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2009-2017 Arası Küresel Sistemin Güvenlik Dönüşümü: Tek Kutupluluk Çok Kutupluluğa Karşı

Year 2021, Volume: 17 Issue: 38, 255 - 287, 07.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.964031

Abstract

Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde sistemde tek süper güç olarak bulunan ABD oluşturduğu ittifaklar, kurumlar ve jeopolitik pazarlıklar aracılığıyla hegemonik bir düzen kurmuştur. ABD oluşturduğu bu düzende sahip olduğu askerî güç, kurduğu bölgesel ittifaklar ve yaydığı kültürel yumuşak gücün avantajını kullanarak kendisini dünya politikasının merkezinde konumlandırmıştır. Bu tek kutuplu sistemde uluslararası normlar, insan hakları, finansal sistem ve hükümet davranışları büyük ölçüde ABD tarafından tasarlanmış, sahiplenilmiş ve bu uygulamalar diğer devletlerin siyasi ve hukuksal alanlarına yayılmıştır. Ancak 2000’li yıllardan itibaren uluslararası sistemde meydana gelen yeni gelişmeler ve güvenlik sorunları, ABD tekelinde bulunan gücün yavaş fakat aşamalı olarak yeniden dağıtılmasına neden olmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ABD’de Obama dönemi olarak bilinen 2009-2017 yılları arasında uluslararası sistemde tek kutupluluğun belirgin şekilde zayıflamasına işaret eden ve küresel güç dengesinde değişime sebep olan önemli gelişmelerin neoklasik realizm teorik çerçevesi ile incelenmesidir. Çalışmada uluslararası sistemdeki tek kutupluluğun dönüşüm süreci küresel ekonomik krizin yansımaları, Çin’in küresel aktör olarak yükselişi ve Rusya’nın küresel nüfuzunun belirginleşmesi bağlamında ele alınmaktadır. Çalışma sonucunda, uluslararası sistemdeki yapısal geçişinin devam ettiği ve bu geçiş döneminde ABD-Çin ilişkilerinin rekabet potansiyeli taşıdığı tespit edilmiştir.

References

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  • MOTYL, Alexander J., “Putin’s Zugzwang: The Russia-Ukraine Standoff”, World Affairs, 2014, Sayı 177/2, 58-65.
  • RADULESCU, Irina, MIRELA Panait and VOICA Catalin, “BRICS Countries Challenge to the World Economy New Trends”, Procedia Economics and Finance, 2014, Sayı 8, 604-613.
  • RANDALL, Germain, “Financial Order and World Politics: Crisis, Change and Continuity”, International Affairs, 2009, Sayı 85/4, 669-687.
  • SAKWA, Richard, “New Cold War or Twenty Years Crisis?: Russia and International Politics”, International Affairs, 2008, Sayı 2, 241-267.
  • SCHWELLER, Randall L., “New Realist Research on Alliances: Refining, not Refuting, Waltz’s Balancing Proposition”, The American Political Science Review, 1997, Sayı:91/4, 927-930.
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  • SERFATY, Simon, “Moving into a Post-Western World”, The Washington Quarterly, 2011, Sayı 34/2, 7-23.
  • SHOMALI, Hamid and GİBLİN, Gwendolyn, “The Great Depression and the 2007-2009 Recession: The First Two Years Compared”, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 2010, Sayı 59, 15-22.
  • SMITH, Nicholas Rose, “Assessing the Trajectory of West-Russia Relations in Eastern Europe: Gauging Three Potential Scenarios”, Global Policy, 2017, Sayı 31/2, 1-25.
  • STRONSKI, Paul and SOKOLSKY, Richard, “SCO: Multipolarity in Practice: Understanding Russia’s Engagement with Regional Institutions”, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Report, 2020. 11-18.
  • TALVING, Liisa, “Economic Voting in Europe: Did the Crisis Matter?”, Comparative European Politics, 2017, Sayı 10, 1-30.
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Security Transformation of the Global System between 2009 and 2017: Unipolarity vs. Multipolarity

Year 2021, Volume: 17 Issue: 38, 255 - 287, 07.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.964031

