Review
BibTex RIS Cite

Mısır silajının besin ve besleme değerini etkileyen faktörler

Year 2014, , 27 - 37, 28.11.2014
https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.363926

Abstract



Mısır silajı süt sığırları
rasyonların da kullanılan başlıca kaba yemdir. Bu nedenle mısır silajının kuru
madde (KM) verimi (t/ha) ve besleme değerini etkileyecek faktörler işletmelerin
karlılıklarını etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada mısır silajının besleme değeri
üzerine hasat zamanı, çeşit, mekanizasyon ve silaj fermantasyonunun etkileri
incelenmiş ve hedeflenen bir mısır silajında bulunması gereken bazı özellikler
önerilmiştir. Silajlık mısır hibritlerinde KM verimi ve besin değerinin
optimizasyonu danedeki süt çizgisinin 1/2-2/3 olduğu dönemde gerçekleşirken,
silolama öncesi optimum KM düzeyi %32-36 arasında olmaktadır. Silajlık mısır
hibritleri benzer danedeki süt çizgisinde silaj fermantasyonu üzerine etki
edebilecek düzeyde farklı KM içermektedirler. Bu nedenle silolama amacıyla
hasadın danedeki süt çizgisi ile beraber bitkinin KM içeriğine göre yapılması
gerekmektedir. Hasat esnasında koçana uygulanan mekaniksel işleme ve parça
uzunluğunun süt ineklerinin performansına sürekli ve belirgin etkileri
bulunmamakla beraber, artan KM düzeyi ve parçalama uzunluğuna bağlı olarak
koçana uygulanacak mekaniksel işlemenin önemi de artmaktadır. Silajlık mısır
hibritlerinin birbirlerinden farklı besleme değerine sahip olmalarının en
önemli nedeni hücre duvarı karbonhidratlarının farklı sindirilebilirlik
değerlerine sahip olmasıdır. Süt veriminin artmasına paralel olarak silajlık
mısır hibritlerinin performans üzerine olan etkisi daha belirgin olmaktadır. Mısır
silajlarının süt ineklerinin performansı üzerine olan etkileri rasyonda
kullanılan diğer kaba yem kaynaklarından da etkilenmektedir. Hedef bir mısır
silajının %31-35 arasında KM içermesi, enerji değerinin >2.27 ME Mcal/kg
KM’den daha fazla olması ve 3.8–4.1 pH değerine sahip olması gerektiği
değerlendirilmiştir. 



