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Potential Nutritional Approach in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes: Intermittent Fasting

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 966 - 973, 29.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1366944

Öz

Obesity plays an essential role in the formation and development of type 2 diabetes, the prevalence of which is rapidly increasing worldwide. The importance of body weight control as a component of both prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes has increased the interest in different nutritional approaches. One of these nutritional approaches is intermittent fasting methods, which includes periods of fasting and eating at varying times. Commonly practiced intermittent fasting protocols are time-restricted feeding, alternate-day fasting, and modified fasting. Intermittent fasting can provide improvement in beta cell function and decrease in fat ratio, especially by affecting glucose and lipid metabolism. Thanks to these effects, it is suggested that intermittent fasting provides an improvement in glucose tolerance and an increase in insulin sensitivity. Studies have shown that intermittent fasting methods applied in different protocols can have positive effects on metabolic parameters in individuals with type 2 diabetes risk and diagnosed with pre-diabetes or type 2 diabetes. The aim of this review is to evaluate the effects of intermittent fasting on glucose and lipid metabolism and examine its effectiveness in type 2 diabetes management based on the current literature.

Kaynakça

  • KAYNAKLAR 1. Harreiter, J. and Roden, M. (2019). “Diabetes Mellitus-Definition, Classification, Diagnosis, Screening and Prevention (Update 2019)”. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 131 (Suppl 1), 6-15.
  • 2. International Diabetes Federation. (2015). “IDF Diabetes Atlas”. Erişim adresi: https://www.diabetesatlas.org/upload/resources/previous/files/7/IDF%20Diabetes%20Atlas%207th.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 22 Eylül 2023).
  • 3. Gilbert, D. and Waltz, J. (2010). “Mindfulness and Health Behaviors”. Mindfulness, 1 (4), 227-234.
  • 4. Magkos, F, Hjorth, M.F. and Astrup, A. (2020). “Diet and Exercise in the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus”. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 16 (10), 545-555.
  • 5. Tinsley, G.M. and La Bounty, P.M. (2015). “Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Clinical Health Markers in Humans”. Nutrition Reviews, 73 (10), 661-674.
  • 6. Johnstone, A. (2015). “Fasting for Weight Loss: An Effective Strategy or Latest Dieting Trend?”. International Journal of Obesity, 39 (5), 727-733.
  • 7. Corley, B.T, Carroll, R.W, Hall, R.M, Weatherall, M, Parry-Strong, A. and Krebs, J.D. (2018). “Intermittent Fasting in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and The Risk of Hypoglycaemia: A Randomized Controlled Trial”. Diabetic Medicine, 35 (5), 588-594.
  • 8. Li, C, Sadraie, B, Steckhan, N, Kessler, C, Stange, R, Jeitler, M. and Michalsen, A. (2017). “Effects of A One-week Fasting Therapy in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome - A Randomized Controlled Explorative Study”. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes, 125 (9), 618-624.
  • 9. Kahleova, H, Belinova, L, Malinska, H, Oliyarnyk, O, Trnovska, J, Skop, V, Kazdova, L, Dezortova, M, Hajek, M, Tura, A, Hill, M. and Pelikanova, P. (2014). “Eating Two Larger Meals A Day (Breakfast And Lunch) İs More Effective Than Six Smaller Meals İn A Reduced-Energy Regimen For Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Crossover Study”. Diabetologia, 57 (8), 1552-1560.
  • 10. Hutchison, A.T, Regmi, P, Manoogian, E.N.C, Fleischer, J.G, Wittert, G.A, Panda, S. and Heilbronn, H.K. (2019). “Time-Restricted Feeding Improves Glucose Tolerance in Men at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Trial”. Obesity, 27 (5), 724-732.
  • 11. Kalaycı, Z. ve Kamarlı Altun, H. (2021). “Aralıklı Açlık Diyetlerinin Glukoz Homeostazı ve Lipit Metabolizması Üzerine Etkileri”. BANÜ Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3 (1), 52-63.
  • 12. Catenacci, V.A, Pan, Z, Ostendorf, D, Brannon, S, Gozansky, W.S, Mattson, M.P, Martin, B, MacLean, P.S, Melanson, E.L. and Troy Donahoo, W. (2016). “A Randomized Pilot Study Comparing Zero-Calorie Alternate-Day Fasting To Daily Caloric Restriction in Adults With Obesity”. Obesity, 24 (9), 1874-1883.
  • 13. Sundfør, T, Svendsen, M. and Tonstad, S. (2018). “Effect of İntermittent Versus Continuous Energy Restriction on Weight Loss, Maintenance and Cardiometabolic Risk: A Randomized 1-Year Trial”. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 28 (7), 698-706.
  • 14. Arnason, T.G, Bowen, M.W. and Mansell, K.D. (2017). “Effects of İntermittent Fasting on Health Markers in Those With Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study”. World Journal of Diabetes, 8 (4), 154-164.
  • 15. Carter, S, Clifton, P.M. and Keogh, J.B. (2016). “The Effects of İntermittent Compared To Continuous Energy Restriction on Glycaemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes; A Pragmatic Pilot Trial”. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 122, 106-112.
