Abstract
Having taken over the absolute power in the USSR in 1927, J. Stalin has implemented the goal of rapid development and progress through a series of social, political and economic plans. While the ‘Homo Sovietus’, Collectivization, Industrialization and I.Five-Year Development Plan follows each other, NEP and Localization/Korenizatsii, which were the policies of the Lenin period, were abandoned quickly. Considering catching capitalism in the fastest way, Stalin aimed to feed the industry with grain-based agriculture collective farms with I.Five-Year Development Plan. To this end, Ukraine, Volga Region, North Caucasus, Kazakhstan and Western Siberia have been declared as agricultural lands, and nationalization process has been realized with kolkhoz and sovhoses. However, in the middle of the I.Five-Year Developlent Plan, which started to be implemented in 1928, a Great Famine occurred in these five regions and millions of people lost their lives. This era, which is known as ‘Holodomor’, ‘Great Famine’, ‘Red Scarcity’ in different regions, was handle as one of the ‘Great Terror’ repression policies by the researchers of the Stalin era and it has often been mentioned that famine was created artificially and Stalin started the ‘Great Peasant War’. In particular, the studies done on the subject of the Great Famine period in Turkey by focusing on the number of people who lost their lives in Kazakhstan frequently ‘ethnic cleansing’ and ‘genocide’ was developed through discourse. These repetitive discourses caused the reason for Great Famine not to be understood and the results of tragedy in Kazakhstan could not be revealed. However, this period is an area that should focus on the causes of famine, with its results that mark the history of Kazakhstan and make its impact felt even today. In the study, by using the Russian, Kazakh and British archives of the period, the reasons of the great famine were analyzed in terms of social, climatic, political and economic aspects, and by comparing different theories, it was examined whether famine was an artficial process, an undesirable result of soviet policies or an attempt of genocide.
Keywords
Kazakhstan Great Famine (1930-1933) Stalin Great Terror Represion Collectivization Industrialization USSR
References
- AMARTYA S., Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation, Oxford University Press, 1981
- CAMERON, S., The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and The Making of Soviet Kazakhstan, Cornell University Press, 2018
- COQUEST, R., The Harvest of Sorrow, Oxford University Press, 1986;
- DAVİES, R.W., The Industrilisation of Sovyet Russia 3: The Sovyet Economy In Turmoil, 1929-1930, Macmillan Press, 1989;
- DAVİES, R.W. & Wheatcroft, S.G., The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931-1933, Palgrave&Macmillan, New York, 2009;
- HUNT, E. K., İktisadi Düşünce Tarihi, Müfit Günay (çev). Dost Kitabevi Yayınları, Ankara, 2005;
- İBRAHİM D. & TÜRK V., Kazakistan’da Kızıl Kıtlık (1929-1933), Bilge Kültür&Sanat, İstanbul, 2016;
- KINDLER, K., Stalin’s Nomads: Power&Famine In Kazakhstan, University of Pittsburg Press, 2018;
- LENİN, V. I., Halkın Devlet Yönetimine Katılımı Üzerine, Çev: Metin Çulhaoğlu, Yordam Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2016;
- MALTHUS, T., An Essay on the Principle of Population, St.Pauls Church, London, 1798;
- ROBBİNS Jr., R.G., Famine in Russia 1891-1892, Columbia University, New York, 1975;
- SHVETSOV, S.P., Kazakskoe Khoziaistvo v ego Estestvenno-Istoricheskikh i bytovykh uslo-viiakh, Leningrad, 1926;
- The Foreign Office and the Famine: British Documents on Ukraine and the Great Famine of 1932-1933, Ed: Marco Carynnyk&others, The Limestone Press, New York, 1988;
- XX съезд Коммунистической партии Советского Союза, Стенографический отчёт. T. I. M., 1956;
- БАРСЕНКОВ, А.С. & ВДОВИН, А.И., История России 1917-2009, Аспект Пресс, 2010.
