Review
BibTex RIS Cite

Importance of foodborne parasites; epidemiology, transmission routes, risk assessment and control measures

Year 2024, , 62 - 73, 13.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.56833/gidaveyem.1433098

Abstract

Objective: Today, there are many foodborne diseases. In addition to bacteria, viruses and fungi, parasites are also reported to cause foodborne diseases. These parasites, which include protozoa (e.g. Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma spp.) and helminths (e.g. liver and intestinal parasites; Fasciola spp., Echinococcus spp., Anisakis spp., Trichinella spp.), have always existed in nature since their emergence, spread for various reasons and infected foods in various ways. Many domesticated and wild animals have also played a role as reservoirs in the transmission of these pathogens to foods. Some of the foodborne parasites are zoonotic. The life cycles of each of them are complex and different. In this study, foodborne parasites were evaluated from a general perspective.
Conclusion: In this review, the importance of foodborne parasites in terms of food safety and public health, epidemiology, routes of food contamination, risk assessment, and control measures were evaluated in the light of the literature.

References

  • Almeria, S., Robertson, L., and Santin, M. (2021). Why foodborne and waterborne parasites are important for veterinarian. Research in Veterinary Science, (136), 198-199, ISSN 0034-5288, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.02.020.
  • Andargie, G., Kassu, A., Moges, F., Tiruneh, M., and Huruy K. (2008). Prevalence of bacteria and intestinal parasites among food-handlers in Gondar town, northwest Ethiopia. Journal of Health Population and Nutrition, 26 (4), 451.
  • Amoah, P., Drechsel, P., Henseler, M., and Abaidoo, R. C. (2007). Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: microbiological contamination in farms and markets and associated consumer risk groups. J Water Health, 5 (3), 455–466. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.041.
  • Badri, M., Olfatifar, M., Karim, M.R., Modirian, E., Houshmand, E., Abdoli, A., …and others (2022a). Global prevalence of intestinal protozoan contamination in vegetables and fruits: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Control, (133), p.108656.
  • Beuchat, L.R.,and Ryu, J.H. (1997). Produce handling and processing practices. Emerging Infectious Diseases, (3), 459-565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0304.970407.
  • Bouwknegt, M., Devleesschauwer, B., Graham, H., Robertson, L.J., and van der Giessen J.W (2018). Euro-FBP workshop participants. Prioritisation of food-borne parasites in Europe, 2016. Euro Surveill. 2018 Mar;23(9):17-00161. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.9.17-00161. PMID: 29510783; PMCID: PMC5840924.
  • Caccio, S., Chalmers, R., Dorny, P., and Robertson, L. (2018). Foodborne parasites: outbreaks and outbreak investigations. A meeting report from the European network for foodborne parasites (Euro-FBP). Food and Waterborne Parasitology, 10(1),1–5. ISSN 2405-6766, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2018.01.001.
  • Cammilleri G., Costa, A., Graci, S., Buscemi, M.D., Collura, R., Vella, A., et al.(2018). Presence of Anisakis pegreffi in farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) commercialized in southern Italy: A first report. Veterinary Parasitology, (259)13-16.
  • Caradonna,T., Marangi, M., Del Chierico, F., Ferrari,N., Reddel, S., Bracaglia, G., Normanno, G., Putignani, L., and Giangaspero, A. (2017). Detection and prevalence of protozoan parasites in ready-to-eat packaged salads on sale in Italy. Food Microbiology, (67), 67-75, ISSN 0740-0020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2017.06.006).
  • Chaidez, C., Soto, M., Gortares, P., and Mena, K. (2005). Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in irrigation water and its impact on the fresh produce industry. Int. J. Environ. Health Res., (15), 339-345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603120500289010.
  • Dagnew, M., Tiruneh, M., Moges, F., and Tekeste, Z. (2012). Survey of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and intestinal parasites among food handlers working at Gondar University, Northwest EthiopiaBMC Public Health, 12 (1), 1-7.
  • Despommier, D.D., Gwadz, R.W., and Hotez, P.J. (2012). Parasitic diseases. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Dixon, B. R. (2015). Transmission dynamics of foodborne parasites on fresh produce. In Foodborne parasites in the food supply web, 317-353. Woodhead Publishing.