  • 16. Sutton, E.F, Beyl, R, Early, K.S, Cefalu, W.T, Ravussin, E. and Peterson, C.M. (2018). “Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Blood Pressure, and Oxidative Stress Even without Weight Loss in Men with Prediabetes”. Cell Metabolism, 27 (6), 1212-1221.
  • 17. Grajower, M.M. and Horne, B.D. (2019). “Clinical Management of Intermittent Fasting in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus”. Nutrients, 11 (4), 873.
  • 18. Mattson, M.P, Longo, V.D. and Harvie, M. (2017). “Impact of İntermittent Fasting on Health And Disease Processes”. Ageing Research Reviews, 39, 46-58.
  • 19. Mazidi, M, Rezaie, P, Chaudhri, O, Karimi, E. and Nematy, M. (2015). “The Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Anthropometrics Parameters: A Systematic Review”. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 31 (5), 1250-1255.
  • 20. Rajpal, A. and Ismail-Beigi, F. (2020). “Intermittent Fasting and 'Metabolic Switch': Effects on Metabolic Syndrome, Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes”. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 22 (9), 1496-1510.
  • 21. Nowosad, K. and Sujka, M. (2021). “Effect of Various Types of Intermittent Fasting (IF) on Weight Loss and Improvement of Diabetic Parameters in Human”. Current Nutrition Reports, 10 (2), 146-154.
  • 22. Lessan, N. and Ali, T. (2019). “Energy Metabolism and Intermittent Fasting: The Ramadan Perspective”. Nutrients, 11 (5), 1192.
  • 23. Rashid, F, Abdelgadir, E. and Bashier, A.A. (2020). “Systematic Review on The Safety of Ramadan Fasting in High-Risk Patients With Diabetes”. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 164, 108161.
  • 24. Albosta, M. and Bakke, J. (2021). “Intermittent Fasting: İs There A Role in The Treatment of Diabetes? A Review of The Literature and Guide For Primary Care Physicians”. Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology, 7 (1), 3.
  • 25. Zubrzycki, A, Cierpka-Kmiec, K, Kmiec, Z. and Wronska, A. (2018). “The Role of Low-Calorie Diets and İntermittent Fasting in The Treatment of Obesity and Type-2 Diabetes”. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 69 (5), 663-683.
  • 26. Liu, H, Javaheri, A, Godar, R.J, Murphy, J, Ma, X, Rohatgi, N, Mahadevan, J, Hyrc, K, Saftig, P, Marshall, C, McDaniel, M.L, Remedi, M.S, Razani, B, Urano, F. and Diwan, A. (2017). “Intermittent Fasting Preserves Beta-Cell Mass in Obesity-İnduced Diabetes Via The Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway”. Autophagy, 13 (11), 1952-1968.
  • 27. Imai, Y, Cousins, R.S, Liu, S, Phelps, B.M. and Promes, J.A. (2020). “Connecting pancreatic islet lipid metabolism with insulin secretion and the development of type 2 diabetes”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1461 (1), 53-72.
  • 28. Anton, S.D, Moehl, K, Donahoo, W.T, Marosi, K, Lee, S.A, Mainous 3rd, A.G, Leeuwenburgh, C. and Mattson, M.P. (2018). “Flipping The Metabolic Switch: Understanding and Applying The Health Benefits of Fasting”. Obesity, 26 (2), 254-268.
  • 29. Yuan, X, Wang, J, Yang, S, Gao, M, Cao, L, Li, X, Hong, D, Tian, S. and Sun, C. (2022). “Effect of Intermittent Fasting Diet on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism and Insulin Resistance in Patients with Impaired Glucose and Lipid Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. International Journal of Endocrinology, 2022, 6999907.
  • 30. Mohamed, Y.A, Abouelmagd, M, Elbialy, A, Elwassefy, M. and Kyrillos, F. (2024). “Effect of intermittent fasting on lipid biokinetics in obese and overweight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: prospective observational study”. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 16 (1), 4.
  • 31. Barnosky, A.R, Hoddy, K.K, Unterman, T.G. and Varady, K.A. (2014). “Intermittent Fasting vs Daily Calorie Restriction For Type 2 Diabetes Prevention: A Review of Human Findings”. Translational Research, 164 (4), 302-311.
  • 32. Furmli, S, Elmasry, R, Ramos, M. and Fung, J. (2018). “Therapeutic Use of İntermittent Fasting For People With Type 2 Diabetes As an Alternative to İnsulin”. BMJ Case Reports, 2018, 1-5.
  • 33. Carter, S, Clifton, P.M. and Keogh J.B. (2018). “Effect of İntermittent Compared With Continuous Energy Restricted Diet on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial”. JAMA Network Open, 1 (3), e180756-e.
  • 34. Wei, S, Han, R, Zhao, J, Wang, S, Huang, M, Wang, Y. and Chen, Y. (2018). “Intermittent Administration of A Fasting-Mimicking Diet İntervenes in Diabetes Progression, Restores Β Cells and Reconstructs Gut Microbiota in Mice”. Nutrition & Metabolism, 15 (1), 80.
  • 35. Carter, S, Clifton, P.M. and Keogh, J.B. (2018). “Effect of Intermittent Compared With Continuous Energy Restricted Diet on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial”. JAMA Network Open, 1 (3), e180756.
  • 36. Carter, S, Clifton, P.M. and Keogh, J.B. (2019). “The effect of intermittent compared with continuous energy restriction on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: 24-month follow-up of a randomised noninferiority trial”. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 151, 11-19.
  • 37. Carter, S, Clifton, P.M. and Keogh, J.B. (2016). “The effects of intermittent compared to continuous energy restriction on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes; a pragmatic pilot trial”. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 122, 106-112.

