Bitkilerde kalite ve kantite kaybına neden olan Alternaria alternata’ya karşı bazı fungisitlerin in vitro etkinlikleri

Year 2024, Volume: 28 Issue: 1, 60 - 69, 25.03.2024

Mehmet Ertuğrul Güldür , Murat Dikilitaş , Berfin Kılınç

https://doi.org/10.29050/harranziraat.1325585

Abstract

Orman ağaçları ile sebze ve meyvelerde önemli kayıplara yol açan Alternaria alternata, ruhsatlı fungisitler ile kontrol edilmek istenmesine rağmen arzu edilen sonuç elde edilememektedir. Bu çalışmada etmene karşı bazı fungisitlerin aktif maddeleri (Fosforoz asit (D*), Thiophanate methyl + Tetraconazole (Y*), Pyraclastrobin + Fluxapyroxad (P*), Metrafenone (V*), Azoxystrobin + Propiconazole (As), Azoxystrobin + Cyproconazole (Ar)) ile bunların çeşitli kombinasyonları test edilmiştir. Çalışmada tüm fungisitlerin arazi koşullarındaki dozları (mg L-1) kullanılmış ve her uygulama dört tekerrürlü olarak yapılmıştır. Saf olarak Patates Dekstroz Agar (PDA) ortamında geliştirilen A. alternata izolatlarından elde edilen miselyal diskler (9 mm çap) ilgili fungisit solüsyonlarına 45 saniye süre ile batırılmış ve PDA ortamına aktarılmıştır. Çalışmada izolatların miselyal gelişme çapları iki gün ara ile ölçülmüş ve deneme sonunda izolatların fungisitlere karşı gösterdikleri % engellenme oranları hesaplanmıştır. A. alternata’nın 18 günlük gelişimi sonucu misel engelleme oranı en etkili bulunan fungisitler sırası ile %90.6 ile P*, %88.5 ile Ar*, %84.8 ile As, %71.8 ile Y*bulunurken en az etkili bulunan fungisitler ise %7.2 ile V* ve %37.4 ile D* olmuştur. Etmene karşı mücadelede in vitro koşullarda etkili bulunan fungisitlerin arazi koşullarında da etkili olabileceği ümitvar görülmüştür. Ayrıca P* ve Ar* aktif maddeli fungisitlerin karışımı, bu fungisitlerin tekli uygulanması ile kıyaslanmış, fungisit kombinasyonlarının etkinliği tartışılmıştır. A. alternata’ya karşı bu aktif maddelerin ruhsatlı olmaması ve alternatif fungisitlerin etkinliklerinin bilinmemesi, geniş konukçu kitlesine sahip olan ve farklı orman ve meyve ağaçları ile sebzeleri enfekte edebilen patojenin kimyasal mücadelesi üzerinde durulmuştur.

Keywords

Alternaria alternata, fungusit, % etki, kombinasyon, Petri çapı

In vitro efficacy of some fungicides against Alternaria alternata causing quality and quantity loss in plants

Abstract

The control of A. alternata, causes significant losses in forest trees, vegetables and fruits, with registered fungicides cannot provide the desired effect. In this study, active ingredients of new generation fungicides (Phosphorus acid (D*), Thiophanate methyl + Tetraconazole (Y*), Pyraclastrobin + Fluxapyroxad (P*), Metrafenone (V*), Azoxystrobin + Propiconazole (As), Azoxystrobin + Cyproconazole) (Ar)) and various combinations there of were tested. In the study, the doses of all fungicides in field conditions (mg L-1) were used and each application was made with four replications. A. alternata grown on pure Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. Mycelial discs (9 mm diameter) obtained from isolates were immersed in the relevant fungicide solutions for 45 seconds and transferred to PDA medium. In the study, mycelial growth diameters of the isolates were measured with an interval of two days, and at the end of the experiment, the % inhibition rates of the isolates against fungicides were calculated. As a result of the 18-day development of A. alternata, the most effective fungicides with mycelial inhibition rate were P* with 90.6%, 88%, respectively. Ar* with 5, As with 84.8%, Y* with 71.8%, the least effective fungicides were V* with 7.2% and D* with 37.4%. It is hoped that fungicides, which are found to be effective in the fight against the agent in vitro, can also be effective in field conditions. In addition, the mixture of fungicides with P* and Ar* active substances was compared with the single application of these fungicides, and the effectiveness of the fungicide combinations was discussed. The fact that these active substances are not registered against A. alternata and the efficacy of alternative fungicides is not known, the chemical control of the pathogen, which has a wide host range and can infect different forest and fruit trees and vegetable crops, has been emphasized.