  • Duda, A., Kosik-Bogacka, D., Lanocha-Arendarczyk, N., Kołodziejczyk, L.,and Lanocha, A. (2015). The prevalence of Blastocystis hominis and other protozoan parasites in soldiers returning from peacekeeping missions. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 92(4), 805. Dulo, F., and Pal, M. (2017). Emerging viral zoonoses and their implications on public health. World Appl Sci J. 35(2):188-98. 2.
  • Dümen, E., Ekici, G., Bayrakal, GM., Akkaya, H., Sezgin, FH., Ergin, S. (2023). Çiğ köftelerin bakteriyolojik ve parazitolojik kalitesinin tespiti ile halk sağlığının korunması. İstanbul Rumeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 1 (2): 1- 12.
  • EFSA. (2010). Opinion of the scientific panel on biological hazards on"Risk assessment of parasites in fishery products. EFSA Journal, 8 (4), 1543.
  • EFSA Journal. (2018). 16(12), 5495, 113 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5495.
  • ElGhannam, M., Dar, Y., ElMehlawy, M.H., Mokhtar, F.A., and Bakr, L. (2023). Eugenol; Effective Anthelmintic Compound against Foodborne Parasite Trichinella spiralis Muscle Larvae and Adult. Pathogens, (12), 127. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/pathogens12010127.
  • Erez, M. S., Kozan, E., GÖKSU, A. (2022). Detection of helminth egg contamination on raw vegetables in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 15(4), 374-380.
  • Ercole, M. E., Bessi, C., Pasqualetti, M.I., Ribicich, M. M., Aronowicz,T., Bonboni, A., Acerbo, M., and Fariña, F.A. (2021). Reprint of: Gamma radiation effect on Trichinella pseudospiralis and Trichinella spiralis infected wild boar meat, Veterinary Parasitology, (297), 109543, ISSN 0304-4017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109543.
  • Eroglu, F. and Koltas, İ.S. (2010). Evaluation of the transmission mode of B. Hominis by using PCR method. Parasitol Res, 107, 841–845. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-1937-4.
  • Eslahi, A.V., Olfatifar, M., Zaki, L., Pirestani, M., Sotoodeh, S., Farahvash, M.A. Aisa Maleki, A., and Badri, M. (2023). The worldwide prevalence of intestinal helminthic parasites among food handlers: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Food Control, (148), 109658. ISSN 0956-7135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109658.
  • Eslahi, A.V., Olfatifar, M., Zaki, L., Saryazdi, A.K., Barikbin, F., Maleki, A., Abdoli, A., Badri, M., and Karanis, P. (2023). Global prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasites among food handlers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Cont., (145), 100–106. from: http://www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/ee07c6ae-b86c-4d5f-915c-94c93ded7d9e.
  • FAO/WHO. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization. (2014). Multicriteria-based ranking for risk management of food-borne parasites. Microbiological Risk Assessment Series No. 23, 302. http://www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/ee07c6ae-b86c-4d5f-915c-94c93ded7d9e
  • Faria, C.P., Pereira, A., Almeida, D., Pinto, M., Lourenço, Á., and do Céu Sousa, M. (2023). Molecular investigation of ready-to-eat salads for Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in Portugal. Food Waterborne Parasitol. (23); 30:e00190. doi: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00190.
  • FDA, U.S. (2012). Irradiation in the production, processing and handling of food US. Code of Federal Regulations, 21(179).
  • Feng, Y., Xiao, L. (2011). Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., (24),110-140.
  • Francis, G.A., Thomans, C., and O'Beirne, D. (1999). The microbiological safety of minimally processed vegetables. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., (34),1-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2621.1999.00253.x.
  • Franssen, F., Gerard, C., Cozma-Petruţ, A., Vieira-Pinto, M., Jambrak, A.R., Rowan, N., Paulsen, P., Rozycki, M., Tysnes, K., Rodriguez-Lazaro, D., and Robertson, L. (2019). Inactivation of parasite transmission stages:
  • Efficacy of treatments on food of animal origin. Trends in Food Science & Technology, (83),114-128, 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.11.009.
  • Franssen, F., Deng, H., Swart, A., Marinović, A.B., Liu, X., Liu, M.,and van der Giessen J. (2021). Inactivation of Trichinella muscle larvae at different time-temperature heating profiles simulating home-cooking. Experimental Parasitology, (224), 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108099.