- ADAMETS, S., “Famine in Nineteenth and Twentieth-Century Russia: Mortality by Age, Cause and Gender”, Famine Demography: Perspectives from the Past and Present, ed:Tim Dyson&Cormac O Grada, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002.
- DALRYMPLE, D. G., "The Soviet Famine of 1932-34" Soviet Studies, 15, no. 3, 1964;
- DAVİES R.W.&Wheatcroft S.G., “Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932-1933: A Reply to Ellman”, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol.58, No.4, 2006;
- FİSCHER, S., “Russia and the Soviet Union Then and Now”, The Transition in Eastern Europe, Volume 1, 1994, s.221-257;
- GRAZİOSİ, A., “Stalinism, Collectivization and the Great Famine”, Ukranian Studies, 2009(Holodomor Series);
- PİANCİOLA, N., “The Great Soviet Peasant War: Bolsheviks and Peasants, 1917-1933”, Harvard Ukranian Studies, 1997;
- PIANCIOLA, N., “The Collectivization Famine in Kazakhstan, 191-1933”, Harvard Ukrainian Studies, Vol. 25, No. 3/4 (Fall 2001);
- PIANCIOLA, N., “The collectivization of agriculture and the Kazak herdsmen 1928-1934”, Cahiers du Monde Russe, 45/1-2, Janvier-juin 2004.
Abstract
1927 yılında SSCB’deki mutlak iktidarı ele geçiren J.Stalin, sosyal, politik ve ekonomik hızlı kalkınma ve ilerleme hedefini yürürlüğe koymuştur. ‘Sovyet İnsanı’, Kolektifleşme, Endüstrileşme ve I.Beş Yıllık Kalkınma planı birbirini takip ederken, Lenin dönemi uygulamaları olan NEP ve Yerelleşme/Korenizatsiya hızlı bir şekilde terk edilmiştir. Kapitalizmi en hızlı şekilde yakalamayı düşünen Stalin, Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı ile tahıl bazlı tarımı, kolektif çiftliklerle de sanayiyi beslemeyi ve kalkındırmayı hedeflemiştir. Bu amaçla Ukrayna, Volga Bölgesi, Kuzey Kafkasya, Kazakistan ve Batı Sibirya tarım alanı ilan edilerek kolhoz ve sovhozlarla devletleştirme süreci gerçekleştirmiştir. Ancak 1928’de uygulanmaya başlayan 1. Beş Yıllık Planı’nın tam ortasında bu beş bölgede çok büyük bir kıtlık meydana gelmiş, milyonlarca insan yaşamını yitirmiştir. Farklı bölgelerde ‘Holodomor’, ‘Büyük Kıtlık’, ‘Kızıl Kıtlık’ gibi isimlerle anılan bu süreç, Stalin dönemi araştırmacıları tarafından ‘Büyük Terör’ dönemi baskı politikalarından biri olarak ele alınmış, hatta kıtlığın suni olarak yaratıldığı ve Stalin’in ‘Büyük Köylü Savaşı’nı başlattığı sıkça dile getirilmiştir. Özellikle Türkiye’de konuya ilişkin yapılan çalışmalarda büyük kıtlık dönemi, Kazakistan’da yaşamını yitirenlerin sayısına odaklanarak sıkça kasıtlı ‘suni kıtlık’ söylemleri üzerinden geliştirilmiştir. Birbirini tekrar eden bu söylemler Büyük Kıtlığın nedenlerinin anlaşılamamasına ve Kazakistan’daki trajedinin yarattığı sonuçların ortaya koyulamamasına neden olmuştur. Halbuki bu dönem Kazakistan tarihine damga vurmuş ve etkisini bugün dahi hissettiren sonuçlarıyla nedenleri arasındaki köprüler daha sağlam kurularak incelenmesi gereken bir süreç olmuştur. Çalışmada döneme ilişkin Rus, Kazak ve İngiliz arşivleri kullanılarak büyük kıtlığın nedenleri sosyal, iklimsel, politik ve ekonomik açıdan ele alınarak ve konuya ilişkin farklı teoriler karşılaştırarak kıtlığın suni bir süreç mi, yoksa sovyet politikalarının istenmeyen bir sonucu mu olduğu incelenmiştir.