Keywords

Alternaria alternata, fungicide, % effect, combination, Petri diameter

References

• Adams, M. L., Parada, C. H. and Quesada-Ocampo, L. M. (2015). Evaluation of fungicides for control of downy mildew in cucumber, Kinston 2014 Plant Dis. Management, 9, p. V081,10.1094/PDMR1009.
• Avenot, H. F., Michailides, T. J., (2007). Resistance to boscalid fungicide in Alternaria alternata isolates from pistachio in California. Plant Dis. 91, 1345e1350.
• Avenot, H. F., and Michailides, T. J. (2015). Detection of isolates of Alternaria alternata with multiple-resistance to fludioxonil, cyprodinil, boscalid and pyraclostrobin in California pistachio orchards. Crop Protection, 78, 214-221.
• Barac, A., Ong, D. S. Y., Jovancevic, L., Peric, A., Surda, P., Tomic Spiric, V. and Rubino, S. (2018). Fungi-Induced Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Allergic Diseases: One Entity. Front. Microbiol. 2018, 9, 583, doi:10.3389/fmicb.00583
• Barkat, E.H., Hardy, G.E.S.J., Ren, Y., Calver, M. and Bayliss, K.L. (2016). Fungal contaminants of stored wheat vary between Australian states. Australasian Plant Pathol. 45, 621–628, doi:10.1007/s13313-016-0449-9
• Brambilla, A., and Sangiorgio, A. (2020). Mould growth in energy efficient buildings: Causes, health implications and strategies to mitigate the risk. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,132, 110093.
• Chagas, J. F. R., da Costa, R. V., dos Santos, G. R., Ventura, M. V. A., and Costa, E. M. (2020). Foliar fungal diseases control and productivity depending on the phosphite and fungicide application in two corn hybrids. Biotecnología Vegetal, 20(1), 33-41.
• Colovic, R. Puvaca, N., Cheli, F., Avantaggiato, G., Greco, D., Duragic, O. Kos, J. and Pinotti, L. (2019). D. econtamination of Mycotoxin-Contaminated Feedstuffs and Compound Feed. Toxins, 11, 617, doi:10.3390/toxins11110617
• da Cruz Cabral, L., Rodríguez, A., Delgado, J., and Patriarca, A. (2019). Understanding the effect of postharvest tomato temperatures on two toxigenic Alternaria spp. strains: growth, mycotoxins and cell‐wall integrity‐related gene expression. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 99 (15), 6689-6695.
• Delen, N., Özbek, T., ve Yıldız, M. (1991). Iprodione‘a Duyarlılığı Azalmış Alternaria solani İzolatları Üzerinde Araştırmalar. VI. Türkiye Fitopatoloji Kongresi, 7-11 Ekim, İzmir, 269-274.
• Deshields, Joseph B. and KC, Achala N. (2021). Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Alternaria spp. Isolated from European Pears. Plant Disease, 105.9: 2531-2540.
• Dikilitas, M. (2003). Effect of salinity and its interactions with Verticillium albo-atrum on the disease development in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) and lucerne (Medicago sativa L and M. media) plants. Swansea University (United Kingdom).
• Dikilitaş, M., Çelik Oğuz, A. R. Z. U., and Karakaya, A. (2018). Extracellular protease activity and glucose production in isolates of net blotch pathogens differing in virulence. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, 105(1).
• Escriva, L., Oueslati, S., Font, G. and Manyes, L. (2017). Alternaria mycotoxins in food and feed: an overview. Journal of Food Quality, 1569748.
• Fernandez-Ortuno, D., Perez-Garcia, A., Chamorro, M., de la Pena, E., de Vicente, A., and Tores, J. A. (2017). Resistance to the SDHI fungicides boscalid, fluopyram, fluxapyroxad, and penthiopyrad in Botrytis cinerea from commercial strawberry fields in Spain. Plant disease, 101(7), 1306-1313.
• Gudmestad, N. C., Arabiat, S., Miller, J.S. and Pasche, J.S., (2013). Prevalence and impact of SDHI fungicide resistance in Alternaria solani. Plant Dis. 97, 952e960.
• Horsfield, A., Wicks, T., Davies, K., Wilson, D. and Paton, S., (2010). Effect of fungicide use strategies on the control of early blight (Alternaria solani) and potato yield. Australas. Plant Pathol. 39, 368e375.
• Kasap, İ., ve Akyüz, G. (2017). Elma Yetiştiriciliğinde Kullanılan Bazı Pestisitlerin Kalıntı Etkileri. ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi.
