Processes and Factors of Social Exclusion in Arrival Cities: Attitudes towards Syrians under Temporary Protection in Tarlabaşı, Istanbul

Abstract

There have been fierce discussions on the causes of global mobility/migration and its effects on national security and belonging as well as struggles that migrants’ have had to face in arrival countries, while little has been said about how residents of arrival cities have been reacted to the effects of global mobility. Lacking of studies that evaluate the migration issue from the side of receiver societies seems result in one-sided policies that put the pressure on migrants in addressing ever-increasing discrimination and exclusion practices cities. The aim of this paper is to look from “the eyes of receiver societies” to determine existing / potential struggles that result in social exclusion practices at local level, where all social tensions become observable. To provide evidence, 40 semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2016 in Tarlabaşı Istanbul (a metropolitan urban area that has received considerable amount of Syrian immigrants since 2011). The main argument is, regardless of ethnic, cultural and religious similarities and discourses of brotherhood; Syrian immigrants are more likely to be excluded in the long term as their duration of stay increases and as they engage urban economy (labor market, redistribution mechanisms), network relations and everyday lives of native residents.

Keywords

• Syrian immigrant crisis,social & spatial exclusion,exclusion in everyday life

Göçmen Ağırlayan Kentlerde Sosyal Dışlanma Süreci ve Etmenleri: Istanbul Tarlabaşı’ndaki Geçici Koruma Altındaki Suriyelilere Yönelik Tutumlar

Öz

Küresel hareketlilik ve göç, bu süreçlerin ulusal güvenlik, aidiyet ve toplumsal ilişkiler üzerine etkileri ile beraber göçmenlerin gittikleri ülkelerde yüzleşmek durumunda kaldıkları problemlere değinen çalışmalara literatürde sıkça yer verilirken; göçmenleri rızayla veya zorla ağırlamak durumunda kalan toplumların bu küresel hareketliliğe karşı tepkileri ve görüşlerine yönelik çalışmalar eksik kalmıştır. Söz konusu eksiklik, kentlerde giderek artan sosyal dışlanma ve ayrımcılık süreçlerinin önlenmesinde, sorumluluğun büyük kısmını göçmenlere yükleyen tek taraflı politikalar üretilmesine neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, küresel göçün kentsel etkilerini, göçmenleri misafir eden toplumların gözünden yerel ölçekte (özellikle mahalle ölçeğinde, günlük ilişkiler odağında) değerlendirerek, sosyal dışlanma pratiklerine neden olan mevcut / potansiyel gerilimleri ortaya koymaktır. Tartışma, 2011 yılından itibaren Suriyeli göçmenlerin ağırlıklı olarak geldiği İstanbul Tarlabaşı’nda, 2016 yılında gerçekleştirilen 40 adet yarı-yapılandırılmış mülakat bulguları ve güncel kentsel tartışmalar ışığında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmanın temel argümanı, etnik, kültürel ve dini benzerliklere bakılmaksızın; Suriye göçmenlerin kentte kalış sürelerinin arttıkça, kentte kalış sürelerine bağlı olarak, kent ekonomisine (yani iş gücü piyasasına, yeniden dağıtım mekanizmalarına) toplumsal ağlara ve günlük toplumsal ilişkilere dahil oldukça, uzun vadede daha çok ayrımcılık ve dışlanma pratiklerine maruz kalmalarıdır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Suriyeli sığınmacı krizi,sosyal ve mekansal dışlanma,gündelik hayatta dışlanma

