Güvenlik Algısına Etki Eden Faktörler Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Year 2021, Volume: 17 Issue: 40, 825 - 863, 01.12.2021

Can Ozan Tuncer Naci Akdemir

https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1029863

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Yapılan çalışmalar güvenlik algısının suç oranları, yaşanan bölgenin fiziksel ve sosyal özellikleri, kolluk memnuniyeti ve kolluğa duyulan güven ile bireysel farklılıklar ve sosyal sermaye gibi çeşitli faktörlerden etkilenen kompleks bir kavram olduğunu göstermektedir. Ampirik çalışmamızda, ülkemiz alanyazınındaki güvenlik algısına etki eden faktörler kapsamındaki bilgi açığının giderilmesine katkı sağlamak maksadıyla, kolluk memnuniyeti, yaşanan çevre memnuniyeti ve suç korkusunun bireylerin güvenlik algısı üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. İçişleri Bakanlığı İç Güvenlik Stratejileri Dairesi Başkanlığı’nın yürüttüğü bir araştırma kapsamında uygulanan bir anket verisi üzerinde yapılan nicel analiz (Mann-Whitney U, Kurskal Wallis H ve Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli) yaşanan çevre memnuniyetinin güvenlik algısı üzerine kolluk memnuniyetinden daha fazla etki ettiğini göstermektedir. Çalışmamızın alanyazına bir başka önemli katkısı ise, işlevsel faktörlerin (güvenlik birimlerinin suç önlemede başarılı olması ve güvenlik birimlerinin suçu açığa çıkarması) normatif faktörlere (kolluğun nezaketli olması ve polis-jandarma personel sayısının yeterli olması) nazaran kolluk memnuniyetine, dolayısıyla güvenlik algısına daha fazla etki ettiğinin tespit edilmesidir.

Keywords

Güvenlik Algısı, Kolluk Memnuniyeti, Çevresel Faktörler, Güvenlik, Suç Korkusu

Thanks

Çalışmanın hazırlanmasında İçişleri Bakanlığı İç Güvenlik Stratejileri Dairesi Başkanlığı’nın yürüttüğü bir araştırma kapsamında uygulanan bir anket verisinden istifade edilmiştir. Araştırma makalemize esas teşkil eden verinin kullanım izninin verilmesi nedeniyle İçişleri Bakan Yardımcımız Sayın Prof.Dr. Tayyip Sabri ERDİL’e şükranlarımızı arz ederiz.

An Assessment on Factors Affecting Perceived Safety

Abstract

Previous research suggests that the perceived safety is a complex phenomenon affected by various factors such as crime rates, physical and social characteristics of the neighborhood, police satisfaction and trust in law enforcement, individual differences, and social capital. The aim of this study is to address the knowledge gap regarding factors affecting perceived safety by examining the impact of satisfaction on perceived safety in terms of law enforcement satisfaction, neighborhood satisfaction, and fear of crime. The quantitative analysis (Mann-Whitney U, Kurskal Wallis H and Structural Equation Modelling) of a survey conducted in Istanbul suggested that neighborhood satisfaction has a stronger impact on perceived safety when compared to law enforcement satisfaction. Documenting that instrumental factors (success in preventing and combatting crime) affect law enforcement satisfaction more than normative factors (kind treatment by law enforcement and the sufficient number of police-gendarmerie personnel) is another novel contribution of our study.

Keywords

Perceived Safety, Law Enforcement Satisfaction, Environmental Factors, Security, Fear of Crime