  • Gabriël, S., Johansen, M.V., Pozio, E., Smit, G.S., Devleesschauwer, B., Allepuz, A., Papadopoulos, E., van der Giessen, J., and Dorny, P. (2015). Human migration and pig/pork import in the European Union: What are the implications for Taenia solium infections? Vet Parasitol. 213(1-2), 38-45. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.03.006.
  • Gabriël, S., Dorny, P., Saelens, G., and Dermauw, V. (2023). Foodborne Parasites and Their Complex Life Cycles Challenging Food Safety in Different Food Chains. Foods, (12), 142. https://doi.org/10.3390/ foods12010142.
  • Gajadhar, A.A. (2015). 1 - Introduction to foodborne parasites, In Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Foodborne Parasites in the Food Supply Web, Publishing, 3-9, ISBN 9781782423324, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-332-4.00001-1.
  • Gari-Toussaint, M., Tieulié, N., Baldin, J., Dupouy-Camet, J., Delaunay, P., Fuzibet , J.G, Le Fichoux, Y., Pozio, E., Marty, P. (2005). Human trichinellosis due to Trichinella britovi in southern France after consumption of frozen wild boar meat. Euro Surveillance, 10(6),117-8.
  • Gérard, C., Franssen, F., La Carbona, S., Monteiro, S, Cozma-Petruţ, A., Utaaker, K. S., … and Robertson, L.J. (2019). Inactivation of parasite transmission stages: Efficacy of treatments on foods of non-animal origin, Trends in Food Science & Technology, (91), 12-23,ISSN 0924-2244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.06.015.
  • Giarratana, F., Muscolino, D., Ziino, G., Giuffrida, A., Marotta, S.M., Lo Presti, V., Chiofalo, V., Panebianco, A. (2017). Activity of Tagetes minuta Linnaeus (Asteraceae), Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 10(5), 461-465. ISSN 1995-7645, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.05.005.
  • Gracia, M.J., Lázaro, R., Pérez-Arquillué, C., Bayarri, S. (2022). Effect of Domestic Freezing on the Viability of Toxoplasma gondii in Raw and Dry-Cured Ham from Experimentally Infected Pigs. Journal of Food Protection, 85 (4), 626-631, ISSN 0362-028X, https://doi.org/10.4315/JFP-21-281.
  • Gürbüz, C.E., Gülmez, A., Özkoç, S., İnceboz, T., Miman, Ö., Aksoy, Ü., ve Delibaş, S.B. (2020). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi’nde 2011‐2018 Yılları Arasında Saptanan Bağırsak Parazitlerinin Dağılımı. Türkiye Parazitol Derg, 44(2), 83-7.
  • Hajare, S.T., Gobena, R.K., Chauhan, N.M., and Erniso, F. (2021). Prevalence of intestinal parasite infections and their associated factors among food handlers working in selected catering establishments from Bule Hora, Ethiopia. BioMed Research International Article 6669742, 10.1155/2021/6669742.
  • Herrero, L., Gracia, M.J., Pérez-Arquillué, C., Lázaro, R., Herrera, A., Bayarri, S. (2017). Toxoplasma gondii in raw and dry-cured ham: The influence of the curing process. Food Microbiology, (65) 213-220, ISSN 0740-0020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2017.02.010.
  • Hilwig, R.W., Cramer, J.D., and Forsyth K.S. (1978). Freezing times and temperatures required to kill cysticerci of Taenia saginata in beef. Veterinary Parasitology, 4 (3), 215-219, 10.1016/0304-4017(78)90048-1.
  • Idowu, O.A, Rowland, S.A. (2006). Oral fecal parasites and personal hygiene of food handlers in Abeokuta, Nigeria. African Health Sciences, 6(3),160-4. doi: 10.5555/afhs.2006.6.3.160. PMID: 17140338; PMCID: PMC1831884.
  • Jiménez A.E., Fernández A., Alfaro R., Dolz G., Vargas B., Epe C., and Schnieder T. (2010). A cross-sectional survey of gastrointestinal parasites with dispersal stages in feces from Costa Rican dairy calves. Veterinary. Parasitology, (173), 236-246.
  • Johnston, L.M., Jaykus, L.A., Moll, D., Martinez, M.C., Anciso, J., Mora, B., and Moe, C. (2005). A field study of the microbiological quality of fresh produce. J. Food Prot., (68), 1840-1847.
  • Jones, J.L., and Dubey. J.P. (2012). Foodborne toxoplasmosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 55(6), 845-851, doi:10.1093/cid/cis508.
  • Kubina, S., Costa, D., Cazeaux, C., Villena I., Favennec, L., Razakandrainibe, R., and La Carbona, S. (2023). Persistence and survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts on lamb's lettuce leaves during plant growth and in washing conditions of minimally-processed salads. International Journal of Food Microbiology, (388), 110085, ISSN 0168-1605, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110085.