References

1. Aas, K.F. and Bosworth, M. (2013). The Borders of Punishment: Citizenship, Crime Control, and Social Exclusion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2. Adaman, F. and Keyder, Ç. (2006). Türkiye'de Büyük Kentlerin Gecekondu ve Çöküntü Mahallelerinde Yaşanan Yoksulluk ve Sosyal Dışlanma. Avrupa Komisyonu Sosyal Dışlanma ile Mücadelede Mahalli Topluluk Eylem Programı 2002-2006.
3. Apateanu, D. and Tatar, M. I. (2017). An Introduction into the Civic Dimension of Social Exclusion: the Case of Romanian Youth. In: Goudenhooft, Gabriela(Ed.): A social Europe for youth: education to employment. Debrecen: Univ. of Debrecen Press, - ISBN 9789634739777, pp. 336-347
4. Appleton, J. (2011). Assimilation or Integration: Migrants in Europe, Encounters Mission Journal. Issue 36. pp. 1-11.
5. Appleton-Dyer, S. and Field, A. (2014). Understanding The Factors that Contribute to Social Exclusion of Disabled People. https://www.odi.govt.nz/assets/Guidance-and-Resources-files/Understanding-the-factors-that-contribute-to-the-exclusion-of-disabled-people-November-2014.pdf. last visited on 03.07.2018
6. Balkan, B., Tok, E. Ö., Torun, H. and Tumen, S. (2018). Immigration, Housing Rents and Residential Segregation: Evidence from Syrian Refugees in Turkey. IZA Discussion Paper Series No. 11611.
7. Barclay, A., Bowes, A., Ferguson, I., Sim, D. and Valenti, M. with Fard, S. and MacIntosh, S. (2003). Asylum Seekers in Scotland. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive for Social Research.
8. Barnes, M. (2002). Social Exclusion and the Life Course. in M. Barnes, C. Heady, S. Middleton, J. Millar, F. Papadopoulos, G. Room ve P. Tsakloglou (ed). Poverty and Social Exclusion in Europe. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.