Abstract

After the Cold War, the US, as the only superpower in the system, created a hegemonic system through alliances, institutions, and geopolitical negotiations. In this new world order, the US has positioned itself at the center of world politics by taking advantage of its military power, regional alliances, and cultural soft power. In this unipolar system, international norms, human rights, financial systems, and the behaviors of the governments have been largely designed and owned by the US and these practices have spread to the political and legal spheres of other states. However, since the 2000s, new developments in the international system leads to slow but gradual redistribution of the power, which was under US monopoly. The purpose of this study is to examine the important developments that point out to the weakening of unipolarity in the international system between 2009 and 2017, known as the Obama era, with the theoretical framework of neoclassical realism. In the study, the transformation process of unipolarity in the international system is discussed in the context of the reflections of the global economic crisis, the rise of China as a global actor, and the prominence of Russia’s global influence. As a result of the study, it has been determined that the structural transition of the international system continues and the Sino-US relations has a competitive potential.

References

  • ACHARYA, Amitav, Regional Worlds in a Post-Hegemonic Era, Spirit Working Papers, Bordeaux, 2009.
  • -------------------------, Whose Ideas Matter? Agency and Power in Asian Regionalism, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2010.
  • AMIN, Samir, Beyond US Hegemony? Assessing the Prospects for a Multipolar World, Zed Books, New York, 2006.
  • BRADFORD, Colin Bradford and WONHYUK, Lim, Global Leadership in Transition: Making the G20 More Effective and Responsive, Brookings Institution Press, 2011.
  • DAVIDSON, Jason, America’s Allies and War, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2011.
  • DIESEN, Glenn, EU and NATO Relations with Russia: After the Collapse of the Soviet Union, Routledge, Abingdon, 2016.
  • DUECK, Colin, Neoclassical Realism and the National Interest: Presidents, Domestic Politics, and Major Military Interventions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009.
  • DUGIN, Aleksandr, Rus Jeopolitiği: Avrasyacı Yaklaşım, (Çev. Vügar İmanov), Küre Yayınları, İstanbul, 2010.
  • ERŞEN, Emre, “Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Dönemde Dünya Siyaseti”, Balcı Ali ve Şaban Kardaş, (ed.). Uluslararası İlişkilere Giriş: Teori Kavram ve Konular, Küre Yayınları, İstanbul, 2014.
  • GILPIN, Robert, Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2001.
  • HOOK, Steven and SPAINER, John, American Foreign Policy Since World War II, CQ Press, Washington, 2009.
  • HUIMIN, Ma, “Strategic Plan of “Made in China 2025” and its Implementation”, IGI Global, 2018.
  • KANET, Roger E., Russia: Re-Emerging Great Power, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2007.
  • KEOHANE, Robert O., After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1984, s.46.
  • KHANNA, Parag, The Future is Asian: Global Order in the Twenty-first Century, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2019.
  • MOURITZEN, Hans and WIWEL, Anders. Explaining Foreign Policy: International Diplomacy and the Russo-Georgian War, Lynne Rienner Publishers, COA, 2012.
  • SAKWA, Richard, Putin: Russia’s Choice, Routledge Publishing, NY, 2008.
  • SALZMAN, Rachel S., Russia, BRICS, and the Disruption of Global Order, Georgetown University Press, Washington, 2019.
  • WALT, Stephen M., The Origins of Alliance, Cornell University Press, NY, 1987.
  • WHITE Stephen, Understanding Russian Politics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011.
  • ZAKARIA, Fareed, The Post-American World And The Rise Of The Rest, Penguin Books, London, 2008.
