Mesleki Gelişimde Öğretmen Etkenliği Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
Year 2025,
Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 345 - 378, 29.03.2025
Cahit Erdem
,
Hilal Tunç Toptaş
,
Hateme Aysel Kuzu
,
Barış Varol
Abstract
Öncelikli bir öğretmen yeterliği olarak görülen ve öğretmen kimliğinin bir bileşeni olan öğretmen etkenliğinin önemli bir boyutunu mesleki gelişim oluşturmaktadır. Öğretmenlerin mesleki gelişimleri bağlamında etkenlik düzeylerini ölçen bir ölçme aracı alanyazında bulunmamaktadır. Bu ihtiyaçtan hareketle bu çalışmada, öğretmenlerin mesleki gelişimleri bağlamında etkenlik düzeylerini belirlemede kullanılacak bir ölçek geliştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu açımlayıcı faktör analizi için 293, doğrulayıcı faktör analizi için 242 öğretmen oluşturmuştur. Alanyazında önerilen ölçek geliştirme adımları takip edilerek geliştirilen ölçek 3 boyut altında (sürekli mesleki gelişim, mesleki gelişime yönelik gönüllü girişimler, öz değerlendirme) toplanan 17 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliği için açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ölçeğin iç tutarlılığı Cronbach’s Alpha değeri ile test edilmiştir. Yapılan analizler neticesinde öğretmenlerin mesleki gelişim sürecinde etkenlik düzeylerini belirlemeyi amaçlayan geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olan Mesleki Gelişimde Öğretmen Etkenliği Ölçeği alanyazına sunulmuştur.
Ethical Statement
Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimleri Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Kurulu’nın 26.06.2024 tarihli 2024/214 nolu kararı ile etik izin alınmıştır.
References
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- Biesta, G., Priestley, M., & Robinson, S. (2015). The role of beliefs in teacher agency. Teachers and Teaching, 21(6), 624-640. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2015.1044325
- Bümen, N. T., Ateş, A., Çakar, E., Ural, G., & Acar, V. (2012). Türkiye bağlamında öğretmenlerin mesleki gelişimi: Sorunlar ve öneriler [Teachers’ professional development in turkish context: issues and suggestions]. Journal of Milli Egitim, 194, 31-50.
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- Calvert, L. (2016). The power of teacher agency. The Learning Professional, 37(2), 51.
- Can, A. (2023). SPSS ile bilimsel araştırma sürecinde nicel veri analizi [Quantitative data analysis in the scientific research process with SPSS] (11th Edition). Pegem Akademi
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- Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233-255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
- Cohen, D. K., & Hill, H. (2000). Instructional policy and classroom performance: The mathematics reform in California. Teachers College Record, 102(2), 294–343. https://doi.org/10.1111/0161-4681.0005
- Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları [Multivariate statistics for social sciences: SPSS and LISREL]. Pegem Akademi.
- DeVellis, R. F. (2022). Scale development theory and applications. Nobel Akademi Yayınları.
- Drage, K. (2010). Professional development: Implications for Illinois career technical educataion teachers. Journal of Careerand Technical Education, 25 (2), 27-37.
- Elçiçek, Z., & Yaşar, M. (2016). The teacher's professional development in Turkey and world. Electronic Journal of Education Sciences, 5(9), 12-19.
- Engel, K.S., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research, 8(2), 23-74.
