by Aspergillus niger PLA30 in cheese whey. Int J Chem Tech Res, 9(1): 318-322.
3. Amato, A., Becci, A., & Beolchini, F. (2020). Citric acid bioproduction: the technological innovation change. Crit Rev Biotechnol, 1–14.
4. Anonim (2020a). Türkiye’de sitrik asit üretimi. www.tezkim.com/tr/urun/sitrik-asit. [Son Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2020].
5. Anonim (2020b). Türkiye sitrik asit ithalat verileri. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. www.evarom.com/sitrik-asit-ithalat-verileri. [Son Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2020].
6. Anonim (2020c). Solubility of citric acid. www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/311. [Son Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2020].
7. Anonim (2020d). Katkı maddelerinin kısıtlı miktarlarda kullanılabildiği gıda maddeleri. www.İstanbulsaglik.Gov.Tr/W/Mev/Mev_Tebl/Tebl_Temel_Saglik/Renklendiriciler_Ve_Tatlandiriciler.Pdf. [Son Erişim Tarihi: 05.04.2020].
8. Anonim (2020e). Sitrik asidin sağlığa etkileri. www.ansiklopedi.halisinden.com/Sitrik_Asit_(E330)#cite_note-1. [Son Erişim Tarihi: 05.04.2020].

9. Awadhiya, A., Kumar, D., & Verma, V. (2016). Crosslinking of agarose bioplastic using citric acid. Carbohydr Polym, 151: 60–67.
10. Berovic, M., & Legisa, M. (2007). Citric acid production. Biotechnol Annu Rev, 303–343.
11. Campanhol, B. S., Silveira, G. C., Castro, M. C., Ceccato-Antonini, S. R., & Bastos, R. G. (2019). Effect of the nutrient solution in the microbial production of citric acid from sugarcane bagasse and vinasse. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol, 101147.
12. Cavallo, E., Charreau, H., Cerrutti, P., & Foresti, M. L. (2017). Yarrowia lipolytica: A model yeast for citric acid production. FEMS Yeast Res, 17(8).
13. Chen, Y., & Nielsen, J. (2016). Biobased organic acids production by metabolically engineered microorganisms. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 37: 165–172.
14. Ciriminna, R., Meneguzzo, F., Delisi, R., Pagliaro, M. (2017). Citric acid: Emerging applications of key biotechnology industrial product. Chem Cent J, 11: 1-9.
15. Delgado Dobladez, J. A., Águeda Maté, V. I., Uribe Santos, D. L., Torrellas, S. Á., & Larriba, M. (2018). Citric acid purification by simulated moving bed adsorption with methanol as desorbent. Sep Sci Technol, 1–13.
16. Dezam, A. P. G., Vasconcellos, V. M., Lacava, P. T., & Farinas, C. S. (2017). Microbial production of organic acids by endophytic fungi. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol, 11: 282–287.
17. Dhillon Singh Gurpreet, Brar Kaur Satinder, Verma Mausam & Tyagi Dayal Rajeshwar (2011). Recent advances in citric acid bio-production and recovery. Food Bioprocess Technol, 4(4): 505–529.
18. Dhillon, G. S., Brar, S. K., Kaur, S., & Verma, M. (2013). Bioproduction and extraction optimization of citric acid from Aspergillus niger by rotating drum type solid-state bioreactor. Ind Crops Prod, 41: 78–84.
19. Ding, N., Peng, C., Ren, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, P., Dong, L., … Wang, D. (2018). Improving the dewaterability of citric acid wastewater sludge by Fenton treatment. J Cl Prod, 196: 739–746.
20. Eugenia Papadaki, Fani Th. Mantzouridou. (2019). Citric acid production from the integration of Spanish-style green olive processing wastewaters with white grape pomace by Aspergillus niger. Bioresour Technol, 280: 59-69.
21. Francisco, J. C. E., Rivera, W. L., & Vital, P. G. (2019). Influences of carbohydrate, nitrogen, and phosphorus sources on the citric acid production by fungal endophyte Aspergillus fumigatus P3I6. Prep Biochem Biotechnol, 1–10. Hu, W., Li, W., Yang, H., & Chen, J. (2018). Current strategies and future prospects for enhancing microbial production of citric acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 103: 201-209.
22. Kamzolova, S. V., & Morgunov, I. G. (2017). Metabolic peculiarities of the citric acid overproduction from glucose in yeasts Yarrowia lipolytica. Bioresour Technol, 243: 433–440.
23. Koromyslova, A. D., White, P. A., & Hansman, G. S. (2015). Treatment of norovirus particles with citrate. Virology, 485: 199–204.
24. Li, G., Yang, X., Liang, L., & Guo, S. (2017). Evaluation of the potential redistribution of chromium fractionation in contaminated soil by citric acid/sodium citrate washing. Arabian J of Chem, 10: S539–S545.
25. Liu, X., Lv, J., Xu, J., Zhang, T., Deng, Y., & He, J. (2014). Citric acid production in Yarrowia lipolytica SWJ-1b yeast when grown on waste cooking oil. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 175(5): 2347–2356.
26. Liu, X., Li, Q., Jiang, C., Lin, X., & Xu, T. (2015). Bipolar membrane electrodialysis in aqua–ethanol medium: Production of salicylic acid. J of Membr Sci, 482: 76–82.
