A Systematic Review of Energy Absorption in Functionally Graded Lattice Structures

Abstract

In industries such as aerospace, automotive, and biomedical engineering, there is a growing demand for lightweight materials with high energy absorption performance. Functionally graded lattice structures (FGLSs) manufactured through additive manufacturing technologies have emerged as an innovative solution to meet this need. The functional grading concept, which involves the gradual variation of material properties within the structure—such as density, topology, and cell size—enables effective tailoring of the mechanical response and optimization of energy absorption behavior. This study provides a systematic review of recent experimental and numerical research focused on the energy absorption capacity of FGLSs. The paper examines fundamental design strategies, unit cell topologies, types of gradients, manufacturing methods and materials, quantifiable performance metrics, and the potential industrial applications of these structures. In addition, current technological challenges and future research directions are discussed, offering a comprehensive roadmap for researchers in this field.

Keywords

• Functionally Graded Structures
• Energy Absorption
• Additive Manufacturing
• Lattice Structures

Ethical Statement

The author of this article declares that the materials and methods they use in their work do not require ethical committee approval and/or legal-specific permission.

Fonksiyonel Gradyanlı Kafes Yapılarda Enerji Sönümleme Kapasitesi için Sistematik İnceleme

Abstract

Havacılık, otomotiv ve biyomedikal gibi endüstrilerde, hafif ve yüksek performanslı enerji sönümleyici malzemelere duyulan talep giderek artmaktadır. Katmanlı imalat teknolojileri ile üretilen fonksiyonel gradyanlı kafes yapılar (FGKY) bu ihtiyaca yenilikçi bir çözüm olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Malzeme özelliklerinin (yoğunluk, topoloji, hücre boyutu vb.) yapı içinde kademeli olarak değiştirilmesine dayanan fonksiyonel gradyan konsepti, mekanik tepkinin ve enerji sönümlenmesinin optimize edilmesine olanak tanır. Bu çalışma, FGKY'lerin enerji sönümleme kapasitesi üzerine yapılmış güncel deneysel ve sayısal çalışmaları sistematik olarak incelemektedir. Makale, temel tasarım stratejilerini, birim hücre topolojilerini, gradyan türlerini, üretim yöntemlerini ve malzemeleri, ölçülebilir performans metriklerini ve bu yapıların endüstriyel uygulama potansiyellerini ele almaktadır. Ayrıca, mevcut teknolojik zorluklar ve gelecekteki araştırma yönelimleri de değerlendirilerek alandaki araştırmacılar için kapsamlı bir yol haritası sunulmaktadır.

Keywords

• Fonksiyonel Gradyanlı Yapılar
• Enerji Sönümleme
• Katmanlı İmalat
• Kafes Yapılar

Ethical Statement

Bu makalenin yazarı çalışmalarında kullandıkları materyal ve yöntemlerin etik kurul izni ve/veya yasal-özel bir izin gerektirmediğini beyan ederler.

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