References

  • Andrae, J.G., Hunt, C.W., Pritchard, G.T., Kennington, L.R., Harrison, J.H., Kezar, W., Mahanna, W. 2001. Effect of hybrid, maturity, and mechanical processing of corn silage on intake and digestibility by beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 79: 2268-2275. Bagg, J. 2007. Harvesting corn silage at the right moisture. Factsheet. http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/07-047.htm. (Erişim: 30.05.2013).
  • Bal, M.A., Coors, J.G., Shaver, R.D. 1997. Impact of the maturity of corn for us as silage in the diets of dairy cows on intake, digestion, and milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 80: 2497-2503.
  • Bal, M.A., Shaver, R.D., Jirovec, A.G., Shinners, K.J., Coors, J.G. 2000a. Crop processing and chop length of corn silage: Effects on intake, digestion, and milk production by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 83: 1264-1273.
  • Bal, M.A., Shaver, R.D., Al-Jobeile, H., Coors, J.G., Lauer, J.G. 2000b. Corn silage hybrid effects on intake, digestion, and milk production by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 83: 2849-2858.
  • Ballard, C.S., Thomas, E.D., Tsang, D.S., Mandebvu, P., Sniffen, C.J., Endres, M.I., Carter, M.P. 2001. Effect of corn silage hybrid on dry matter yield, nutrient composition, in vitro digestion, intake by dairy heifers, and milk production by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84: 442-452.
  • Browne, E.M., Juniper, D.T., Bryant, M.J., Beever, D.E. 2005. Apparent digestibility and nitrogen utilization of diets based on maize silage harvested at three stages of maturity and fed to steers. Grass Forage Sci. 60: 274-282.
  • Cammell, S.B., Sutton, J.D., Beever, D.E., Humphries, D.J., Phipps R.H. 2000. The effect of crop maturity on the nutritional value of maize silage for lactating dairy cows: 1. Energy and nitrogen utilization. Anim. Sci. 71: 381-390.
  • Castro, J.J., Bernard, J.K., Mullis, N.A., Eggleston, R.B. 2010. Brown midrib corn silage and Tifton 85 bermudagrass in rations for early-lactation cows. J. Dairy Sci. 93: 2143-2152.
  • Cox, B. 2008. What’s cropping up? A Newsletter for New York filed crops & soils. http://css.cals.cornell.edu/extension/cropping-up/archive (Erişim: 30.05.2013).
  • Dhiman, T.R., Bal, M.A., Wu, Z., Moreira, V.R., Shaver, R.D., Satter, L.D., Shinners, K.J., Walgenbach, R.P. 2002. Influence of mechanical processing on utilization of corn silage by lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 83:2521-4814.
  • Fernandez, I., Martin, C., Champion, M., Michalet-Doreau, B. 2004. Effect of corn hybrid and chop length of whole-plant corn silage on digestion and intake by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87: 1298-1309.
  • Ferraretto, L.F., Shaver, R.D. 2012. Meta-analysis: Effect of corn silage harvest practices on intake, digestion, and milk production by dairy cows. The professional Animal Scientist 28: 141-149.
  • Filya, İ. 2004. Nutritive value and aerobic stability of whole crop maize silage harvested at four stages of maturity. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 116: 141-150.
  • Filya, İ. 2006. Silaj yapımı, teknolojisi ve kullanımı. Sütaş. Hayvancılık Serisi: 2. Bursa.
  • Gencoglu, H., Shaver, R., Lauer, J. 2008. Brown midrib corn silage for lactating dairy cows: A contemporary review. http://www.uwex.edu/ces/dairynutrition/pubs.cfm. (Erişim: 30.05.2013)
  • Haigh, P.M., Parker, J.W.G. 1985. Effect of silage additives and wilting on silage fermantation, digestibility and intake, and on liveweight change of young cattle. Grass Forage Sci. 40: 429-436.
  • Haigh, P.M. 1990. Effect of herbage water-soluble carbohydrate content and weather conditions at ensilage on the fermantation of grass silages made on commercial farms. Grass Forage Sci. 45: 263-271.
  • Holt, M.S., Eun, J-S., Thacker, C.R., Young, A.J., Dai, X., Nestor, K.E. 2013. Effects of feeding brown midrib corn silage with a high dietary concentration of alfalfa hay on lactational performance of Holstein dairy cows for the first 180 days of lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 96: 515-523.