  • Lacombe, A., Breard, A., Hwang, C., Hill, D., Fan, X., Huang, L., Yoo, B.K., Niemira, B.A., Gurtler, J.B., Wu, V.C.H. (2017). Inactivation of Toxoplasma gondii on blueberries using low dose irradiation without affecting quality. Food Control, 73(B), 981-985, ISSN 0956-7135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.10.011.
  • Macarisin, D., Bauchan, G., and Fayer R. (2010). Spinacia oleracea L. Leaf stomata harboring Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts: A potential threat to food safety, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76(2), 555-559, 10.1128/AEM.02118-09.
  • Mahalleh, A.A, ve Çelik, T.H. (2019). Yeni ve Yeniden Önem Kazanan Gıda Kaynaklı Bazı Viral ve Paraziter Zoonozların Epidemiyolojisi Turkiye Klinikleri. J Vet Sci., 10(1):21-30.
  • McKerr, C., Adak, G. K., Nichols, G., Gorton, R., Chalmers, R. M., Kafatos, G., and Morton, S. (2015). An outbreak of Cryptosporidium parvum across England & Scotland associated with consumption of fresh pre-cut salad leaves. PLoS One, 10(5), e0125955.
  • Mo, T.A., Gahr, A., Hansen, H., Hoel, E., Oaland, Ø., and Poppe, T.T. (2014). Presence of Anisakis simplex (rudolphi, 1809 det. Krabbe, 1878) and Hysterothylacium aduncum (rudolphi, 1802) (nematoda; anisakidae) in runts of farmed atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal of Fish Diseases, 37(2), 135-140.
  • Morales-Figueroa, G.G., Sánchez-Guerrero, M.A., Castro-García, M., Esparza-Romero, J., López-Mata, M.A., and Quihui-Cota, L. (2021). Occurrence of intestinal parasites in fruits and vegetables from markets of Northwest Mexico. Journal of Food Quality and Hazards Control. (8), 57-65.
  • Robertson, L.J., Chitanga, S., Mukaratirwa, S. (2020). Food and waterborne parasites in Africa -threats and opportunities. Food and Waterborne Parasitology, 20 (e00093). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2020.e00093.
  • Ryan, U., Hijjawi, N., and Xiao, L. (2018). Foodborne cryptosporidiosis. International Journal for Parasitology, (48),1-12.
  • Ockerman,H., Basu, L. (2017). Technology of fermented meat products N. Zdolec (Ed.), Fermented meat products: Health aspects, CRC Press, Boca Raton – London, New York. 15-48.
  • Omurtag Korkmaz B.İ., ve Doğruer, Y. (2018). Gıda Kaynaklı Paraziter Hastalıklarda Risk Değerlendirmesi. Doğruer Y, editör. Gıda Kaynaklı Paraziter Hastalıklar. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri, (80), 8.
  • Ortega, Y.R., ve Sanchez R. (2010). Update on Cyclospora cayetanensis, a food-borne and waterborne parasite. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 23(1), 218-234, 10.1128/CMR.00026-09.
  • Pott, S., Koethe, M., Bangoura, B., Zoller, B., Daugschies, A., Straubinger, R.K., and et al.(2013). Effects of pH, sodium chloride, and curing salt on the infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts. Journal of Food Protection, 76(6), 1056-1061, 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-519.
  • Pozio E. (2019). How globalization and climate change could affect foodborne parasites, Experimental Parasitology, (208), 107807, ISSN 0014-4894, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107807.
  • Robertson, L.J. (2018). Parasites in food: From a neglected position to an emerging issue, Advances in Food & Nutrition Research, (86), 1043-4526. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.afnr.2018.04.003.
  • Ruh, E., ve Taylan, Ö. A. (2023). Parazitlerden kaynaklanan salgınlar: Dünyadan ve Türkiye’den örnekler. Mikrobiyol Bul; 57(2):317-329.
  • Smaldone, S., Marrone, R., Palma, G., Sarnelli, P., and Anastasio. A. (2017). Preliminary study on the inactivation of anisakid larvae in baccalà prepared according to traditional methods. Italian Journal of Food Safety, 6(6964), 195-198.
  • Sotelo,J., Rosas, and N., Palencia.G. (1986). Freezing of infested pork muscle kills cysticerci. Journal of the American Medical Association, 256(7), 893-894.
  • Torgerson P.R, de Silva N.R., Fèvre E.M., Kasuga F., Rokni M.B., Zhou X-N, and et al. (2014). The global burden of foodborne parasitic diseases: an update. Trends in Parasitology. (30), 20-6.
  • Woolsey, I.D., and Miller, A.L. (2021). Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and Echinococcus multilocularis: a review. Research in Veterinary Science, (135), 517 522. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.11.010.
  • Wu T, Perrings C, Kinzig A, Collins JP, Minteer BA, and Daszak P. (2017). Economic growth, urbanization, globalization, and the risks of emerging infectious diseases in China: a review. Ambio. 46(1), 18-29. doi: 10.1007/s13280-016-0809-2. Epub 2016 Aug 4. PMID: 27492678; PMCID: PMC5226902