References

• APPLETON, Jay; The Experience Of Landscape, Wiley, New York, 1996.
• BYRNE, Barbara M.; Structural Equation Modeling With Amos: Basic Concepts, Applications, And Programming. Routledge, New York, 2016.
• COMREY, Andrew And Howard B. Lee; A First Course In Factor Analysis, Psychology Press, New York, (2013).
• ELLER, Eric And Dieter Frey; “Psychological Perspectives On Perceived Safety: Social Factors Of Feeling Safe”, Perceived Safety: A Multidisciplinary Perspective. Ed. By. Martina Raue, Bernhard Streicher & Eva Lermer, Cham Springer, 2019.
• FERRARO, Kenneth F.; Fear Of Crime: Interpreting Victimization Risk, Albany: State University Of New York Press, 1995.
• HINDELANG, Michael J. And Michael R. Gottfredson, Vd.,; Victims Of Personal Crime: An Empirical Foundation For A Theory Of Personal Victimization, Ma: Ballinger, Cambridge, 1978.
• JACKSON Jonathan, Bradford Ben Vd. Just Authority?: Trust In The Police In England And Wales, Routledge, 2012.
• RAUE, Martina And Elisabeth Schneider; Psychological Perspectives On Perceived Safety: Zero-Risk Bias, Feelings And Learned Carelessness. Perceived Safety: A Multidisciplinary Perspective. Ed. By. Martina Raue, Bernhard Streicher & Eva Lermer, Springer, 2019.
• SARGEANT Elise, Kristina Murphy Vd.; Legitimacy And Policing. Policing And Security In Practice, Ed. By. Tim Prenzler, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, Uk, 2012.
• STEVENS, James. P.; (2012). Applied Multivariate Statistics For The Social Sciences, Routledge, New York, 2012.
• TYLER, Tom R. And Yuen Huo; Trust İn The Law: Encouraging Public Cooperation With The Police And Courts, Russell Sage Foundation, New York, 2002.
• TYLER, Tom R.; Why People Obey The Law, N.J: Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2006.
• ZIMBARDO, Philip. G.; “A Situationist Perspective On The Psychology Of Evil: Understanding How Good People Are Transformed Into Perpetrators”, The Social Psychology Of Good And Evil. Ed. By. Arthur Miller, The Guilford Press, New York, 2004.
• AFFLECK Rosa T., Kevin Gardner Vd.; “Sustainable Infrastructure In Conflict Zones: Police Facilities’ Impact On Perception Of Safety In Afghan Communities”, Sustainability, Vol. 11, No. 7, 2019, “1-20”.
• ALDA Eric, Richard R. Bennett Vd.; “Confidence In The Police And The Fear Of Crime In The Developing World”, Policing: An International Journal Of Police Strategies & Management, Vol. 40, No. 2, 2017, “366-379”.
• ALKİMİM Akenya, Keith K. Clarke Vd.; “Fear, Crime, And Space: The Case Of Viçosa, Brazil”, Applied Geography, Vol. 42, 2013, “124-132”.
• ARPA, Esra Ve Aysu Uğurlar; “Suç Ve Mekan Bağlaminda Güven Algisi: .Van Örneği”. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, No. 44 2019, “293-323”.
• Bİ̇LEN, Ömer Ve Ali Hakan Büyüklü; “Kırık Pencereler Teorisi’nin İstanbul Metropoliten Alanı’nda Geçerliliğinin Testi”, İdealkent, Sayı 9, Cilt 23, 2018, “160-188”.
• BARKWORTH, Julie M. And Kristina Murphy; “Procedural Justice Policing And Citizen Compliance Behaviour: The İmportance Of Emotion”, Psychology, Crime & Law, Vol. 21, No. 2, 2015, 254-273.
• BOLGER, Michael A. And Colin P. Bolger; “Predicting Fear Of Crime: Results From A Community Survey Of A Small City”, American Journal Of Criminal Justice, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2019, “334-351”.
• BOOMSMA, Christine And Linda Steg;”Feeling Safe In The Dark: Examining The Effect Of Entrapment, Lighting Levels, And Gender On Feelings Of Safety And Lighting Policy Acceptability”. Environment And Behavior, Vol. 46, No.2, 2014, “193-212”.
• BRADFORD Ben, Aziz Huq Vd.; “What Price Fairness When Security Is At Stake? Police Legitimacy In South Africa”, Regulation & Governance, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2014 “246-268”.