  • ACHARYA, Amitaw, “After Liberal Hegemony: The Advent of a Multiplex World Order”. Ethics & International Affairs, 2017, Sayı 31/3, 271-285.
  • -----------------------, The End of American World Order, Polity, Cambridge, 2018, 19-27.
  • AMBROSIO, Thomas, “Catching the ‘Shanghai Spirit’: How the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Promotes Authoritarian Norms in Central Asia”, Europe-Asia Studies, 2008, Sayı 60/8, 1321-1344.
  • ASLUND, Anders, “Russia’s Economic Transformation under Putin”, Eurasian Geography and Economics, 2014, Sayı 45, 397-420.
  • BANDI, Ram Prasad, “BRICS: International Financial Crisis and Challenges of Governance”, Conference: International Symposium on Building Governance Systems And Capabilities Of BRICS Countries, 2014, 2-20.
  • BROOKS, Stephen G., “Reshaping the World Order”, Foreign Affairs, 2009, Sayı 88/2, 49-63.
  • COX, Robert, “Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory”, Millennium Journal of International Studies, 1981, Sayı 10/2, 126-155.
  • ERICSON, Richard, “The Russian Economy: From Lenin to Putin”, Comparative Economic Studies, 2008, Sayı 50, 713-716.
  • ERŞEN, Emre, “Neo-Eurasianism and Putin’s ‘Multipolarism’ in Russian Foreign Policy”, Turkish Rewiew of Euroasian Studies, 2004, Sayı 4, 135-172.
  • -----------------, “Rise of New Centres of Power in Eurasia”, Journal of Eurasia Studies, 2014, 1-9.
  • GODDARD, John, and WILSON, John, “The Financial Crisis in Europe: Evolution, Policy Responses and Lessons for the Future”, Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 2009, Sayı 17, 362-380.
  • GONTHIER, Frédéric and MATTHEWS, Toby, “The Rise of Interventionism in the European Union and its Social Foundations: An Analysis of Economic Attitudes between 1990 and 2008”, Revue Française De Sociologie (English Edition), 2015, Sayı 56/1, 1-38.
  • HAAS, Richard N., “The Age of Nonpolarity: What will Follow US Dominance?”, Foreign Affairs, 2008, Sayı 87/3, 44-56.
  • KAKONEN, Jyrki, “BRICS as a New Power in International Relations?”, Geopolitics, History, and International Relations, 2014, Sayı 6/2, 85-104.
  • KO, Sangtu, “Strategic Partnership in a Unipolar System: The Sino-Russian Relationship”, Issues & Studies, 2006, Sayı 42/3, 203-225.
  • LANE, David, “Coloured Revolution as a Political Phenomenon”, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 2009, Sayı 25/2, 113-135.
  • LANOSZKA, Alexander, “Russian Hybrid Warfare and Extended Deterrence in Eastern Europe”, International Affairs, 2016, Sayı 92, 175-195.
  • LAYNE, Christopher, “The Unipolar Illusion: Why New Great Powers will Rise”, International Security, 1993, Sayı 17/4, 5-51.
  • LEVINE, Derek Adam, “Made in China 2025: China’s Strategy for Becoming a Global High-Tech Superpower and its Implications for the U.S. Economy, National Security, and Free Trade”, Journal of Strategic Security, 2020, Sayı 13/3, 1-16.
  • MAGALHAES, Pedro, “Financial Crisis, Austerity, and Electoral Politics”, Journal of Elections Public Opinion & Parties, 2014, Sayı 24, 125-133.
  • MAHBUBANI, Kishore, “The Not-So-Surprising Rise of China and India”, Journal of International Affairs, 2011, Sayı 64/2, 221-226.
  • MEARSHEIMER, John, “The Gathering Storm: China’s Challenge to US Power in Asia”, The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 2010, Sayı 3/4, 381-396.
  • MORRIS, Justin and WHEELER, Nicholas J., “The Security Council’s Crisis of Legitimacy And The Use Of Force”, International Politics, 2007, Sayı 44/2.
  • MOTYL, Alexander J., “Putin’s Zugzwang: The Russia-Ukraine Standoff”, World Affairs, 2014, Sayı 177/2, 58-65.
  • RADULESCU, Irina, MIRELA Panait and VOICA Catalin, “BRICS Countries Challenge to the World Economy New Trends”, Procedia Economics and Finance, 2014, Sayı 8, 604-613.
  • RANDALL, Germain, “Financial Order and World Politics: Crisis, Change and Continuity”, International Affairs, 2009, Sayı 85/4, 669-687.
