Recycling of Spent LFP Batteries

Abstract

In recent years, recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has become important because of their high potential for environmental impacts and inability to use metallic resources sustainably. The amount of spent lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries is increasing daily as the use of LFP batteries from different LIBs types has become widespread due to low cost and high-security advantages. Accordingly, recovering valuable metals in spent LFP batteries is very important as most manufacturing and automotive companies are moving toward LFP materials. Spent LFP batteries have received less attention due to the small number of valuable metals they contain, although spent battery recycling methods have improved the economy, the environment, and human health. Developing economical Li recovery technologies is crucial for the long-term growth and benefits of the electric vehicle and spent LFP battery industries. The current review article reports the problems related to the recycling process of batteries, the need to extract valuable metals and possible procedures for battery recycling. Methods such as mechanical pre-treatment of cells, and hydrometallurgical process of the active cathode material appear to be the most efficient method option for spent LFP battery recycling. In addition, recovery of components and metals from active materials after discharge methods, safe removal, and pre-treatment is predominantly carried out by hydrometallurgical methods. The need for further scaling up of these technologies and the main challenges are presented and discussed here. It is believed the proposed review would be helpful to understand the overall spent LFP battery recycling approach.

Keywords

• lithium-ion batteries
• lithium iron phosphate batteries
• lithium recovery
• waste battery recycling

Atık LFP Bataryaların Geri Dönüşümü

Öz

Son yıllarda, atık lityum iyon bataryalardan (LIB'ler) değerli metallerin geri kazanımı, yüksek çevresel etki potansiyelleri ve metalik kaynakların sürdürülebilir şekilde kullanılamaması nedeniyle önemli hale gelmiştir. Düşük maliyet ve yüksek güvenlik avantajları nedeniyle farklı LIB türlerinden biri olan lityum demir fosfat (LFP) bataryalarının kullanımı artmakta ve bununla birlikte atık LFP bataryaların oluşum miktarı da her geçen gün artmaktadır. Buna bağlı olarak, atık LFP bataryalardaki değerli metallerin geri kazanılması, üretim ve otomotiv şirketlerinin çoğu LFP malzemelerine yöneldiği için çok önemlidir. Atık LFP bataryalar, içerdikleri az sayıda değerli metal nedeniyle daha az ilgi görmüştür, ancak atık batarya geri dönüşüm yöntemleri ekonomi, çevre ve insan sağlığını iyileştirmiştir. Ekonomik Li geri kazanım teknolojilerinin geliştirilmesi, elektrikli araç ve atık LFP batarya endüstrilerinin uzun vadeli büyümesi ve faydaları için çok önemlidir. Mevcut derleme makalesi, bataryaların geri dönüşüm süreciyle ilgili sorunları, değerli metallerin çıkarılması ihtiyacını ve batarya geri dönüşümü için olası yöntemleri irdelemektedir. Hücrelerin mekanik ön arıtımı, aktif katot malzemesinin hidrometalurjik işlemi gibi yöntemler, atık LFP batarya geri dönüşümü için en verimli yöntem seçeneği olarak görülmektedir. Buna ek olarak, deşarj yöntemlerinden sonra aktif malzemelerden bileşenlerin ve metallerin geri kazanılması, güvenli bir şekilde uzaklaştırılması ve ön işlemden geçirilmesi ağırlıklı olarak hidrometalurjik yöntemlerle gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bu teknolojilerin daha fazla ölçeklendirilmesi ihtiyacı ve temel zorluklar bu çalışmada sunulmakta ve tartışılmaktadır. Önerilen incelemenin, atık LFP batarya geri dönüşüm süreçlerinin anlaşılmasına yardımcı olacağına inanılmaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• lityum-iyon bataryalar
• lityum demir fosfat bataryalar
• lityum geri kazanımı
• atık batarya geri dönüşümü

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