THE COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF THE DESIGN, MANUFACTURING, TESTING, CHARACTERIZATION, AND APPLICATIONS OF ULTRA-HIGH TEMPERATURE FIBER COMPOSITES

Abstract

Ultra-high-temperature fiber-reinforced composites (UHTCMCs) are among the leading advanced material classes used in the most demanding engineering applications, such as those in the aerospace, nuclear energy, and defense industries. This review comprehensively examines the different types of UHTCMCs, their production methods, application areas, and new development trends based on current literature. First, polymer, ceramic, metallic, and semiconductor matrix composites are evaluated, and the advantages and limitations of each system at high temperatures are demonstrated. Ceramic matrix composites based on ZrB₂–SiC and HfB₂–SiC stand out with their high melting points and oxidation resistance, while carbon and SiC fiber reinforcement has been shown to provide significant improvements in fracture toughness and thermal shock resistance. Prominent production methods include hot pressing, spark plasma sintering, polymer infiltration and pyrolysis, chemical vapor infiltration, and liquid silicone infiltration. Hybrid methods are emphasized as effective in overcoming the limitations of single techniques. An examination of application areas has revealed that UHTCMCs can be successfully used in hypersonic vehicle nose cones and leading edges, rocket engine nozzles, concentrated solar power systems, nuclear reactor components, and high-temperature tribological systems. Current trends highlight advanced manufacturing techniques, hybrid fiber reinforcements, multilayer interface coatings, and functional optimization. Literature findings indicate that UHTCMCs will play an indispensable role in future critical technologies, not only with their structural but also functional properties.

Keywords

• Ultra High Temperature
• Metal
• Polymer
• Ceramic
• Fiber and Composite

Ultra Yüksek Sıcaklık Fiber Kompozitlerin Tasarım, Üretim, Test, Karakterizasyon ve Kullanım Alanlarının Kapsamlı Bir Bakış

Abstract

Ultra yüksek sıcaklıklara dayanıklı fiber takviyeli kompozitler (UHTCMCs), havacılık, uzay, nükleer enerji ve savunma endüstrileri gibi en zorlu mühendislik uygulamalarında kullanılan ileri malzeme sınıflarının başında gelmektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasında, literatürde yer alan güncel araştırmalar temel alınarak, UHTCMC’lerin farklı türleri, üretim yöntemleri, uygulama alanları ve yeni gelişim trendleri kapsamlı şekilde incelenmiştir. Öncelikle polimer, seramik, metalik ve yarı iletken matrisli kompozit türleri değerlendirilmiş, her bir sistemin yüksek sıcaklık koşullarındaki avantaj ve sınırlılıkları ortaya konmuştur. Özellikle ZrB₂–SiC ve HfB₂–SiC esaslı seramik matrisli kompozitler, yüksek ergime noktaları ve oksidasyon dirençleriyle öne çıkarken; karbon ve SiC fiber takviyesi sayesinde kırılma tokluğu ve termal şok dayanımında belirgin iyileşmeler sağlandığı görülmüştür. Üretim yöntemleri arasında sıcak presleme, kıvılcım plazma sinterleme, polimer infiltrasyonu ve piroliz, kimyasal buhar infiltrasyonu ve sıvı silikon infiltrasyonu öne çıkmaktadır. Hibrit yöntemlerin, tekil tekniklerin sınırlılıklarını gidermede etkili olduğu vurgulanmıştır. Uygulama alanları incelendiğinde, UHTCMC’lerin hipersonik araçların burun konileri ve ön kenarlarında, roket motor nozullarında, konsantre güneş enerjisi sistemlerinde, nükleer reaktör bileşenlerinde ve yüksek sıcaklık tribolojik sistemlerde başarıyla kullanılabileceği ortaya konmuştur. Güncel eğilimler arasında ileri üretim teknikleri, hibrit fiber takviyeleri, çok katmanlı arayüz kaplamaları ve fonksiyonel optimizasyon öne çıkmaktadır. Literatür bulguları UHTCMC’lerin yalnızca yapısal değil, aynı zamanda fonksiyonel özellikleriyle de geleceğin kritik teknolojilerinde vazgeçilmez bir rol oynayacağını göstermektedir.

Keywords

• Ultra Yüksek Sıcaklık
• Metal
• Polimer
• Seramik
• Fiber ve Kompozit

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