  • Holt, M.S., Williams, C.M., Dschaak, C.M., Eun, J-S., Young, A.J. 2010. Effects of corn silage hybrids and dietary nonforage fiber sources on feed intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and productive performance of lactating Holstein dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 93: 5397-5407.
  • Huhtanen, P., Nousiainen, J.I., Khalili, H., Jaakkola, S., Heikkila, T. 2003. Relationships between silage fermantation characteristics and milk production parameters: analyses of literature data. Lives. Prod. Sci. 81: 57-73.
  • Huhtanen, P., Rinne, M., Nousiainen, J. 2007. Evaluation of the factors affecting silage intake of dairy cows: a revision of the relative silage dry-matter intake index. Lives. Prod. Sci. 81: 57-73.
  • Johnson, L.M., Harrison, J.H., Hunt, C., Shinners, K., Doggett, C.G., Sapienza, D. 1999. Nutritive value of corn silage as affected by maturity and mechanical processing: A contemporary review. J. Dairy Sci. 82: 2813-2825.
  • Johnson, L.M., Harrison, J.H., Davidson, D., Swift, M., Mahanna, W.C., Shinners, K. 2002a. Corn silage management III: Effects of hybrid, maturity, and mechanical processing on nitrogen metabolism and ruminal fermentation. J. Dairy Sci. 85: 2928-2947.
  • Johnson, L.M., Harrison, J.H., Davidson, D., Robutti, J.L., Swift, M., Mahanna, W.C., Shinners, K. 2002b. Corn silage management I: Effects of hybrid, maturity, and mechanical processing on chemical and physical characteristics. J. Dairy Sci. 85: 833-853.
  • Johnson, L.M., Harrison, J.H., Davidson, D., Mahanna, W.C., Shinners, K. 2003. Corn silage management: Effects of hybrid, maturity, inoculation and mechanical processing on fermentation characteristics. J. Dairy Sci.86: 287-308.
  • Keles, G., Yazgan, O. 2011. Fermentation characteristics of maize silages ensiled with lactic acid bacteria and the effect of inoculated baled maize silages on lamb performance. Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 17(2): 229-234.
  • Khan, N.A., Tewoldebrhan, T.A., Zom, R.L.G., Cone, J.W., Hendriks, W.H. 2012. Effect of corn silage harvest maturity and concentrate type on milk fatty acid composition of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95: 1472-1483.
  • Kung, L., Moulder, B.M., Mulrooney, C.M., Teller, R.S., Schmidt, R.J. 2008. The effect of silage cutting height on the nutritive value of a normal corn silage hybrid compared with brown midrib corn silage fed to lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91: 1451-1457.
  • McDonald. P., Henderson, N., Heron, S.J.R. 1991. The Biochemistry of Silage. 2th ed. 340 page, Chalcombe Publications, Marlow, UK.
  • Mertens, D.R. 1997. Creating a system for meeting the fiber requirements of dairy cow. J. Dairy Sci. 80: 1463-1481.
  • Muck, R.E. 1988. Factors influencing silage quality and their implications for management. J. Dairy Sci. 71: 2992-3002.
  • NRC, 2001. National Research Council. Nutrients requirements of dairy cattle. The national academic press. Washington DC
  • Phipps, R.H., Sutton, J.D., Beever, D.E., Jones A.K. 2000. The effect of crop maturity on the nutritional value of maize silage for lactating dairy cows: 3. Food intake and milk production. Anim. Sci. 71: 401-409.
  • Schwab, E.C., Shaver, R.D., Shinners, K.J., Lauer, J.G., Coors, J.G. 2002. Processing and chop length effects in brown-midrib corn silage on intake, digestion, and milk production by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85: 613-623.
  • Shinners, K.J., Jirovec, A.G., Shaver, R.D., Bal, M.A. 2000. Processing whole-plant corn silage with crop processing rolls on a full-type forage harvester. Appl. Eng. Agric..16: 323-331.
  • Weiss, W.P., Wyatt, D.J. 2000. Effect of oil content and kernel processing of corn silage on digestibility and milk production by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 83: 351-358.
  • Wiersma, D.W., Carter, P.R., Albrecht, K.A., Coors, J.G. 1993. Kernel milk line stage and corn forage yield, quality and dry matter content. J. Prod. Agric. 6: 94-99.
Year 2014, , 27 - 37, 28.11.2014
https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.363926

