Research Article

Parametric Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Electromagnetic–Piezoelectric Wave Energy Harvesting System for Low-Amplitude Ocean Waves

Volume: 14 Number: 2 June 30, 2026
TR EN

Parametric Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Electromagnetic–Piezoelectric Wave Energy Harvesting System for Low-Amplitude Ocean Waves

Abstract

This study presents a detailed parametric experimental analysis of a hybrid wave energy harvesting system that simultaneously employs electromagnetic induction through linear alternators and the direct piezoelectric effect through PZT ceramic transducers. The system adopts a floating-buoy architecture in which vertical wave motion drives two coil-magnet linear alternator arms and actuates four piezoelectric discs via a mechanical compression assembly. A low-loss Schottky-diode voltage doubler rectification circuit was designed to independently condition the AC outputs of each subsystem, minimising diode-forward-voltage losses to 0.34 V per half-cycle. Systematic experiments were conducted under controlled wave rise velocities of 0.27 m/s and 0.32 m/s, wave periods of 2–6 s, load resistances of 165–470 kΩ, and one or two magnets per alternator arm. The linear alternator achieved a peak output of 14.30 V and 858.78 µW, while the PZT subsystem reached 3.07 V and 28.48 µW under optimal conditions. Doubling the magnet count increased alternator power by up to 190% (at the same 330 kΩ load), while a 19% rise in wave velocity produced a 141–328% gain in PZT power depending on wave period. Impedance matching analysis identified separate optimal load conditions: 165 kΩ for the electromagnetic subsystem and 330 kΩ for the piezoelectric subsystem. An analytical Maxwell field model confirms that the dual-magnet configuration enhances peak flux density by approximately 78% and significantly broadens the effective coil-magnet coupling region. The hybrid configuration achieved a 15% increase in volumetric power density (4.3 µW/cm³) compared to the best single-mechanism configuration.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Ordu University

Project Number

A2329

Ethical Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Thanks

This study is supported by the Ordu University Department of Scientific Research Project Development Program of Turkey under project number A2329.

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Electrical Energy Generation (Incl. Renewables, Excl. Photovoltaics)

Journal Section

Research Article

Early Pub Date

June 22, 2026

Publication Date

June 30, 2026

Submission Date

April 20, 2026

Acceptance Date

May 31, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 14 Number: 2

APA
Akkaya Oy, S., & Çavuş, B. (2026). Parametric Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Electromagnetic–Piezoelectric Wave Energy Harvesting System for Low-Amplitude Ocean Waves. Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasarım Ve Teknoloji, 14(2), 952-965. https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.1934359
AMA
1.Akkaya Oy S, Çavuş B. Parametric Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Electromagnetic–Piezoelectric Wave Energy Harvesting System for Low-Amplitude Ocean Waves. GUJS Part C. 2026;14(2):952-965. doi:10.29109/gujsc.1934359
Chicago
Akkaya Oy, Sibel, and Birol Çavuş. 2026. “Parametric Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Electromagnetic–Piezoelectric Wave Energy Harvesting System for Low-Amplitude Ocean Waves”. Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasarım Ve Teknoloji 14 (2): 952-65. https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.1934359.
EndNote
Akkaya Oy S, Çavuş B (June 1, 2026) Parametric Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Electromagnetic–Piezoelectric Wave Energy Harvesting System for Low-Amplitude Ocean Waves. Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasarım ve Teknoloji 14 2 952–965.
IEEE
[1]S. Akkaya Oy and B. Çavuş, “Parametric Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Electromagnetic–Piezoelectric Wave Energy Harvesting System for Low-Amplitude Ocean Waves”, GUJS Part C, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 952–965, June 2026, doi: 10.29109/gujsc.1934359.
ISNAD
Akkaya Oy, Sibel - Çavuş, Birol. “Parametric Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Electromagnetic–Piezoelectric Wave Energy Harvesting System for Low-Amplitude Ocean Waves”. Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasarım ve Teknoloji 14/2 (June 1, 2026): 952-965. https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.1934359.
JAMA
1.Akkaya Oy S, Çavuş B. Parametric Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Electromagnetic–Piezoelectric Wave Energy Harvesting System for Low-Amplitude Ocean Waves. GUJS Part C. 2026;14:952–965.
MLA
Akkaya Oy, Sibel, and Birol Çavuş. “Parametric Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Electromagnetic–Piezoelectric Wave Energy Harvesting System for Low-Amplitude Ocean Waves”. Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasarım Ve Teknoloji, vol. 14, no. 2, June 2026, pp. 952-65, doi:10.29109/gujsc.1934359.
Vancouver
1.Sibel Akkaya Oy, Birol Çavuş. Parametric Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Electromagnetic–Piezoelectric Wave Energy Harvesting System for Low-Amplitude Ocean Waves. GUJS Part C. 2026 Jun. 1;14(2):952-65. doi:10.29109/gujsc.1934359

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