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- Hökkä, P., Eteläpelto, A., & Rasku-Puttonen, H. (2012). The professional agency of teacher educators amid academic discourses. Journal of Education for Teaching, 38(1), 83-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2012.643659
- Hull, M. M. & Uematsu, H. (2020). A survey to measure perceived agency of teachers. International Journal of Physics and Chemistry Education, 12(3), 49-59. https://doi.org/10.51724/ijpce.v12i3.82
- Kalaycı, Ş. (2008). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri [Multivariate statistical techniques with SPSS]. Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
- Kayi-Aydar, H. (2019). Language teacher agency: Major theoretical considerations, conceptualizations and methodological choices. Theorizing and analyzing language teacher agency, 10-21. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781788923927-004
- Lai, C., Li, Z., & Gong, Y. (2016). Teacher agency and professional learning in cross-cultural teaching contexts: Accounts of Chinese teachers from international schools in Hong Kong. Teaching and Teacher Education, 54, 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2015.11.007
- Lasky, S. (2005). A sociocultural approach to understanding teacher identity, agency and professional vulnerability in a context of secondary school reform. Teaching and Teacher Education, 21(8), 899-916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2005.06.003
- Leijen, A., Pedaste, M., & Baucal, A. (2024). A new psychometrically validated questionnaire for assessing teacher agency in eight dimensions across pre-service and in-service teachers. Frontiers in Education, 9(1336401), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1336401
- Liu, S., Hallinger, P., & Feng, D. (2016). Supporting the professional learning of teachers in China: Does principal leadership make a diffrence? Teaching and Teacher Education, 59, 79-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.05.023
- Mohamed, L., & Ahmad, T. B. B. T. (2018). Development and validation of an instrument to measure teachers’ professional agency during curriculum reform and its underlying structure. IIUM Journal of Educational Studies, 6(2), 72-88. https://doi.org/10.31436/ijes.v6i2.265
- Moore, D. S., McCabe, G. P., & Craig, B. A. (2016). Introduction to the practice of statistics. W. H. Freeman and Company.
- Oolbekkink-Marchand, H. W., Hadar, L. L., Smith, K., Helleve, I., & Ulvik, M. (2017). Teachers' perceived professional space and their agency. Teaching and Teacher Education, 62, 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.11.005
- Özdamar, K. (2004). Paket programlar istatistiksel veri analizi [Statistical data analysis with software packages]. Kaan Kitapevi.
- Pyhältö, K., Pietarinen, J., & Soini, T. (2012). Do comprehensive school teachers perceive themselves as active professional agents in school reforms? Journal of Educational Change, 13, 95-116. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/934941
- Prawat, R. S. (1996). Learning community, commitment and school reform. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 28(1), 91-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022027980280105
- Priestley, M., Biesta, G., & Robinson, S. (2015). Teacher agency: What is it and why does it matter? Flip the system içinde (ss. 134-148). Routledge.
- Rüzgar, M. E., & Bumen, N. (2022). Didaktik tradition and its potential reflections on Turkish education: A comparative analysis with curriculum. E-Kafkas Journal of Educational Research, 9(3), 1213-1244. https://doi.org/10.30900/kafkasegt.1089482
- Sloan, K. (2006). Teacher identity and agency in school worlds: beyond the all‐good/all‐bad discourse on accountability‐explicit curriculum policies. Curriculum Inquiry, 36(2), 119-152. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-873X.2006.00350.x
- Taba, H. (1962). Curriculum development: Theory and practice. Harcourt Brace Jovanovıch, Inc.
- Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidel, L.S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Allyn & Bacon, Inc.
- Tavşancıl, E. (2006). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi [Measurement of attitudes and data analysis with SPSS]. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
- Tekindal, S. (2015). Duyuşsal özelliklerin ölçülmesi için araç oluşturma. [Developing tools for measuring affective traits]. Pegem Akademi.
- Tezci, E. (2016). Eğitimde ölçme ve değerlendirme. [Measurement and evaluation in education. Detay Yayıncılık.
- Toom, A., Pyhältö, K., & Rust, F. O. C. (2015). Teachers’ professional agency in contradictory times. Teachers and Teaching, 21(6), 615-623. 10.1080/13540602.2015.1044334
- Tunç Toptaş, H. & Erdem, C. (2024). Revisiting curriculum theory: Taba's contribution to curriculum and ınstruction field. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, 14(2), 729-758. https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.1442197
- Vähäsantanen, K. (2015). Professional agency in the stream of change: Understanding educational change and teachers' professional identities. Teaching and Teacher Education, 47, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2014.11.006
The Scale of Teacher Agency in Professional Development: The Validity and Reliability Study
Year 2025,
Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 345 - 378, 29.03.2025
Cahit Erdem
,
Hilal Tunç Toptaş
,
Hateme Aysel Kuzu
,
Barış Varol
Abstract
Professional development is considered a significant component of teacher agency, recognized as a fundamental competency of the profession and a component of teacher identity. Currently, there is a notable absence of measurement tools in the extant literature that assess teachers' agency levels in the context of their professional development. Addressing this lacuna, the present study aims to develop a scale to evaluate teachers' agency levels in professional development. The study group comprised 293 teachers for exploratory factor analysis and 242 teachers for confirmatory factor analysis. The scale was developed in accordance with the recommended steps for scale development. It consists of 17 items, which are distributed across three dimensions (continuous professional development, voluntary initiatives for professional development, self-evaluation). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to assess the scale's construct validity. The internal consistency of the scale was then determined using Cronbach's Alpha value. The analyses yielded the Scale of Teacher Agency in Professional Development, a scale that has been proven to be both valid and reliable in determining the level of teachers' agency in the professional development process.
