Parametric Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Electromagnetic–Piezoelectric Wave Energy Harvesting System for Low-Amplitude Ocean Waves
Öz
This study presents a detailed parametric experimental analysis of a hybrid wave energy harvesting system that simultaneously employs electromagnetic induction through linear alternators and the direct piezoelectric effect through PZT ceramic transducers. The system adopts a floating-buoy architecture in which vertical wave motion drives two coil-magnet linear alternator arms and actuates four piezoelectric discs via a mechanical compression assembly. A low-loss Schottky-diode voltage doubler rectification circuit was designed to independently condition the AC outputs of each subsystem, minimising diode-forward-voltage losses to 0.34 V per half-cycle. Systematic experiments were conducted under controlled wave rise velocities of 0.27 m/s and 0.32 m/s, wave periods of 2–6 s, load resistances of 165–470 kΩ, and one or two magnets per alternator arm. The linear alternator achieved a peak output of 14.30 V and 858.78 µW, while the PZT subsystem reached 3.07 V and 28.48 µW under optimal conditions. Doubling the magnet count increased alternator power by up to 190% (at the same 330 kΩ load), while a 19% rise in wave velocity produced a 141–328% gain in PZT power depending on wave period. Impedance matching analysis identified separate optimal load conditions: 165 kΩ for the electromagnetic subsystem and 330 kΩ for the piezoelectric subsystem. An analytical Maxwell field model confirms that the dual-magnet configuration enhances peak flux density by approximately 78% and significantly broadens the effective coil-magnet coupling region. The hybrid configuration achieved a 15% increase in volumetric power density (4.3 µW/cm³) compared to the best single-mechanism configuration.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Destekleyen Kurum
Proje Numarası
Etik Beyan
Teşekkür
Kaynakça
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Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
İngilizce
Konular
Elektrik Enerjisi Üretimi (Yenilenebilir Kaynaklar Dahil, Fotovoltaikler Hariç)
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Erken Görünüm Tarihi
22 Haziran 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi
30 Haziran 2026
Gönderilme Tarihi
20 Nisan 2026
Kabul Tarihi
31 Mayıs 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2026 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2