Gıda kaynaklı parazitlerin önemi; epidemiyolojisi, bulaşma yolları, risk değerlendirmesi ve kontrol önlemleri

Year 2024, , 62 - 73, 13.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.56833/gidaveyem.1433098

Abstract

Amaç: Günümüzde gıda kaynaklı birçok hastalık bulunmaktadır. Bakteriler, virüsler ve fungusların yanısıra parazitlerin de gıda kaynaklı hastalıklara sebep olduğu bildirilmektedir. Protozoa (örneğin Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma spp.) ve helmintleri (örneğin karaciğer ve bağırsak parazitleri; Fasciola spp., Echinococcus spp., Anisakis spp., Trichinella spp.) içeren bu parazitler doğada hep var olmuşlar, çeşitli nedenlerle yayılım göstermişler ve gıdalara çeşitli yollarla bulaşmışlardır. Bu patojenlerin gıdalara bulaşmasında evcilleştirilmiş ve vahşi pek çok hayvan da taşıyıcı olarak rol oynamıştır. Gıda kaynaklı parazitlerin bazıları zoonotik özellik göstermektedir. Her birinin yaşam siklusları karmaşık ve farklıdır. Bu çalışmada, gıda kaynaklı parazitler genel bir bakış açısı ile değerlendirilmiştir.
Sonuç: Bu derlemede, gıda kaynaklı parazitlerin gıda güvenliği ve halk sağlığı açısından önemi, epidemiyolojisi, gıdalara bulaşma yolları, risk değerlendirmesi ve kontrol önlemleri literatür eşliğinde değerlendirilmiştir.