• CANTOR, David; “The New Wave: Forced Displacement Caused By Organized Crime İn Central America And Mexico”, Refugee Survey Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 3, 2014, “34-68”.
• CHADEE, Derek And Jason Ditton; “Are Older People Most Afraid Of Crime? Revisiting Ferraro And Lagrange In Trinidad”, British Journal Of Criminology, Vol. 43, No. 2, 2003, “417-433”.
• CLAMPET‐Lundquist, Susan; “Everyone Had Your Back”: Social Ties, Perceived Safety, And Public Housing Relocation, City & Community, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2010, “87-108”.
• CURİEL, Rafael Prieto And Steven Bishop; “Modelling The Fear Of Crime”, Proceedings Of The Royal Society, Vol. 473, 2017, “1-14”.
• DE DONDER, Liesbeth And Nico De Witte Vd.; “Social Capital And Feelings Of Unsafety In Later Life: A Study On The Influence Of Social Networks, Place Attachment, And Civic Participation On Perceived Safety In Belgium”, Research On Aging, Vol. 34, No. 4, 2012, “425-448”.
• DEJOY, David M.; “An Examination Of Gender Differences In Traffic Accident Risk Perception”, Accident Analysis & Prevention, Vol. 24, No. 3, 1992, “237-246”.
• DÖNMEZER, Sulhi; “Hızla Şehirleşen ve Sanayileşen Bir Küçük Şehir Toplumunda Suçluluk (Ereğli Projesi)”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası, Cilt 39, Sayı 1-4, 1974, “1-75”.
• FELSON, Richard B. And Patrick R. Cundiff; “Age And Sexual Assault During Robberies”, Evolution And Human Behavior, Vol. 33, No. 1, 2012, “10-16”.
• FRANK, James And Brad W. Smith Vd.; “Exploring The Basis Of Citizens’ Attitudes Toward The Police”. Police Quarterly, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2005, “206-228”.
• GAU, Jacinta M. And Travis Pratt; “Broken Windows Or Window Dressing? Citizens’(In) Ability To Tell The Difference Between Disorder And Crime”, Criminology & Public Policy, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2008, “163-194”.
• GAU, Jacinta M. And Travis Pratt; “Revisiting Broken Windows Theory: Examining The Sources Of The Discriminant Validity Of Perceived Disorder And Crime”, Journal Of Criminal Justice, Vol. 38, No. 4, 2010, “758-766”.
• GAU, Jacinta M. And Nicholas Corsaro Vd.; “Examining Macro-Level Impacts On Procedural Justice And Police Legitimacy”, Journal Of Criminal Justice, Vol. 40, No. 4, 2012, “333-343”.
• GIBSON, Chris L., Jihong Zhao Vd.; “Social Integration, Individual Perceptions Of Collective Efficacy, And Fear Of Crime In Three Cities”, Justice Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 3, 2012, “537-564”.
• HALE, Chris; “Fear Of Crime: A Review Of The Literatüre”, International Review Of Victimology, Vol. 4, 1996, “79-150”.
• HILL Jessica, Thomas Pollet Vd.; “Disorder Affects Judgements About A Neighbourhood: Police Presence Does Not”, Peerj, Vol.2, No. 1, 2014, “1-18”.
• HINDS, Lyin And Kristina Murphy; “Public Satisfaction With Police: Using Procedural Justice To Improve Police Legitimacy”, Australian & New Zealand Journal Of Criminology, Vol. 40, No. 1, 2007, “27-42”.
• HINKLE, Joshua C.; “Emotional Fear Of Crime Vs. Perceived Safety And Risk: Implications For Measuring “Fear” And Testing The Broken Windows Thesis”, American Journal Of Criminal Justice, Vol. 40, No. 1, 2015, “147-168”.
• HINKLE, Joshua C. And David Weisburd; “The Irony Of Broken Windows Policing: A Micro-Place Study Of The Relationship Between Disorder, Focused Police Crackdowns And Fear Of Crime”, Journal Of Criminal Justice, Vol. 36, 2008, “503-512”.
• HINKLE, Joshua C. And Sue – Ming Yang; “A New Look Into Broken Windows: What Shapes Individuals’ Perceptions Of Social Disorder?”, Journal Of Criminal Justice, Vol. 42, No. 1, 2014, “26-35”.