Tip 2 Diyabet Yönetiminde Potansiyel Beslenme Yaklaşımı: Aralıklı Açlık

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 966 - 973, 29.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1366944

Öz

Dünya çapında görülme sıklığı hızla artan tip 2 diyabetin oluşumu ve gelişiminde obezite önemli rol oynamaktadır. Tip 2 diyabetin önlenmesi ve tedavisinin bir bileşeni olarak vücut ağırlığı kontrolünün önemli olması, farklı beslenme yaklaşımlarına olan ilgiyi artırmıştır. Bu beslenme yaklaşımlarından biri de değişen sürelerde açlık ve yeme periyotlarını içeren aralıklı açlık yöntemleridir. Yaygın olarak uygulanan aralıklı açlık protokolleri, zaman kısıtlı beslenme, alternatif gün açlığı ve modifiye açlıktır. Aralıklı açlık, özellikle glukoz ve lipit metabolizması üzerine etki ederek beta hücre fonksiyonunda iyileşme ve yağ oranında azalma sağlayabilmektedir. Bu etkileri sayesinde, aralıklı açlığın glukoz toleransında iyileşme ve insülin duyarlılığında artış sağladığı ileri sürülmektedir. Çalışmalar farklı protokollerde uygulanan aralıklı açlık yöntemlerinin tip 2 diyabet riski olan, pre-diyabet veya tip 2 diyabet tanısı alan bireylerde metabolik parametreler üzerinde olumlu etkilere sahip olabileceğini göstermiştir. Bu derlemenin amacı, aralıklı açlık uygulamasının glukoz ve lipit metabolizması üzerine etkilerini değerlendirmek ve tip 2 diyabet yönetimindeki etkinliğini güncel literatüre dayanarak incelemektir.