References

  • Almeria, S., Robertson, L., and Santin, M. (2021). Why foodborne and waterborne parasites are important for veterinarian. Research in Veterinary Science, (136), 198-199, ISSN 0034-5288, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.02.020.
  • Andargie, G., Kassu, A., Moges, F., Tiruneh, M., and Huruy K. (2008). Prevalence of bacteria and intestinal parasites among food-handlers in Gondar town, northwest Ethiopia. Journal of Health Population and Nutrition, 26 (4), 451.
  • Amoah, P., Drechsel, P., Henseler, M., and Abaidoo, R. C. (2007). Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: microbiological contamination in farms and markets and associated consumer risk groups. J Water Health, 5 (3), 455–466. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.041.
  • Badri, M., Olfatifar, M., Karim, M.R., Modirian, E., Houshmand, E., Abdoli, A., …and others (2022a). Global prevalence of intestinal protozoan contamination in vegetables and fruits: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Control, (133), p.108656.
  • Beuchat, L.R.,and Ryu, J.H. (1997). Produce handling and processing practices. Emerging Infectious Diseases, (3), 459-565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0304.970407.
  • Bouwknegt, M., Devleesschauwer, B., Graham, H., Robertson, L.J., and van der Giessen J.W (2018). Euro-FBP workshop participants. Prioritisation of food-borne parasites in Europe, 2016. Euro Surveill. 2018 Mar;23(9):17-00161. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.9.17-00161. PMID: 29510783; PMCID: PMC5840924.
  • Caccio, S., Chalmers, R., Dorny, P., and Robertson, L. (2018). Foodborne parasites: outbreaks and outbreak investigations. A meeting report from the European network for foodborne parasites (Euro-FBP). Food and Waterborne Parasitology, 10(1),1–5. ISSN 2405-6766, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2018.01.001.
  • Cammilleri G., Costa, A., Graci, S., Buscemi, M.D., Collura, R., Vella, A., et al.(2018). Presence of Anisakis pegreffi in farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) commercialized in southern Italy: A first report. Veterinary Parasitology, (259)13-16.
  • Caradonna,T., Marangi, M., Del Chierico, F., Ferrari,N., Reddel, S., Bracaglia, G., Normanno, G., Putignani, L., and Giangaspero, A. (2017). Detection and prevalence of protozoan parasites in ready-to-eat packaged salads on sale in Italy. Food Microbiology, (67), 67-75, ISSN 0740-0020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2017.06.006).
  • Chaidez, C., Soto, M., Gortares, P., and Mena, K. (2005). Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in irrigation water and its impact on the fresh produce industry. Int. J. Environ. Health Res., (15), 339-345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603120500289010.
  • Dagnew, M., Tiruneh, M., Moges, F., and Tekeste, Z. (2012). Survey of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and intestinal parasites among food handlers working at Gondar University, Northwest EthiopiaBMC Public Health, 12 (1), 1-7.
  • Despommier, D.D., Gwadz, R.W., and Hotez, P.J. (2012). Parasitic diseases. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Dixon, B. R. (2015). Transmission dynamics of foodborne parasites on fresh produce. In Foodborne parasites in the food supply web, 317-353. Woodhead Publishing.
  • Duda, A., Kosik-Bogacka, D., Lanocha-Arendarczyk, N., Kołodziejczyk, L.,and Lanocha, A. (2015). The prevalence of Blastocystis hominis and other protozoan parasites in soldiers returning from peacekeeping missions. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 92(4), 805. Dulo, F., and Pal, M. (2017). Emerging viral zoonoses and their implications on public health. World Appl Sci J. 35(2):188-98. 2.
  • Dümen, E., Ekici, G., Bayrakal, GM., Akkaya, H., Sezgin, FH., Ergin, S. (2023). Çiğ köftelerin bakteriyolojik ve parazitolojik kalitesinin tespiti ile halk sağlığının korunması. İstanbul Rumeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 1 (2): 1- 12.
  • EFSA. (2010). Opinion of the scientific panel on biological hazards on"Risk assessment of parasites in fishery products. EFSA Journal, 8 (4), 1543.
  • EFSA Journal. (2018). 16(12), 5495, 113 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5495.
  • ElGhannam, M., Dar, Y., ElMehlawy, M.H., Mokhtar, F.A., and Bakr, L. (2023). Eugenol; Effective Anthelmintic Compound against Foodborne Parasite Trichinella spiralis Muscle Larvae and Adult. Pathogens, (12), 127. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/pathogens12010127.
  • Erez, M. S., Kozan, E., GÖKSU, A. (2022). Detection of helminth egg contamination on raw vegetables in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 15(4), 374-380.
  • Ercole, M. E., Bessi, C., Pasqualetti, M.I., Ribicich, M. M., Aronowicz,T., Bonboni, A., Acerbo, M., and Fariña, F.A. (2021). Reprint of: Gamma radiation effect on Trichinella pseudospiralis and Trichinella spiralis infected wild boar meat, Veterinary Parasitology, (297), 109543, ISSN 0304-4017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109543.
  • Eroglu, F. and Koltas, İ.S. (2010). Evaluation of the transmission mode of B. Hominis by using PCR method. Parasitol Res, 107, 841–845. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-1937-4.
  • Eslahi, A.V., Olfatifar, M., Zaki, L., Pirestani, M., Sotoodeh, S., Farahvash, M.A. Aisa Maleki, A., and Badri, M. (2023). The worldwide prevalence of intestinal helminthic parasites among food handlers: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Food Control, (148), 109658. ISSN 0956-7135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109658.
  • Eslahi, A.V., Olfatifar, M., Zaki, L., Saryazdi, A.K., Barikbin, F., Maleki, A., Abdoli, A., Badri, M., and Karanis, P. (2023). Global prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasites among food handlers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Cont., (145), 100–106. from: http://www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/ee07c6ae-b86c-4d5f-915c-94c93ded7d9e.