• Kaya, B., ve Zorba, N. N., (2021). Alternaria Genusu Üyelerinin Meyve ve Sebzeler Üzerine Etkileri. Mantar Dergisi, 12(2), 223-239.
• Kılınç, B. (2021). Şanlıurfa İlinde Antepfıstığı (Pistacia Vera L.) Ağaçlarında Neoscytalidium Novaehollandiae’nin Bulaşıklık Oranının Belirlenmesi, Morfolojik ve Moleküler Karakterizasyonu ve in vitro Fungusit Duyarlılığı (Yayımlanmış yüksek lisans tezi). Harran Üniversitesi Fenbilimleri Enstitüsü, Şanlıurfa.
• Landschoot, S., Carrette, J., Vandecasteele, M., De Baets, B., Höfte, M., Audenaert, K., and Haesaert, G. (2017). Boscalid-resistance in Alternaria alternata and Alternaria solani populations: An emerging problem in Europe. Crop Protection, 92, 49-59.
• Leiminger, J.H., Adolf, B. and Hausladen, H., (2014). Occurrence of the F129L mutation in Alternaria solani populations in Germany in response to QoI application, and its effect on sensitivity. Plant Pathol. 63, 640-650.
• Mohan, V., Nivea, R. and Menon, S. (2015). Evaluation of ectomycorrhizal fungi as potential bio-control agents against selected plant pathogenic fungi. JAIR, 3, 408–412.
• Mujahid, C. Savoy, M.-C. Basle, Q., Woo, P. M., Ee, E. C. Y., Mottier, P. and Bessaire, T. (2020). Levels of Alternaria Toxins in Selected Food Commodities Including Green Coffee. Toxins, 12, 595, doi:10.3390/toxins12090595
• Pasche, J.S., Wharam, C.M. and Gudmestad, N.C., (2004). Shift in sensitivity of Alternaria solani in response to QoI fungicides. Plant Dis. 88, 181e187.
• Patriarca, A. (2016). Alternaria in food products.Current Opinion in Food Science,11, 1-9.
• Puvaca, N., Ljubojevic, D., Zivkov Balos, M., Duragic, O., Bursic, V., Vukovic, G., Prodanovic, R. and Boskovic, J. (2018). Occurance of Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicosis in Poultry. CDVS, 2, 165–167, doi:10.32474/CDVS.2018.02.000130
• Rosenzweig, N., Atallah, Z. K., Olaya, G. and Stevenson, W.R., (2008). Evaluation of QoI fungicide application strategies for managing fungicide resistance and potato early blight epidemics in Wisconsin. Plant Dis. 92, 561e568.
• Sanchez-Garcia M, Ryberg M, Khan FK, Varga T, Nagy LG and. (2020). Fruiting body form, not nutritional mode, is the major driver of diversification in mushroom-forming fungi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A; 117:32528–32534 [View Article] [Google Scholar].
• Schiro, G., Verch, G., Grimm, V. and Müller, M., (2018). Alternaria and Fusarium Fungi: Differences in Distribution and Spore Deposition in a Topographically Heterogeneous Wheat Field. JoF, 4, 63, doi:10.3390/jof4020063
• Schwarz, J. M., Knauer, A. C., Allan, M. J., Dean, R. R., Ghazoul, J., Tamburini, G., and Albrecht, M. (2022). No evidence for impaired solitary bee fitness following pre-flowering sulfoxaflor application alone or in combination with a common fungicide in a semi-field experiment. Environment International, 164, 107252.
• Townsend, G. R., (1943). Methods for estimating losses caused by diseases in fungicide experiments. Plant Disease Reporter, 27, 340-343.
• Tralamazza, S. M., Piacentini, K. C., Iwase, C. H. T., and de Oliveira Rocha, L., (2018). Toxigenic Alternaria species: impact in cereals worldwide. Current opinion in food science, 23, 57-63.
• Weber, R. W. S., Entrop, A-P., Goertz, A., and Mehl, A. (2015). Status of sensitivity of northern German Botrytis populations to the new SDHI fungicide fluopyram prior to its release as a commercial fungicide. J Plant Dis Protect 122:81–90.
• Wharton, P., Fairchild, K., Belcher, A. and Wood, E., (2012). First report of in vitro boscalid resistant isolates of Alternaria solani causing early blight of potato in Idaho. Plant Dis. 96, 454.
• Yang, L. N., Nkurikiyimfura, O., and Pan, Z. C. (2021) Plant diversity ameliorates the evolutionary development of fungicide resistance in an agricultural ecosystem. J Appl Ecol 58:2566–2578.
• Yüksel, F., ve Erkılıç, A. (2014). Turunçgillerde kahverengi yaprak lekke hastalığı etmeni Alternaria alternata f. sp. citri izolatlarına karşı bazı fungisitlerin etkinliğinin ve direnç oluşumunun belirlenmesi. Ç. Ü. Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. Cilt: 31-2.