Kaynakça

  • KAYNAKLAR 1. Harreiter, J. and Roden, M. (2019). “Diabetes Mellitus-Definition, Classification, Diagnosis, Screening and Prevention (Update 2019)”. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 131 (Suppl 1), 6-15.
  • 2. International Diabetes Federation. (2015). “IDF Diabetes Atlas”. Erişim adresi: https://www.diabetesatlas.org/upload/resources/previous/files/7/IDF%20Diabetes%20Atlas%207th.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 22 Eylül 2023).
  • 3. Gilbert, D. and Waltz, J. (2010). “Mindfulness and Health Behaviors”. Mindfulness, 1 (4), 227-234.
  • 4. Magkos, F, Hjorth, M.F. and Astrup, A. (2020). “Diet and Exercise in the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus”. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 16 (10), 545-555.
  • 5. Tinsley, G.M. and La Bounty, P.M. (2015). “Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Clinical Health Markers in Humans”. Nutrition Reviews, 73 (10), 661-674.
  • 6. Johnstone, A. (2015). “Fasting for Weight Loss: An Effective Strategy or Latest Dieting Trend?”. International Journal of Obesity, 39 (5), 727-733.
  • 7. Corley, B.T, Carroll, R.W, Hall, R.M, Weatherall, M, Parry-Strong, A. and Krebs, J.D. (2018). “Intermittent Fasting in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and The Risk of Hypoglycaemia: A Randomized Controlled Trial”. Diabetic Medicine, 35 (5), 588-594.
  • 8. Li, C, Sadraie, B, Steckhan, N, Kessler, C, Stange, R, Jeitler, M. and Michalsen, A. (2017). “Effects of A One-week Fasting Therapy in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome - A Randomized Controlled Explorative Study”. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes, 125 (9), 618-624.
  • 9. Kahleova, H, Belinova, L, Malinska, H, Oliyarnyk, O, Trnovska, J, Skop, V, Kazdova, L, Dezortova, M, Hajek, M, Tura, A, Hill, M. and Pelikanova, P. (2014). “Eating Two Larger Meals A Day (Breakfast And Lunch) İs More Effective Than Six Smaller Meals İn A Reduced-Energy Regimen For Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Crossover Study”. Diabetologia, 57 (8), 1552-1560.
  • 10. Hutchison, A.T, Regmi, P, Manoogian, E.N.C, Fleischer, J.G, Wittert, G.A, Panda, S. and Heilbronn, H.K. (2019). “Time-Restricted Feeding Improves Glucose Tolerance in Men at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Trial”. Obesity, 27 (5), 724-732.
  • 11. Kalaycı, Z. ve Kamarlı Altun, H. (2021). “Aralıklı Açlık Diyetlerinin Glukoz Homeostazı ve Lipit Metabolizması Üzerine Etkileri”. BANÜ Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3 (1), 52-63.
  • 12. Catenacci, V.A, Pan, Z, Ostendorf, D, Brannon, S, Gozansky, W.S, Mattson, M.P, Martin, B, MacLean, P.S, Melanson, E.L. and Troy Donahoo, W. (2016). “A Randomized Pilot Study Comparing Zero-Calorie Alternate-Day Fasting To Daily Caloric Restriction in Adults With Obesity”. Obesity, 24 (9), 1874-1883.
  • 13. Sundfør, T, Svendsen, M. and Tonstad, S. (2018). “Effect of İntermittent Versus Continuous Energy Restriction on Weight Loss, Maintenance and Cardiometabolic Risk: A Randomized 1-Year Trial”. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 28 (7), 698-706.
  • 14. Arnason, T.G, Bowen, M.W. and Mansell, K.D. (2017). “Effects of İntermittent Fasting on Health Markers in Those With Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study”. World Journal of Diabetes, 8 (4), 154-164.
  • 15. Carter, S, Clifton, P.M. and Keogh, J.B. (2016). “The Effects of İntermittent Compared To Continuous Energy Restriction on Glycaemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes; A Pragmatic Pilot Trial”. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 122, 106-112.
  • 16. Sutton, E.F, Beyl, R, Early, K.S, Cefalu, W.T, Ravussin, E. and Peterson, C.M. (2018). “Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Blood Pressure, and Oxidative Stress Even without Weight Loss in Men with Prediabetes”. Cell Metabolism, 27 (6), 1212-1221.
  • 17. Grajower, M.M. and Horne, B.D. (2019). “Clinical Management of Intermittent Fasting in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus”. Nutrients, 11 (4), 873.
  • 18. Mattson, M.P, Longo, V.D. and Harvie, M. (2017). “Impact of İntermittent Fasting on Health And Disease Processes”. Ageing Research Reviews, 39, 46-58.
  • 19. Mazidi, M, Rezaie, P, Chaudhri, O, Karimi, E. and Nematy, M. (2015). “The Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Anthropometrics Parameters: A Systematic Review”. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 31 (5), 1250-1255.