• KELLING, George; Foot Patrol, Crime File. Study Guide. Washington Dc: National Institute Of Justice, Us Department Of Justice, 2009.
• LOEWEN, Laura J., Gary Daniel Steel Vd., “Perceived Safety Fromccrime In The Urban Environment”. Journal Of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 13, No. 4, 1993, “323–331”.
• JACKSON Jonathan, Ian Brunton-Smith Vd.; “Police Legitimacy And The Norm To Cooperate: Using A Mixed Effects Location-Scale Model To Estimate The Strength Of Social Norms At A Small Spatial Scale”, Journal Of Quantitative Criminology, Vol. 37, No. 2, 2020, “1-26”.
• JIANG Bin, Cecilia Nga Sze Mak Vd.; “Minimizing The Gender Difference In Perceived Safety: Comparing The Effects Of Urban Back Alley Interventions”, Journal Of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 51, 2017, “117-131”.
• JIANG Bin, Cecilia Nga Sze Mak Vd.; “From Broken Windows To Perceived Routine Activities: Examining Impacts Of Environmental Interventions On Perceived Safety Of Urban Alleys”, Frontiers In Psychology, Vol. 9, 2018.
• JOHNSON, Richard; “Citizen Expectations Of Police Traffic Stop Behavior”, Policing, 27, 2004, “487-497”.
• JORGENSEN Lisa, Gray Ellis Vd.; “Fear Perceptions In Public Parks: Interactions Of Environmental Concealment, The Presence Of People Recreating, And Gender”, Environment And Behavior, Vol. 45, No. 7, 2013, “803-820”.
• KOCHEL Tammy , Roger Parks Vd.; “Examining Police Effectiveness As A Precursor To Legitimacy And Cooperation With Police”, Justice Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 5, 2013, “895-925”.
• KÖSEOĞLU Mualla ve Tülin İçli; “Kadınlarda Suç Korkusunun Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından Değerlendirilmesi: Kuzey Kıbrıs Örneği”, Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, Cilt 19, Sayı 43, 2019, “267- 296”.
• LAGRANGE, Randy L. And Kenneth F. Ferraro; “Assessing Age And Gender Differences In Perceived Risk And Fear Of Crime”, Criminology, Vol. 27, No. 4, 1989, “697-720”.
• LAGRANGE Randy L., Kenneth Ferraro Vd. ; “Perceived Risk And Fear Of Crime: Role Of Social And Physical Incivilities”, Journal Of Research In Crime And Delinquency, Vol. 29, No. 3, 1992, “311-334”.
• LAPHAM Sandra C., Deborah Cohen Vd.; “How Important Is Perception Of Safety To Park Use? A Four-City Survey”, Urban Studies, Vol. 53, No. 12, 2016, “2624-2636”.
• MAZEROLLE Lorraine, Emma Antrobus Vd.; “Shaping Citizen Perceptions Of Police Legitimacy: A Randomized Field Trial Of Procedural Justice”, Criminology, Vol. 51, No. 151, 2013, “33-63”.
• MEHTA, Vikas; “Evaluating Public Space”, Journal Of Urban Design, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2014, “53-88”.
• MILES, Rebecca; “Neighborhood Disorder, Perceived Safety, And Readiness To Encourage Use Of Local Playgrounds”, American Journal Of Preventive Medicine, Vol. 34, No. 4, 2014, “275-281”.
• MORAVCOVÁ, Eva; “Willingness To Cooperate With The Police In Four Central European Countries”. European Journal On Criminal Policy And Research, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2016, “171-187”.
• NOFZIGER, Stacey And Susan, Williams; “Perceptions Of Police And Safety In A Small Town”, Police Quarterly, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2016, “248-270”.
• PREACHER, Kristopher J., Zhen, Zhang Vd.; “Alternative Methods For Assessing Mediation In Multilevel Data: The Advantages Of Multilevel Sem”, Structural Equation Modeling, Vol. 18, No. 2, 2011, “161-182”.
• RATCLIFFE, Jerry H., Elizabeth R. Groff Vd.; “Citizens’ Reactions To Hot Spots Policing: Impacts On Perceptions Of Crime, Disorder, Safety And Police”, Journal Of Experimental Criminology, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2015, “393-417”.