9. Batsaikhan, U., Darvas, Z. and Raposo, I. G. (2018). People on The Move: Migration and Mobility in the European Union. Brussels: Bruegel.
10. Boustan, L.P., Fishback, V., Kantor, S. (2010) The Effect of Internal Migration on Local Labor Markets: American Cities during the Great Depression, Journal of Labor Economics, 28(4). pp. 719-746.
11. Camarota, S.A. and Zeigler, K.. (2013). Immigrant Gains and Native Losses In the Job Market, 2000 to 2013, http://cis.org/immigrant-gains-native-losses-in-the-job-market-2000-to-2013 last visited on 02.07.2018.
12. Casey, R., Coward, S., Fordham, T., Hickman, P., Reeve, K. and Whittle, S. (2004). The Housing Market Impact of the Presence of Asylum-seekers in NDC Areas. London: NRU.
13. Centre d’Estudis Africans. (2003). The Causes and Dynamics of Social Exclusion Among Immigrants in Europe: Analysis of Three Cases, Denmark, Italy and Spain. Varese, Italy.
14. Craig, G., Dawson, A., Kilkey, M., Martin, G., Hashi, A., Hulaleh, M., Hussein, T., Kitoko, G., Morati, I., Rahman, S.A. and Zagros, N. (2004). A Safe Place to Be? The Quality of Life of Asylum Seekers in Sheffield and Wakefield. Hull: University of Hull.
15. De Mello, S. (2018). Digesting the Disaster: Understanding the Boom of Refugee Food Entrepreneurship in the Face of Increasing Xenophobia. Scripps Senior Theses. 1121.
16. Duffy, K. (1995). Social Exclusion and Human Dignity in Europe. Council of Europe. Strasbourg.
17. Emerson, M. (2011). Interculturalism Europe and Its Muslims in Search of Sound Societal Models. Centre for European Policy Studies. ISBN 978-94-6138-051-7.
18. European Commission. (2004). Joint Report on Social Inclusion.
19. Gheasi, M. and Nijkamp, P. (2017). A Brief Overview of International Migration Motives and Impacts with Specific Reference to FDI. Economies. 5(31). pp. 1-11.
20. Harvey, D. (1973). Social Justice and the City. London: Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd.
21. Helbling, M. and Kriesi, H. (2014). Why Citizens Prefer High-Over Low-Skilled Immigrants: Labor Market Competition, Welfare State and Deservingness. European Sociological Review. 30(5). pp. 595-614.
22. Hodgkinson, K. A. and Pouw, N. R. M. (2017). The social exclusion of vulnerable youth in Guatemala. University of Amsterdam/SOS Children's Villages.
23. Hugo, G. (2005). Migrants in society: diversity and cohesion. Policy Analysis and Research Programme of the Global Commission on International Migration, National Centre for Social Applications of GIS University of Adelaide.
24. Karataş, M. (2015). Türk Yazılı Basınında Suriyeli Sığınmacılar ile Halk Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Journal of Migration Studies. 1(2). pp. 112-151.
25. Kaczmarczyk, P. (2013). Are immigrants a burden for the state budget? Review paper. RSCAS EUI Working Papers 2013/79. Florence: European University Institute
26. Kramer, J.M., Olsen, S., Mermelstein, M., Balcells, A. And Liljenquist, K. (2012). Youth with Disabilities' Perspectives of The Environment and Participation: A Qualitative Meta-synthesis. Child: Care, Health and Development. 38(6). pp. 763-777.
27. Lefebvre, H. (1991). The Production of Space. Oxford: Blackwell.
28. Lemos, G. (2004), Community Conflict: Causes and Action. London: Lemos & Crane.
29. Lightman, N. and Gingrich, L. G. (2018), Measuring Economic Exclusion for Racialized Minorities, Immigrants and Women in Canada: Results from 2000 and 2010, Journal of Poverty, DOI: 10.1080/10875549.2018.1460736.
30. Mahoney, D. And Siyambalapitiya, S. (2017). Community-based interventions for building social inclusion of refugees and asylum seekers in Australia: A systematic review. Journal of Social Exclusion. 8(2). pp. 66-80.
31. Markoç, I. and Çınar, C. (2018). Loss of Social Belonging, Displacement and Social Exclusion in the Neighborhood: Urban Development in Sarigöl, Istanbul, Turkey, Megaron. 13(2), pp.169-181
32. New Oxford American Dictionary. (2001). Stuart Berg Flexner. Oxford University Press.
33. Pantea M. C. (2014), Summary Report on The 2013/14 Social Inclusion Country Templates, Youth Partnership, http://pjpeu.coe.int/documents/1017981/7110690/ Summary+Report_ Social+Inclusion_2014.pdf/11362dce-b78b4ddb-9528-e90c487dd3fc, last visited on 04.07.2018.
34. Paugam, S. (1991). La Disqualification sociale. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris.
35. Peace, R. (2001). Social Exclusion: A Concept in Need of Definition. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand. 16. pp 17-36.
36. Penrose, J. (2002). Poverty and Asylum in the UK. Oxford: Oxfam and Refugee.
37. Ragazou, K. N. (2015), Poverty, Inequality and Social Exclusion/Inclusion in South Europe. Master Thesis. University of Thessaly: Greece
38. Rawls, J. A. (1971). A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
39. Robinson, D., Reeve, K., Coward, S., Bennington, J. and Buckner, L. (2005). Minority Ethnic Housing Experiences in North Lincolnshire. Sheffield: CRESR, Sheffield Hallam University and North Lincolnshire Council.
40. Robinson, D. (2012). New Migration and Community Change. Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research Sheffield Hallam University.
41. Roodman, D. (2014). The domestic effects of migration, http://davidroodman.com/blog/2014/09/03/the-domestic-economic-impacts-of-immigration/ last visited on 02.07.2018.
42. Rowthorn, R. (2008). The fiscal impact of immigration on the advanced economies. Oxford Review of Economic Policy. 24(3). pp. 560-580. Sapancalı, F. (2003). Sosyal Dışlanma. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Izmir.
43. Schmidbaur, J. (2017). The Construction of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in German Print Media A critical discourse analysis of the “refugee crisis” in Germany from 2015- 2017. Master Thesis. Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona.
44. Silver, H. (2006). Social exclusion. Encyclopedia of Sociology. Oxford: Blackwell.
45. Street view – Tarlabaşı , (2018). Retrieved April 2018, from www.dunyabulteni.net.
46. Syrett, S. and Sepulveda, L. (2012). Urban Governance and Economic Development in the Diverse City. European Urban and Regional Studies. 19(3). pp. 238-253.
47. TUİK. (2017). Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Sayımı. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/ last visited on 02.03.2018.
48. Wren, K. (2004). Building Bridges: Local Responses to the Resettlement of Asylum Seekers in Glasgow. Glasgow: Scottish Centre for Social Justice.