  • 20. Rajpal, A. and Ismail-Beigi, F. (2020). “Intermittent Fasting and 'Metabolic Switch': Effects on Metabolic Syndrome, Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes”. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 22 (9), 1496-1510.
  • 21. Nowosad, K. and Sujka, M. (2021). “Effect of Various Types of Intermittent Fasting (IF) on Weight Loss and Improvement of Diabetic Parameters in Human”. Current Nutrition Reports, 10 (2), 146-154.
  • 22. Lessan, N. and Ali, T. (2019). “Energy Metabolism and Intermittent Fasting: The Ramadan Perspective”. Nutrients, 11 (5), 1192.
  • 23. Rashid, F, Abdelgadir, E. and Bashier, A.A. (2020). “Systematic Review on The Safety of Ramadan Fasting in High-Risk Patients With Diabetes”. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 164, 108161.
  • 24. Albosta, M. and Bakke, J. (2021). “Intermittent Fasting: İs There A Role in The Treatment of Diabetes? A Review of The Literature and Guide For Primary Care Physicians”. Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology, 7 (1), 3.
  • 25. Zubrzycki, A, Cierpka-Kmiec, K, Kmiec, Z. and Wronska, A. (2018). “The Role of Low-Calorie Diets and İntermittent Fasting in The Treatment of Obesity and Type-2 Diabetes”. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 69 (5), 663-683.
  • 26. Liu, H, Javaheri, A, Godar, R.J, Murphy, J, Ma, X, Rohatgi, N, Mahadevan, J, Hyrc, K, Saftig, P, Marshall, C, McDaniel, M.L, Remedi, M.S, Razani, B, Urano, F. and Diwan, A. (2017). “Intermittent Fasting Preserves Beta-Cell Mass in Obesity-İnduced Diabetes Via The Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway”. Autophagy, 13 (11), 1952-1968.
  • 27. Imai, Y, Cousins, R.S, Liu, S, Phelps, B.M. and Promes, J.A. (2020). “Connecting pancreatic islet lipid metabolism with insulin secretion and the development of type 2 diabetes”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1461 (1), 53-72.
  • 28. Anton, S.D, Moehl, K, Donahoo, W.T, Marosi, K, Lee, S.A, Mainous 3rd, A.G, Leeuwenburgh, C. and Mattson, M.P. (2018). “Flipping The Metabolic Switch: Understanding and Applying The Health Benefits of Fasting”. Obesity, 26 (2), 254-268.
  • 29. Yuan, X, Wang, J, Yang, S, Gao, M, Cao, L, Li, X, Hong, D, Tian, S. and Sun, C. (2022). “Effect of Intermittent Fasting Diet on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism and Insulin Resistance in Patients with Impaired Glucose and Lipid Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. International Journal of Endocrinology, 2022, 6999907.
  • 30. Mohamed, Y.A, Abouelmagd, M, Elbialy, A, Elwassefy, M. and Kyrillos, F. (2024). “Effect of intermittent fasting on lipid biokinetics in obese and overweight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: prospective observational study”. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 16 (1), 4.
  • 31. Barnosky, A.R, Hoddy, K.K, Unterman, T.G. and Varady, K.A. (2014). “Intermittent Fasting vs Daily Calorie Restriction For Type 2 Diabetes Prevention: A Review of Human Findings”. Translational Research, 164 (4), 302-311.
  • 32. Furmli, S, Elmasry, R, Ramos, M. and Fung, J. (2018). “Therapeutic Use of İntermittent Fasting For People With Type 2 Diabetes As an Alternative to İnsulin”. BMJ Case Reports, 2018, 1-5.
  • 33. Carter, S, Clifton, P.M. and Keogh J.B. (2018). “Effect of İntermittent Compared With Continuous Energy Restricted Diet on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial”. JAMA Network Open, 1 (3), e180756-e.
  • 34. Wei, S, Han, R, Zhao, J, Wang, S, Huang, M, Wang, Y. and Chen, Y. (2018). “Intermittent Administration of A Fasting-Mimicking Diet İntervenes in Diabetes Progression, Restores Β Cells and Reconstructs Gut Microbiota in Mice”. Nutrition & Metabolism, 15 (1), 80.
  • 35. Carter, S, Clifton, P.M. and Keogh, J.B. (2018). “Effect of Intermittent Compared With Continuous Energy Restricted Diet on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial”. JAMA Network Open, 1 (3), e180756.
  • 36. Carter, S, Clifton, P.M. and Keogh, J.B. (2019). “The effect of intermittent compared with continuous energy restriction on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: 24-month follow-up of a randomised noninferiority trial”. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 151, 11-19.
  • 37. Carter, S, Clifton, P.M. and Keogh, J.B. (2016). “The effects of intermittent compared to continuous energy restriction on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes; a pragmatic pilot trial”. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 122, 106-112.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Klinik Beslenme
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Rabia Sevindik 0000-0002-0935-8987