  • FAO/WHO. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization. (2014). Multicriteria-based ranking for risk management of food-borne parasites. Microbiological Risk Assessment Series No. 23, 302. http://www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/ee07c6ae-b86c-4d5f-915c-94c93ded7d9e
  • Faria, C.P., Pereira, A., Almeida, D., Pinto, M., Lourenço, Á., and do Céu Sousa, M. (2023). Molecular investigation of ready-to-eat salads for Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in Portugal. Food Waterborne Parasitol. (23); 30:e00190. doi: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00190.
  • FDA, U.S. (2012). Irradiation in the production, processing and handling of food US. Code of Federal Regulations, 21(179).
  • Feng, Y., Xiao, L. (2011). Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., (24),110-140.
  • Francis, G.A., Thomans, C., and O'Beirne, D. (1999). The microbiological safety of minimally processed vegetables. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., (34),1-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2621.1999.00253.x.
  • Franssen, F., Gerard, C., Cozma-Petruţ, A., Vieira-Pinto, M., Jambrak, A.R., Rowan, N., Paulsen, P., Rozycki, M., Tysnes, K., Rodriguez-Lazaro, D., and Robertson, L. (2019). Inactivation of parasite transmission stages:
  • Efficacy of treatments on food of animal origin. Trends in Food Science & Technology, (83),114-128, 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.11.009.
  • Franssen, F., Deng, H., Swart, A., Marinović, A.B., Liu, X., Liu, M.,and van der Giessen J. (2021). Inactivation of Trichinella muscle larvae at different time-temperature heating profiles simulating home-cooking. Experimental Parasitology, (224), 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108099.
  • Gabriël, S., Johansen, M.V., Pozio, E., Smit, G.S., Devleesschauwer, B., Allepuz, A., Papadopoulos, E., van der Giessen, J., and Dorny, P. (2015). Human migration and pig/pork import in the European Union: What are the implications for Taenia solium infections? Vet Parasitol. 213(1-2), 38-45. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.03.006.
  • Gabriël, S., Dorny, P., Saelens, G., and Dermauw, V. (2023). Foodborne Parasites and Their Complex Life Cycles Challenging Food Safety in Different Food Chains. Foods, (12), 142. https://doi.org/10.3390/ foods12010142.
  • Gajadhar, A.A. (2015). 1 - Introduction to foodborne parasites, In Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Foodborne Parasites in the Food Supply Web, Publishing, 3-9, ISBN 9781782423324, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-332-4.00001-1.
  • Gari-Toussaint, M., Tieulié, N., Baldin, J., Dupouy-Camet, J., Delaunay, P., Fuzibet , J.G, Le Fichoux, Y., Pozio, E., Marty, P. (2005). Human trichinellosis due to Trichinella britovi in southern France after consumption of frozen wild boar meat. Euro Surveillance, 10(6),117-8.
  • Gérard, C., Franssen, F., La Carbona, S., Monteiro, S, Cozma-Petruţ, A., Utaaker, K. S., … and Robertson, L.J. (2019). Inactivation of parasite transmission stages: Efficacy of treatments on foods of non-animal origin, Trends in Food Science & Technology, (91), 12-23,ISSN 0924-2244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.06.015.
  • Giarratana, F., Muscolino, D., Ziino, G., Giuffrida, A., Marotta, S.M., Lo Presti, V., Chiofalo, V., Panebianco, A. (2017). Activity of Tagetes minuta Linnaeus (Asteraceae), Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 10(5), 461-465. ISSN 1995-7645, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.05.005.
  • Gracia, M.J., Lázaro, R., Pérez-Arquillué, C., Bayarri, S. (2022). Effect of Domestic Freezing on the Viability of Toxoplasma gondii in Raw and Dry-Cured Ham from Experimentally Infected Pigs. Journal of Food Protection, 85 (4), 626-631, ISSN 0362-028X, https://doi.org/10.4315/JFP-21-281.
  • Gürbüz, C.E., Gülmez, A., Özkoç, S., İnceboz, T., Miman, Ö., Aksoy, Ü., ve Delibaş, S.B. (2020). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi’nde 2011‐2018 Yılları Arasında Saptanan Bağırsak Parazitlerinin Dağılımı. Türkiye Parazitol Derg, 44(2), 83-7.
  • Hajare, S.T., Gobena, R.K., Chauhan, N.M., and Erniso, F. (2021). Prevalence of intestinal parasite infections and their associated factors among food handlers working in selected catering establishments from Bule Hora, Ethiopia. BioMed Research International Article 6669742, 10.1155/2021/6669742.
  • Herrero, L., Gracia, M.J., Pérez-Arquillué, C., Lázaro, R., Herrera, A., Bayarri, S. (2017). Toxoplasma gondii in raw and dry-cured ham: The influence of the curing process. Food Microbiology, (65) 213-220, ISSN 0740-0020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2017.02.010.
  • Hilwig, R.W., Cramer, J.D., and Forsyth K.S. (1978). Freezing times and temperatures required to kill cysticerci of Taenia saginata in beef. Veterinary Parasitology, 4 (3), 215-219, 10.1016/0304-4017(78)90048-1.
  • Idowu, O.A, Rowland, S.A. (2006). Oral fecal parasites and personal hygiene of food handlers in Abeokuta, Nigeria. African Health Sciences, 6(3),160-4. doi: 10.5555/afhs.2006.6.3.160. PMID: 17140338; PMCID: PMC1831884.
  • Jiménez A.E., Fernández A., Alfaro R., Dolz G., Vargas B., Epe C., and Schnieder T. (2010). A cross-sectional survey of gastrointestinal parasites with dispersal stages in feces from Costa Rican dairy calves. Veterinary. Parasitology, (173), 236-246.
  • Johnston, L.M., Jaykus, L.A., Moll, D., Martinez, M.C., Anciso, J., Mora, B., and Moe, C. (2005). A field study of the microbiological quality of fresh produce. J. Food Prot., (68), 1840-1847.
  • Jones, J.L., and Dubey. J.P. (2012). Foodborne toxoplasmosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 55(6), 845-851, doi:10.1093/cid/cis508.