Ethical Statement
Ethical permission was obtained with the decision of Afyon Kocatepe University, Social and Human Sciences Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee dated 26.06.2024 and numbered 2024/214.
References
- Allen, L.Q. (2018). Teacher leadership and the advancement of teacher agency. Foreign Language Annals, 51, 240–250. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12311
- Anderson, L. (2010). Embedded, emboldened, and (net)working for change: Supportseeking and teacher agency in urban, high-needs schools. Harvard Educational Review, 80(4), 541-572. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.80.4.f2v8251444581105
- Ataş Akdemir, Ö., & Akdemir, A. S. (2019). Teacher agency: A recent trend in professional development. Journal of Graduate School of Social Sciences 23(2), 865-874.
- Bellibaş, M. Ş., Çalışkan, Ö., & Gümüş, S. (2019). Öğretmen failliği ölçeği’nin (ÖFÖ) geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Validity and reliability of teacher agency scale]. Trakya Journal of Education, 9(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/ 10.24315/trkefd.406391
- Biesta, G., Priestley, M., & Robinson, S. (2015). The role of beliefs in teacher agency. Teachers and Teaching, 21(6), 624-640. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2015.1044325
- Bümen, N. T., Ateş, A., Çakar, E., Ural, G., & Acar, V. (2012). Türkiye bağlamında öğretmenlerin mesleki gelişimi: Sorunlar ve öneriler [Teachers’ professional development in turkish context: issues and suggestions]. Journal of Milli Egitim, 194, 31-50.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2020). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. İstatistik, araştırma deseni SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum [Handbook for data analysis in the social sciences: Statistics, research design, SPSS applications, and interpretation]. (27th Edition). Pegem Yayıncılık.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç, Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2018). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific research methods]. Pegem Yayıncılık.
- Calvert, L. (2016). The power of teacher agency. The Learning Professional, 37(2), 51.
- Can, A. (2023). SPSS ile bilimsel araştırma sürecinde nicel veri analizi [Quantitative data analysis in the scientific research process with SPSS] (11th Edition). Pegem Akademi
- Catell, R. B. (1978). The scientific use of factor analysis in behavioural and life sciences. Plenum Press.
- Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233-255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
- Cohen, D. K., & Hill, H. (2000). Instructional policy and classroom performance: The mathematics reform in California. Teachers College Record, 102(2), 294–343. https://doi.org/10.1111/0161-4681.0005
- Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları [Multivariate statistics for social sciences: SPSS and LISREL]. Pegem Akademi.
- DeVellis, R. F. (2022). Scale development theory and applications. Nobel Akademi Yayınları.
- Drage, K. (2010). Professional development: Implications for Illinois career technical educataion teachers. Journal of Careerand Technical Education, 25 (2), 27-37.
- Elçiçek, Z., & Yaşar, M. (2016). The teacher's professional development in Turkey and world. Electronic Journal of Education Sciences, 5(9), 12-19.
- Engel, K.S., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research, 8(2), 23-74.
- Erdem, C. (2020). A new concept in teacher identity research: teacher agency. Adıyaman University Journal of Educational Sciences, 10(1), 32-55. https://doi.org/10.17984/adyuebd.
- Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage Publication.
- Fleming, D. (1998). Autonomy and agency in curriculum decision-making: A study of instructors in a Canadian adult settlement ESL program. TESL Canada Journal, 16(1), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v16i1.708
- Fraenkel, J., Wallen, N., & Hyun, N. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education. McGraw-Hill.
- Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
- Hökkä, P., Eteläpelto, A., & Rasku-Puttonen, H. (2012). The professional agency of teacher educators amid academic discourses. Journal of Education for Teaching, 38(1), 83-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2012.643659
- Hull, M. M. & Uematsu, H. (2020). A survey to measure perceived agency of teachers. International Journal of Physics and Chemistry Education, 12(3), 49-59. https://doi.org/10.51724/ijpce.v12i3.82
- Kalaycı, Ş. (2008). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri [Multivariate statistical techniques with SPSS]. Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
- Kayi-Aydar, H. (2019). Language teacher agency: Major theoretical considerations, conceptualizations and methodological choices. Theorizing and analyzing language teacher agency, 10-21. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781788923927-004
- Lai, C., Li, Z., & Gong, Y. (2016). Teacher agency and professional learning in cross-cultural teaching contexts: Accounts of Chinese teachers from international schools in Hong Kong. Teaching and Teacher Education, 54, 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2015.11.007
- Lasky, S. (2005). A sociocultural approach to understanding teacher identity, agency and professional vulnerability in a context of secondary school reform. Teaching and Teacher Education, 21(8), 899-916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2005.06.003
- Leijen, A., Pedaste, M., & Baucal, A. (2024). A new psychometrically validated questionnaire for assessing teacher agency in eight dimensions across pre-service and in-service teachers. Frontiers in Education, 9(1336401), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1336401
- Liu, S., Hallinger, P., & Feng, D. (2016). Supporting the professional learning of teachers in China: Does principal leadership make a diffrence? Teaching and Teacher Education, 59, 79-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.05.023
- Mohamed, L., & Ahmad, T. B. B. T. (2018). Development and validation of an instrument to measure teachers’ professional agency during curriculum reform and its underlying structure. IIUM Journal of Educational Studies, 6(2), 72-88. https://doi.org/10.31436/ijes.v6i2.265
- Moore, D. S., McCabe, G. P., & Craig, B. A. (2016). Introduction to the practice of statistics. W. H. Freeman and Company.
- Oolbekkink-Marchand, H. W., Hadar, L. L., Smith, K., Helleve, I., & Ulvik, M. (2017). Teachers' perceived professional space and their agency. Teaching and Teacher Education, 62, 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.11.005
- Özdamar, K. (2004). Paket programlar istatistiksel veri analizi [Statistical data analysis with software packages]. Kaan Kitapevi.
- Pyhältö, K., Pietarinen, J., & Soini, T. (2012). Do comprehensive school teachers perceive themselves as active professional agents in school reforms? Journal of Educational Change, 13, 95-116. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/934941
- Prawat, R. S. (1996). Learning community, commitment and school reform. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 28(1), 91-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022027980280105
- Priestley, M., Biesta, G., & Robinson, S. (2015). Teacher agency: What is it and why does it matter? Flip the system içinde (ss. 134-148). Routledge.
- Rüzgar, M. E., & Bumen, N. (2022). Didaktik tradition and its potential reflections on Turkish education: A comparative analysis with curriculum. E-Kafkas Journal of Educational Research, 9(3), 1213-1244. https://doi.org/10.30900/kafkasegt.1089482
- Sloan, K. (2006). Teacher identity and agency in school worlds: beyond the all‐good/all‐bad discourse on accountability‐explicit curriculum policies. Curriculum Inquiry, 36(2), 119-152. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-873X.2006.00350.x
- Taba, H. (1962). Curriculum development: Theory and practice. Harcourt Brace Jovanovıch, Inc.
- Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidel, L.S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Allyn & Bacon, Inc.
- Tavşancıl, E. (2006). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi [Measurement of attitudes and data analysis with SPSS]. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
- Tekindal, S. (2015). Duyuşsal özelliklerin ölçülmesi için araç oluşturma. [Developing tools for measuring affective traits]. Pegem Akademi.
- Tezci, E. (2016). Eğitimde ölçme ve değerlendirme. [Measurement and evaluation in education. Detay Yayıncılık.
- Toom, A., Pyhältö, K., & Rust, F. O. C. (2015). Teachers’ professional agency in contradictory times. Teachers and Teaching, 21(6), 615-623. 10.1080/13540602.2015.1044334
- Tunç Toptaş, H. & Erdem, C. (2024). Revisiting curriculum theory: Taba's contribution to curriculum and ınstruction field. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, 14(2), 729-758. https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.1442197
- Vähäsantanen, K. (2015). Professional agency in the stream of change: Understanding educational change and teachers' professional identities. Teaching and Teacher Education, 47, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2014.11.006