27. Liu, X., Yan, Y., Zhao, P., Song, J., Yu, X., Wang, Z., … Wang, X. (2019). Oil crop wastes as substrate candidates for enhancing erythritol production by modified Yarrowia lipolytica via one-step solid state fermentation. Bioresour Technol, 122194.
28. Max, B., Salgado, J. M., Rodríguez, N., Cortés, S., Converti, A., & Domínguez, J. M. (2010). Biotechnological production of citric acid. Braz J Microbiol, 41(4): 862–875.
29. Morgunov, I., Kamzolova, S., & Lunina, J. (2018). Citric acid production by Yarrowia lipolytica yeast on different renewable raw materials. Ferment, 4(2): 36.
30. Monrroy, M., Rueda, L., Aparicio, A. L., & García, J. R. (2019). Fermentation of Musa paradisiaca peels to produce citric acid. J Chem, 1–8.
31. Papadaki Eugenia, Mantzouridou Fani Th. (2019). Citric acid production from the integration of Spanish-style green olive processing wastewaters with white grape pomace by Aspergillus niger. Bioresour Technol, 280: 59-69.
32. Sawant Omkar, Mahale Sagar, Ramchandran Vanitha, Nagaraj Geetha and Bankar Ashok. (2018). Fungal citric acid production using waste materials: A mini-review. J Mıcrobıol Bıotechnol Food Sci; 8(2): 821-828.
33. Steiger, M. G., Mattanovich, D., & Sauer, M. (2017). Microbial organic acid production as carbon dioxide sink. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 364(21).
34. Singh, P., Draboo, S., Singh, A., Chaturvedi, S., Sharma, S., Verma, P. (2016). Citric acid production from different sources under submerged conditions using Aspergillus niger. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci, 5(5): 483-492.
35. Soccol CR, Vandenberghe LPS, Rodrigues C, Pandey A. (2006). New perspectives for citric acid production and application. Food Technol Biotechnol, 44(2): 141-149.
36. Show PL, Oladele KO, Siew QY, F. A. Aziz Zakry, J. C.-W. Lan, and T. C. Ling. (2015). Overview of citric acid production from Aspergillus niger. Front Life Sci, 8(3): 271–283.
37. Sun, X., Lu, H., & Wang, J. (2017). Recovery of citric acid from fermented liquid by bipolar membrane electrodialysis. J Cleaner Prod, 143: 250–256.
38. Tan MJ, Chen X, Wang YK, Liu GL, Chi ZM. (2016). Enhanced citric acid production by a yeast Yarrowia lipolytica over-expressing a pyruvate carboxylase gene. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng, 39(8): 1289–1296.
39. Vandenberghe LPS, Soccol CR, Pandey AP, Lebeault J-M. (1999). Review: Microbial production of citric acid. Braz Arch of Biol and Technol, 42: 263-276.
40. Vasanthabharathi, V., Sajitha, N., ... & Jayalakshmi, S. (2013). Citric acid production from U-V mutated estuarine Aspergillus niger. Adv Biol Res, 7(3): 89-94.
41. Vandenberghe, L. P. S., Rodrigues, C., de Carvalho, J. C., Medeiros, A. B. P., & Soccol, C. R. (2017). Production and application of citric acid. Curr Dev Biotechnol and Bioeng, 557–575.
42. Vandenberghe, L. P. S., Karp, S. G., de Oliveira, P. Z., de Carvalho, J. C., Rodrigues, C., & Soccol, C. R. (2018). Solid-state fermentation for the production of organic acids. Curr Dev Biotechnol Bioeng, 415–434.
43. Yalçın Karasu Seda, Bozdemir Tijen M., Özbaş Yeşim Z. (2010). Fermantasyon yolu ile sitrik asit üretiminde farklı substrat kaynaklarının kullanılma olanakları. J food, 35(2).
44. Yin, X., Hyun-dong Shin, H., Li, J., Du, G., Liu, L., … & Chem, J. (2017). Comparative genomics and transcriptome analysis of Aspergillus niger and metabolic engineering for citrate production. Sci Rep, 7: 410-440.
45. Yu, B., Zhang, X., Sun, W., Xi, X., Zhao, N., Huang, Z., … Ying, H. (2018). Continuous citric acid production in repeated-fed batch fermentation by Aspergillus niger immobilized on a new porous foam. J Biotechnol, 276-277, 1–9.
46. Wang L, Cao ZL, Hou L, Yin LH, Wang DW, Gao Q, Wu ZQ, Wang DP. (2016). The opposite roles of agdA and glaA on citric acid production in Aspergillus niger. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 100(13): 5791–5803.
47. Wang BS, Li H, Zhu LH, Tan FL, Li YR, Zhang L, Ding ZY, Shi GY. (2017). High-efficient production of citric acid by Aspergillus niger from high concentration of substrate based on the staged-addition glucoamylase strategy. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng, 40(6): 891–899.
48. Wang, J., Mousavi-Avval, S. H., Cui, Z., Li, Y., Cao, L., & Lu, Z. (2019). Techno-economic analysis and environmental impact assessment of citric acid production through different recovery methods. J Cl Prod, 119315.
49. Zhang, H., Xu, J., Su, X., Bao, J., Wang, K., & Mao, Z. (2017a). Citric acid production by recycling its wastewater treated with anaerobic digestion and nanofiltration. Process Biochem, 58: 245–251.
50. Zhang, Hongjiao; Gao, Yuntao; Xiong, Huabin (2017b). Removal of heavy metals from polluted soil using the citric acid fermentation broth: a promising washing agent. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 24(10), 9506–9514.