2009-2017 Arası Küresel Sistemin Güvenlik Dönüşümü: Tek Kutupluluk Çok Kutupluluğa Karşı

Year 2021, Volume: 17 Issue: 38, 255 - 287, 07.07.2021

Ferahşan Gençkaya

https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.964031

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde sistemde tek süper güç olarak bulunan ABD oluşturduğu ittifaklar, kurumlar ve jeopolitik pazarlıklar aracılığıyla hegemonik bir düzen kurmuştur. ABD oluşturduğu bu düzende sahip olduğu askerî güç, kurduğu bölgesel ittifaklar ve yaydığı kültürel yumuşak gücün avantajını kullanarak kendisini dünya politikasının merkezinde konumlandırmıştır. Bu tek kutuplu sistemde uluslararası normlar, insan hakları, finansal sistem ve hükümet davranışları büyük ölçüde ABD tarafından tasarlanmış, sahiplenilmiş ve bu uygulamalar diğer devletlerin siyasi ve hukuksal alanlarına yayılmıştır. Ancak 2000’li yıllardan itibaren uluslararası sistemde meydana gelen yeni gelişmeler ve güvenlik sorunları, ABD tekelinde bulunan gücün yavaş fakat aşamalı olarak yeniden dağıtılmasına neden olmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ABD’de Obama dönemi olarak bilinen 2009-2017 yılları arasında uluslararası sistemde tek kutupluluğun belirgin şekilde zayıflamasına işaret eden ve küresel güç dengesinde değişime sebep olan önemli gelişmelerin neoklasik realizm teorik çerçevesi ile incelenmesidir. Çalışmada uluslararası sistemdeki tek kutupluluğun dönüşüm süreci küresel ekonomik krizin yansımaları, Çin’in küresel aktör olarak yükselişi ve Rusya’nın küresel nüfuzunun belirginleşmesi bağlamında ele alınmaktadır. Çalışma sonucunda, uluslararası sistemdeki yapısal geçişinin devam ettiği ve bu geçiş döneminde ABD-Çin ilişkilerinin rekabet potansiyeli taşıdığı tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

Uluslararası Sistem, Güvenlik, Hegemonya, ABD, Neoklasik Realizm

Security Transformation of the Global System between 2009 and 2017: Unipolarity vs. Multipolarity

Abstract

After the Cold War, the US, as the only superpower in the system, created a hegemonic system through alliances, institutions, and geopolitical negotiations. In this new world order, the US has positioned itself at the center of world politics by taking advantage of its military power, regional alliances, and cultural soft power. In this unipolar system, international norms, human rights, financial systems, and the behaviors of the governments have been largely designed and owned by the US and these practices have spread to the political and legal spheres of other states. However, since the 2000s, new developments in the international system leads to slow but gradual redistribution of the power, which was under US monopoly. The purpose of this study is to examine the important developments that point out to the weakening of unipolarity in the international system between 2009 and 2017, known as the Obama era, with the theoretical framework of neoclassical realism. In the study, the transformation process of unipolarity in the international system is discussed in the context of the reflections of the global economic crisis, the rise of China as a global actor, and the prominence of Russia’s global influence. As a result of the study, it has been determined that the structural transition of the international system continues and the Sino-US relations has a competitive potential.

Keywords

International System, Security, Hegemony, the US, Neoclassical Realism

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