Abstract

References

  • Andrae, J.G., Hunt, C.W., Pritchard, G.T., Kennington, L.R., Harrison, J.H., Kezar, W., Mahanna, W. 2001. Effect of hybrid, maturity, and mechanical processing of corn silage on intake and digestibility by beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 79: 2268-2275. Bagg, J. 2007. Harvesting corn silage at the right moisture. Factsheet. http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/07-047.htm. (Erişim: 30.05.2013).
  • Bal, M.A., Coors, J.G., Shaver, R.D. 1997. Impact of the maturity of corn for us as silage in the diets of dairy cows on intake, digestion, and milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 80: 2497-2503.
  • Bal, M.A., Shaver, R.D., Jirovec, A.G., Shinners, K.J., Coors, J.G. 2000a. Crop processing and chop length of corn silage: Effects on intake, digestion, and milk production by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 83: 1264-1273.
  • Bal, M.A., Shaver, R.D., Al-Jobeile, H., Coors, J.G., Lauer, J.G. 2000b. Corn silage hybrid effects on intake, digestion, and milk production by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 83: 2849-2858.
  • Ballard, C.S., Thomas, E.D., Tsang, D.S., Mandebvu, P., Sniffen, C.J., Endres, M.I., Carter, M.P. 2001. Effect of corn silage hybrid on dry matter yield, nutrient composition, in vitro digestion, intake by dairy heifers, and milk production by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84: 442-452.
  • Browne, E.M., Juniper, D.T., Bryant, M.J., Beever, D.E. 2005. Apparent digestibility and nitrogen utilization of diets based on maize silage harvested at three stages of maturity and fed to steers. Grass Forage Sci. 60: 274-282.
  • Cammell, S.B., Sutton, J.D., Beever, D.E., Humphries, D.J., Phipps R.H. 2000. The effect of crop maturity on the nutritional value of maize silage for lactating dairy cows: 1. Energy and nitrogen utilization. Anim. Sci. 71: 381-390.
  • Castro, J.J., Bernard, J.K., Mullis, N.A., Eggleston, R.B. 2010. Brown midrib corn silage and Tifton 85 bermudagrass in rations for early-lactation cows. J. Dairy Sci. 93: 2143-2152.
  • Cox, B. 2008. What’s cropping up? A Newsletter for New York filed crops & soils. http://css.cals.cornell.edu/extension/cropping-up/archive (Erişim: 30.05.2013).
  • Dhiman, T.R., Bal, M.A., Wu, Z., Moreira, V.R., Shaver, R.D., Satter, L.D., Shinners, K.J., Walgenbach, R.P. 2002. Influence of mechanical processing on utilization of corn silage by lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 83:2521-4814.
  • Fernandez, I., Martin, C., Champion, M., Michalet-Doreau, B. 2004. Effect of corn hybrid and chop length of whole-plant corn silage on digestion and intake by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87: 1298-1309.
  • Ferraretto, L.F., Shaver, R.D. 2012. Meta-analysis: Effect of corn silage harvest practices on intake, digestion, and milk production by dairy cows. The professional Animal Scientist 28: 141-149.
  • Filya, İ. 2004. Nutritive value and aerobic stability of whole crop maize silage harvested at four stages of maturity. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 116: 141-150.
  • Filya, İ. 2006. Silaj yapımı, teknolojisi ve kullanımı. Sütaş. Hayvancılık Serisi: 2. Bursa.
  • Gencoglu, H., Shaver, R., Lauer, J. 2008. Brown midrib corn silage for lactating dairy cows: A contemporary review. http://www.uwex.edu/ces/dairynutrition/pubs.cfm. (Erişim: 30.05.2013)
  • Haigh, P.M., Parker, J.W.G. 1985. Effect of silage additives and wilting on silage fermantation, digestibility and intake, and on liveweight change of young cattle. Grass Forage Sci. 40: 429-436.
  • Haigh, P.M. 1990. Effect of herbage water-soluble carbohydrate content and weather conditions at ensilage on the fermantation of grass silages made on commercial farms. Grass Forage Sci. 45: 263-271.
  • Holt, M.S., Eun, J-S., Thacker, C.R., Young, A.J., Dai, X., Nestor, K.E. 2013. Effects of feeding brown midrib corn silage with a high dietary concentration of alfalfa hay on lactational performance of Holstein dairy cows for the first 180 days of lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 96: 515-523.
  • Holt, M.S., Williams, C.M., Dschaak, C.M., Eun, J-S., Young, A.J. 2010. Effects of corn silage hybrids and dietary nonforage fiber sources on feed intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and productive performance of lactating Holstein dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 93: 5397-5407.
