Hormonal Changes in Ruminant Animals Exposed to High Environmental Temperature

Abstract

Stress is the unusual condition that an animal experiences due to the effects of the environment and pressures the complex adaptation mechanism of animal. Stress factors (stressors) are extensive and some of these sources include cold, heat, x-rays, insufficient oxygen levels, noise, fear, smell, foreign bodies and oestrus. High temperature strains the welfare of animals and causes stress. Fear and stress in animals cause welfare problems affecting their adaptation mechanisms. Thus, immune, nervous and endocrine systems are adversely affected. In this case, health problems of the animal increase and economic losses become inevitable as a result of negative effects of parameters such as life span, life quality and yield level of the animal. With the release of cortisol and the increase inbody temperature and pulse rate, a physiological change in which many hormones are affected occur in animals under stress. In this context, there is an increase or a decrease in the secretion of adrenal hormones (catecholamines and glucocorticoids), reproductive hormones (ovarium and testicular hormones), growth hormone, thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine) and pancreas hormones (insulin and glucagon). This review discusses the effects of heat stress on hormonal changes in ruminant animals. 

Keywords

• Stress hormones,heat stress,yield,welfare,goat,sheep

Yüksek Çevre Sıcaklığına Maruz Kalan Ruminant Hayvanlarda Meydana Gelen Hormonal Değişimler

Abstract

Stres, hayvanın karmaşık uyum düzeneğine baskı yapan ve çevreden gelen etkiler ile aldığı normal dışı durumdur. Stres faktörleri (stressörler) geniş kapsamlıdır; soğuk, sıcak, x- ışınları, yetersiz oksijen seviyesi, yüksek ses, korku, koku, yabancı cisimler ve kızgınlık bu kaynaklardan bir kısmıdır. Yüksek sıcaklık hayvanların refahını zorlar ve strese girmesine neden olur. Hayvanlarda oluşan korku ve stres, onlarda refah sorununun ortaya çıkmasına neden olmaktadır. Böylece, bağışıklık, sinir ve endokrin sistemi olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Bu durumda, hayvanın sağlık sorunları artar ve hayvanın yaşam süresi, kalitesi, verim düzeyi gibi parametrelerin olumsuz etkilenmesi sonucu ekonomik kayıplar kaçınılmaz olmaktadır. Stres altındaki hayvanlarda, kortizol salınımı, vücut ısısı ve nabız sayısının yükselmesi ile birlikte birçok hormonun etkilendiği fizyolojik bir değişim söz konusudur. Bu kapsamda böbrek üstü bezi hormonları (katekolaminler ve glukokortikoidler), üreme hormonları (ovaryum ve testis hormonları), büyüme hormonu (somatotrop hormon), tiroid hormonları (tiroksin ve triiyodotironin) ve pankreas hormonlarının (insülin ve glukagon) salgılanmasında artış ya da azalış gerçekleşir. Yapılan derlemede, ruminant hayvanlarda hormonal değişim üzerine sıcaklık stresinin etkileri tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

• Hormonlar,Sıcaklık Stresi,Verim,Refah,Keçi

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