  • Kubina, S., Costa, D., Cazeaux, C., Villena I., Favennec, L., Razakandrainibe, R., and La Carbona, S. (2023). Persistence and survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts on lamb's lettuce leaves during plant growth and in washing conditions of minimally-processed salads. International Journal of Food Microbiology, (388), 110085, ISSN 0168-1605, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110085.
  • Lacombe, A., Breard, A., Hwang, C., Hill, D., Fan, X., Huang, L., Yoo, B.K., Niemira, B.A., Gurtler, J.B., Wu, V.C.H. (2017). Inactivation of Toxoplasma gondii on blueberries using low dose irradiation without affecting quality. Food Control, 73(B), 981-985, ISSN 0956-7135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.10.011.
  • Macarisin, D., Bauchan, G., and Fayer R. (2010). Spinacia oleracea L. Leaf stomata harboring Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts: A potential threat to food safety, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76(2), 555-559, 10.1128/AEM.02118-09.
  • Mahalleh, A.A, ve Çelik, T.H. (2019). Yeni ve Yeniden Önem Kazanan Gıda Kaynaklı Bazı Viral ve Paraziter Zoonozların Epidemiyolojisi Turkiye Klinikleri. J Vet Sci., 10(1):21-30.
  • McKerr, C., Adak, G. K., Nichols, G., Gorton, R., Chalmers, R. M., Kafatos, G., and Morton, S. (2015). An outbreak of Cryptosporidium parvum across England & Scotland associated with consumption of fresh pre-cut salad leaves. PLoS One, 10(5), e0125955.
  • Mo, T.A., Gahr, A., Hansen, H., Hoel, E., Oaland, Ø., and Poppe, T.T. (2014). Presence of Anisakis simplex (rudolphi, 1809 det. Krabbe, 1878) and Hysterothylacium aduncum (rudolphi, 1802) (nematoda; anisakidae) in runts of farmed atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal of Fish Diseases, 37(2), 135-140.
  • Morales-Figueroa, G.G., Sánchez-Guerrero, M.A., Castro-García, M., Esparza-Romero, J., López-Mata, M.A., and Quihui-Cota, L. (2021). Occurrence of intestinal parasites in fruits and vegetables from markets of Northwest Mexico. Journal of Food Quality and Hazards Control. (8), 57-65.
  • Robertson, L.J., Chitanga, S., Mukaratirwa, S. (2020). Food and waterborne parasites in Africa -threats and opportunities. Food and Waterborne Parasitology, 20 (e00093). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2020.e00093.
  • Ryan, U., Hijjawi, N., and Xiao, L. (2018). Foodborne cryptosporidiosis. International Journal for Parasitology, (48),1-12.
  • Ockerman,H., Basu, L. (2017). Technology of fermented meat products N. Zdolec (Ed.), Fermented meat products: Health aspects, CRC Press, Boca Raton – London, New York. 15-48.
  • Omurtag Korkmaz B.İ., ve Doğruer, Y. (2018). Gıda Kaynaklı Paraziter Hastalıklarda Risk Değerlendirmesi. Doğruer Y, editör. Gıda Kaynaklı Paraziter Hastalıklar. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri, (80), 8.
  • Ortega, Y.R., ve Sanchez R. (2010). Update on Cyclospora cayetanensis, a food-borne and waterborne parasite. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 23(1), 218-234, 10.1128/CMR.00026-09.
  • Pott, S., Koethe, M., Bangoura, B., Zoller, B., Daugschies, A., Straubinger, R.K., and et al.(2013). Effects of pH, sodium chloride, and curing salt on the infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts. Journal of Food Protection, 76(6), 1056-1061, 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-519.
  • Pozio E. (2019). How globalization and climate change could affect foodborne parasites, Experimental Parasitology, (208), 107807, ISSN 0014-4894, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107807.
  • Robertson, L.J. (2018). Parasites in food: From a neglected position to an emerging issue, Advances in Food & Nutrition Research, (86), 1043-4526. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.afnr.2018.04.003.
  • Ruh, E., ve Taylan, Ö. A. (2023). Parazitlerden kaynaklanan salgınlar: Dünyadan ve Türkiye’den örnekler. Mikrobiyol Bul; 57(2):317-329.
  • Smaldone, S., Marrone, R., Palma, G., Sarnelli, P., and Anastasio. A. (2017). Preliminary study on the inactivation of anisakid larvae in baccalà prepared according to traditional methods. Italian Journal of Food Safety, 6(6964), 195-198.
  • Sotelo,J., Rosas, and N., Palencia.G. (1986). Freezing of infested pork muscle kills cysticerci. Journal of the American Medical Association, 256(7), 893-894.
  • Torgerson P.R, de Silva N.R., Fèvre E.M., Kasuga F., Rokni M.B., Zhou X-N, and et al. (2014). The global burden of foodborne parasitic diseases: an update. Trends in Parasitology. (30), 20-6.
  • Woolsey, I.D., and Miller, A.L. (2021). Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and Echinococcus multilocularis: a review. Research in Veterinary Science, (135), 517 522. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.11.010.
  • Wu T, Perrings C, Kinzig A, Collins JP, Minteer BA, and Daszak P. (2017). Economic growth, urbanization, globalization, and the risks of emerging infectious diseases in China: a review. Ambio. 46(1), 18-29. doi: 10.1007/s13280-016-0809-2. Epub 2016 Aug 4. PMID: 27492678; PMCID: PMC5226902
There are 67 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Food Sciences (Other)
Journal Section Review Papers
Authors

Ayşe Gülin Eser 0000-0001-8799-3073

Publication Date February 13, 2024
Submission Date October 13, 2023
Acceptance Date January 22, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Eser, A. G. (2024). Gıda kaynaklı parazitlerin önemi; epidemiyolojisi, bulaşma yolları, risk değerlendirmesi ve kontrol önlemleri. Gıda Ve Yem Bilimi Teknolojisi Dergisi(31), 62-73. https://doi.org/10.56833/gidaveyem.1433098

by-nc-nd.png?resize=300%2C105&ssl=1
Gıda ve Yem Bilimi-Teknolojisi Dergisi  CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 lisansı altında lisanslanmıştır
 Journal of Food and Feed Science-Technology is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0