  • Huhtanen, P., Nousiainen, J.I., Khalili, H., Jaakkola, S., Heikkila, T. 2003. Relationships between silage fermantation characteristics and milk production parameters: analyses of literature data. Lives. Prod. Sci. 81: 57-73.
  • Huhtanen, P., Rinne, M., Nousiainen, J. 2007. Evaluation of the factors affecting silage intake of dairy cows: a revision of the relative silage dry-matter intake index. Lives. Prod. Sci. 81: 57-73.
  • Johnson, L.M., Harrison, J.H., Hunt, C., Shinners, K., Doggett, C.G., Sapienza, D. 1999. Nutritive value of corn silage as affected by maturity and mechanical processing: A contemporary review. J. Dairy Sci. 82: 2813-2825.
  • Johnson, L.M., Harrison, J.H., Davidson, D., Swift, M., Mahanna, W.C., Shinners, K. 2002a. Corn silage management III: Effects of hybrid, maturity, and mechanical processing on nitrogen metabolism and ruminal fermentation. J. Dairy Sci. 85: 2928-2947.
  • Johnson, L.M., Harrison, J.H., Davidson, D., Robutti, J.L., Swift, M., Mahanna, W.C., Shinners, K. 2002b. Corn silage management I: Effects of hybrid, maturity, and mechanical processing on chemical and physical characteristics. J. Dairy Sci. 85: 833-853.
  • Johnson, L.M., Harrison, J.H., Davidson, D., Mahanna, W.C., Shinners, K. 2003. Corn silage management: Effects of hybrid, maturity, inoculation and mechanical processing on fermentation characteristics. J. Dairy Sci.86: 287-308.
  • Keles, G., Yazgan, O. 2011. Fermentation characteristics of maize silages ensiled with lactic acid bacteria and the effect of inoculated baled maize silages on lamb performance. Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 17(2): 229-234.
  • Khan, N.A., Tewoldebrhan, T.A., Zom, R.L.G., Cone, J.W., Hendriks, W.H. 2012. Effect of corn silage harvest maturity and concentrate type on milk fatty acid composition of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95: 1472-1483.
  • Kung, L., Moulder, B.M., Mulrooney, C.M., Teller, R.S., Schmidt, R.J. 2008. The effect of silage cutting height on the nutritive value of a normal corn silage hybrid compared with brown midrib corn silage fed to lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91: 1451-1457.
  • McDonald. P., Henderson, N., Heron, S.J.R. 1991. The Biochemistry of Silage. 2th ed. 340 page, Chalcombe Publications, Marlow, UK.
  • Mertens, D.R. 1997. Creating a system for meeting the fiber requirements of dairy cow. J. Dairy Sci. 80: 1463-1481.
  • Muck, R.E. 1988. Factors influencing silage quality and their implications for management. J. Dairy Sci. 71: 2992-3002.
  • NRC, 2001. National Research Council. Nutrients requirements of dairy cattle. The national academic press. Washington DC
  • Phipps, R.H., Sutton, J.D., Beever, D.E., Jones A.K. 2000. The effect of crop maturity on the nutritional value of maize silage for lactating dairy cows: 3. Food intake and milk production. Anim. Sci. 71: 401-409.
  • Schwab, E.C., Shaver, R.D., Shinners, K.J., Lauer, J.G., Coors, J.G. 2002. Processing and chop length effects in brown-midrib corn silage on intake, digestion, and milk production by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85: 613-623.
  • Shinners, K.J., Jirovec, A.G., Shaver, R.D., Bal, M.A. 2000. Processing whole-plant corn silage with crop processing rolls on a full-type forage harvester. Appl. Eng. Agric..16: 323-331.
  • Weiss, W.P., Wyatt, D.J. 2000. Effect of oil content and kernel processing of corn silage on digestibility and milk production by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 83: 351-358.
  • Wiersma, D.W., Carter, P.R., Albrecht, K.A., Coors, J.G. 1993. Kernel milk line stage and corn forage yield, quality and dry matter content. J. Prod. Agric. 6: 94-99.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Gürhan Keleş

Mert Çıbık This is me

Publication Date November 28, 2014
Submission Date August 28, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014

Cite

APA Keleş, G., & Çıbık, M. (2014). Mısır silajının besin ve besleme değerini etkileyen faktörler. Journal of Animal Production, 55(2), 27-37. https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.363926


26405

Creative Commons License Journal of Animal Production is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.


26407 26406 26408   26409  26410263992641126412  26413   26414 26415