Kübra Uçar 0000-0001-5970-9784

M.merve Tengilimoğlu Metin 0000-0003-0363-5645

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Haziran 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Sevindik, R., Uçar, K., & Tengilimoğlu Metin, M. (2024). Tip 2 Diyabet Yönetiminde Potansiyel Beslenme Yaklaşımı: Aralıklı Açlık. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(2), 966-973. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1366944
AMA Sevindik R, Uçar K, Tengilimoğlu Metin M. Tip 2 Diyabet Yönetiminde Potansiyel Beslenme Yaklaşımı: Aralıklı Açlık. Gümüşhane Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. Haziran 2024;13(2):966-973. doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1366944
Chicago Sevindik, Rabia, Kübra Uçar, ve M.merve Tengilimoğlu Metin. “Tip 2 Diyabet Yönetiminde Potansiyel Beslenme Yaklaşımı: Aralıklı Açlık”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 13, sy. 2 (Haziran 2024): 966-73. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1366944.
EndNote Sevindik R, Uçar K, Tengilimoğlu Metin M (01 Haziran 2024) Tip 2 Diyabet Yönetiminde Potansiyel Beslenme Yaklaşımı: Aralıklı Açlık. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 13 2 966–973.
IEEE R. Sevindik, K. Uçar, ve M. Tengilimoğlu Metin, “Tip 2 Diyabet Yönetiminde Potansiyel Beslenme Yaklaşımı: Aralıklı Açlık”, Gümüşhane Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 13, sy. 2, ss. 966–973, 2024, doi: 10.37989/gumussagbil.1366944.
ISNAD Sevindik, Rabia vd. “Tip 2 Diyabet Yönetiminde Potansiyel Beslenme Yaklaşımı: Aralıklı Açlık”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 13/2 (Haziran 2024), 966-973. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1366944.
JAMA Sevindik R, Uçar K, Tengilimoğlu Metin M. Tip 2 Diyabet Yönetiminde Potansiyel Beslenme Yaklaşımı: Aralıklı Açlık. Gümüşhane Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2024;13:966–973.
MLA Sevindik, Rabia vd. “Tip 2 Diyabet Yönetiminde Potansiyel Beslenme Yaklaşımı: Aralıklı Açlık”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 13, sy. 2, 2024, ss. 966-73, doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1366944.
Vancouver Sevindik R, Uçar K, Tengilimoğlu Metin M. Tip 2 Diyabet Yönetiminde Potansiyel Beslenme Yaklaşımı: Aralıklı Açlık. Gümüşhane Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2024;13(2):966-73.