  • SAKWA, Richard, “New Cold War or Twenty Years Crisis?: Russia and International Politics”, International Affairs, 2008, Sayı 2, 241-267.
  • SCHWELLER, Randall L., “New Realist Research on Alliances: Refining, not Refuting, Waltz’s Balancing Proposition”, The American Political Science Review, 1997, Sayı:91/4, 927-930.
  • -------------------------------, “Rising Powers and Revisionism in Emerging International Orders”, Valdai Paper, Sayı 16, 2015, 16-29.
  • SERFATY, Simon, “Moving into a Post-Western World”, The Washington Quarterly, 2011, Sayı 34/2, 7-23.
  • SHOMALI, Hamid and GİBLİN, Gwendolyn, “The Great Depression and the 2007-2009 Recession: The First Two Years Compared”, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 2010, Sayı 59, 15-22.
  • SMITH, Nicholas Rose, “Assessing the Trajectory of West-Russia Relations in Eastern Europe: Gauging Three Potential Scenarios”, Global Policy, 2017, Sayı 31/2, 1-25.
  • STRONSKI, Paul and SOKOLSKY, Richard, “SCO: Multipolarity in Practice: Understanding Russia’s Engagement with Regional Institutions”, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Report, 2020. 11-18.
  • TALVING, Liisa, “Economic Voting in Europe: Did the Crisis Matter?”, Comparative European Politics, 2017, Sayı 10, 1-30.
  • THAKUR, Ramesh, “How Representative are BRICS?”, Third World Quarterly, 2014, Sayı 35/10, 1791-1808.
  • TSYGANKOV, Andrei P. and TARVER-WAHLQUIST, Matthew, “Duelling Honors: Power, Identity and the Russia-Georgia Divide”, Foreign Policy Analysis, 2009, Sayı 5/4, 307-326.
  • WAEVER, Ole, “International Leadership after the Demise of the Last Superpower: System Structure and Stewardship”, Chinese Political Science Review, 2017, Sayı 2/4, 452-476.
  • WALT, Stephen M., “Alliances in a Unipolar World”, World Politics, 2009, Sayı 61/1, 86-120.
  • WOHLFORTH, William, “Russia’s Soft Balancing Act”, Strategic Asia Fragility and Crisis, 2003, Sayı 4, 165-179.
  • YILMAZ, Serdar, “Eurasian Economic Union: A Regional Economic Hegemony Initiative”, Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research, 2019, Sayı 4/10, 1-13.
  • EU Negotiating Texts in TTIP”, Europa, https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/ index.cfm?id=1230 (Erişim Tarihi: 30.05.2020)
  • IMF, https://www.principalglobalindicators.org/?sk (Erişim Tarihi: 23.07.2020)
  • “Putin: Unipolar World Unacceptable to Russia”, Republica, https://www.republika. co.id/amp_version/njfzxy (Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2020)
  • “Rusya Federasyonu Anayasası”, Anayasa, Madde 81, https://www.anayasa.gen.tr/ rusya.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 04.012021)
  • “SCO Explores Global Governance for New Era”, Global Times, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1106373.shtml (Erişim Tarihi: 19.09.2020)
  • “Shifting Balance Of Power”, Europa, https://ec.europa.eu/knowledge4policy/foresight/topic/ changing-security-paradigm/changing-nature-balance-power (Erişim Tarihi: 19.09.2020)
  • “The Commission’s Intervention in the Greek Financial Crisis”, Europa, https://op.europa.eu/webpub/eca/special-reports/greek-crisis-17-2017/en/ (Erişim Tarihi: 28.05.2020)
  • “Vladamir Putin Speech and the Following Discussion at the Munich Conferenc on Security Policy”, Kremlin Website, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/ transcripts/24034 (Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2020).
  • “2020 Country Brief: China”, Third Way, www.jstor.org/stable/resrep26161 (Erişim Tarihi: 05.05.2020)
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ferahşan Gençkaya This is me 0000-0002-7779-5476

Publication Date July 7, 2021
Submission Date February 6, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 17 Issue: 38

Cite

Chicago Gençkaya, Ferahşan. “2009-2017 Arası Küresel Sistemin Güvenlik Dönüşümü: Tek Kutupluluk Çok Kutupluluğa Karşı”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 17, no. 38 (July 2021): 255-87. https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.964031.