• REİD, Iain D., Sandra Appleby-Arnold Vd.; “Developing A Model Of Perceptions Of Security And Insecurity İn The Context Of Crime”, Psychiatry, Psychology And Law, Vol. 27, No. 4, “620-636”.
• REISIG, Michael D. And Roger B. Parks; “Satisfaction With Police – What Matters?” Washington, Dc: Us Department Of Justice, Washington DC, 2002.
• RENGIFO, Andres F. And Amanda Bolton; “Routine Activities And Fear Of Crime: Specifying Individual-Level Mechanisms”, European Journal Of Criminology, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2012, “99-119”.
• RINEHART Kochel, Tammy And Jacinta Gau; “Examining Police Presence, Tactics, And Engagement As Facilitators Of Informal Social Control In High-Crime Areas”, Justice Quarterly, Vol. 38, No. 2, 2021, “1-21”.
• RINEHART Kochel, Tammy; “Constructing Hot Spots Policing: Unexamined Consequences For Disadvantaged Populations And For Police Legitimacy”, Criminal Justice Policy Review, Vol. 22, No. 3, “350-374”.
• RUIJSBROEK, Annemarie, Mariel Droomers Vd.; “Social Safety, Self-Rated General Health And Physical Activity: Changes In Area Crime, Area Safety Feelings And The Role Of Social Cohesion”, Health & Place, Vol. 31, 2015, “39-45”.
• SAMPSON, Robert J. And Stephen W. Raudenbush; “Seeing Disorder: Neighborhood Stigma And The Social Construction Of “Broken Windows”, Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 67, No. 4, 2004, “319-342”.
• SKOGAN, W. G. (1986). “Fear Of Crime And Neighborhood Change”, Crime And Justice, Vol. 8, 1986, “203–229”.
• SKOGAN, Wesley. G.; “Broken Windows: Why-And How-We Should Take Them Seriously”, Criminology & Pub. Pol’y, Vol. 7, 2008, “195-202”.
• SUNSHINE, Jason And Tom R. Tyler; “The Role Of Procedural Justice And Legitimacy In Shaping Public Support For Policing”, Law & Society Review, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2003, “513-548”.
• TANKEBE, Justice; “Viewing Things Differently: The Dimensions Of Public Perceptions Of Police Legitimacy”, Criminology, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2013, “103-135”.
• TORRES, Jose Alexis; “Predicting Perceived Police Effectiveness In Public Housing: Police Contact, Police Trust, And Police Responsiveness”, Policing And Society, Vol. 27, No. 4, 2017, “439-459”.
• ULLMAN, Jodie B. And Peter M. Bentler; “Structural Equation Modeling”. Handbook Of Psychology, Vol 2, 2003, “607-634”.
• VAN DE VEER, Evelien, Martin A. De Lange Vd.; (2012). “Feelings Of Safety: Ironic Consequences Of Police Patrolling”, Journal Of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 42, No. 12, 2012, “3114-3125”.
• WARNER, Barbara D. And Keri Burchfield; “Misperceived Neighborhood Values And Informal Social Control”, Justice Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 4, 2011, “606-630”.
• WARR, Mark; “Fear Of Crime In The United States: Avenues For Research And Policy”. Criminal Justice, Vol. 4, No. 4, 2000, “451-489”.
• WİLSON, James Q. And George L. Kelling; “Broken Windows: The Police And Neighborhood Safety”, Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 211, “29–38”.
• WİNKEL, Frans Willem; “Fear Of Crime And Criminal Victimization: Testing A Theory Of Psychological İncapacitation Of The “Stressor” Based On Downward Comparison Processes”. British Journal Of Criminology, Vol. 38, No. 3, 1998, “473– 484”.
• ZIMBARDO, Philip G.; “A Situationist Perspective On The Psychology Of Evil: Understanding How Good People Are Transformed Into Perpetrators”, The Social Psychology Of Good And Evil. Ed. By. Arthur Miller, The Guilford Press, New York, 2004.
• TDK, “Güvenlik”, 2020. Erişim tarihi: 15 Eylül 2020. https://sozluk.gov.tr/ adresinden erişilmiştir.