Keywords
Kazakistan Büyük Kıtlık (1930-1933) Stalin Büyük Terör Repressiya Kolektifleşme Endüstrileşme SSCB
References
- AMARTYA S., Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation, Oxford University Press, 1981
- CAMERON, S., The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and The Making of Soviet Kazakhstan, Cornell University Press, 2018
- COQUEST, R., The Harvest of Sorrow, Oxford University Press, 1986;
- DAVİES, R.W., The Industrilisation of Sovyet Russia 3: The Sovyet Economy In Turmoil, 1929-1930, Macmillan Press, 1989;
- DAVİES, R.W. & Wheatcroft, S.G., The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931-1933, Palgrave&Macmillan, New York, 2009;
- HUNT, E. K., İktisadi Düşünce Tarihi, Müfit Günay (çev). Dost Kitabevi Yayınları, Ankara, 2005;
- İBRAHİM D. & TÜRK V., Kazakistan’da Kızıl Kıtlık (1929-1933), Bilge Kültür&Sanat, İstanbul, 2016;
- KINDLER, K., Stalin’s Nomads: Power&Famine In Kazakhstan, University of Pittsburg Press, 2018;
- LENİN, V. I., Halkın Devlet Yönetimine Katılımı Üzerine, Çev: Metin Çulhaoğlu, Yordam Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2016;
- MALTHUS, T., An Essay on the Principle of Population, St.Pauls Church, London, 1798;
- ROBBİNS Jr., R.G., Famine in Russia 1891-1892, Columbia University, New York, 1975;
- SHVETSOV, S.P., Kazakskoe Khoziaistvo v ego Estestvenno-Istoricheskikh i bytovykh uslo-viiakh, Leningrad, 1926;
- The Foreign Office and the Famine: British Documents on Ukraine and the Great Famine of 1932-1933, Ed: Marco Carynnyk&others, The Limestone Press, New York, 1988;
- XX съезд Коммунистической партии Советского Союза, Стенографический отчёт. T. I. M., 1956;
- БАРСЕНКОВ, А.С. & ВДОВИН, А.И., История России 1917-2009, Аспект Пресс, 2010.
- ADAMETS, S., “Famine in Nineteenth and Twentieth-Century Russia: Mortality by Age, Cause and Gender”, Famine Demography: Perspectives from the Past and Present, ed:Tim Dyson&Cormac O Grada, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002.
- DALRYMPLE, D. G., "The Soviet Famine of 1932-34" Soviet Studies, 15, no. 3, 1964;
- DAVİES R.W.&Wheatcroft S.G., “Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932-1933: A Reply to Ellman”, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol.58, No.4, 2006;
- FİSCHER, S., “Russia and the Soviet Union Then and Now”, The Transition in Eastern Europe, Volume 1, 1994, s.221-257;
- GRAZİOSİ, A., “Stalinism, Collectivization and the Great Famine”, Ukranian Studies, 2009(Holodomor Series);
- PİANCİOLA, N., “The Great Soviet Peasant War: Bolsheviks and Peasants, 1917-1933”, Harvard Ukranian Studies, 1997;
- PIANCIOLA, N., “The Collectivization Famine in Kazakhstan, 191-1933”, Harvard Ukrainian Studies, Vol. 25, No. 3/4 (Fall 2001);
- PIANCIOLA, N., “The collectivization of agriculture and the Kazak herdsmen 1928-1934”, Cahiers du Monde Russe, 45/1-2, Janvier-juin 2004.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | July 20, 2022 |
| Submission Date | July 7, 2021 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2022 Volume: 4 Issue: 8 |
