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Vicdani Zeka: Hemşirelik Uygulamalarında Değerli Bir Aracı

Year 2026, Volume: 9 Issue: 1 , 124 - 135 , 25.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.54189/hbd.1619142
https://izlik.org/JA24CK24FU

Abstract

Vicdani zekâ, bireyin etik değerleri ve ahlaki sorumluluğu temel alarak düşünmesini, hissetmesini ve eyleme geçmesini sağlayan çok boyutlu bir beceridir. Entelektüel tevazu, empati, duygusal zekâ, öz farkındalık ve eleştirel düşünme gibi bileşenlerden oluşan bu yetkinlik, hemşirelerin etik ve profesyonel sorumluluklarını yerine getirme becerilerini artırmaktadır. Vicdani zekâ, hemşirelerin etik ikilemlerle başa çıkmasına, hasta ihtiyaçlarını etkin bir şekilde yönetmesine ve sağlık hizmetlerinde şeffaflık ile dürüstlük ilkelerine bağlı kalmasına olanak tanımaktadır. Hemşirelik pratiğinde vicdani zekâ, hasta merkezli karar almayı kolaylaştırmakta, disiplinler arası iş birliğini desteklemekte ve bakım kalitesini artırarak hasta memnuniyetini olumlu yönde etkilemektedir. Aynı zamanda hemşirelerin iş doyumu ve mesleki refah düzeylerinin artmasına katkı sağlamaktadır. Ancak, vicdani zekânın hemşirelik eğitimine yeterince entegre edilmemesi bu becerinin gelişimini kısıtlamaktadır. Araştırmalar, vicdani zekanın hemşirelerin mesleki yeterlilikleri, etik liderlikleri ve bakım davranışları ile olumlu bir ilişki içinde olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak vicdani reddin etik sonuçları ve hemşirelerin bu konudaki deneyimleri üzerine daha fazla araştırma yapılması kritik öneme sahiptir. Bu makalede vicdani zekânın bileşenleri, hemşirelikteki önemi, sağladığı faydalar ile karşılaşılan zorluklar ve sınırlılıklar başlıkları altında ele alınarak kapsamlı bir değerlendirme sunulmuştur.

References

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  • Albagawi B, Laput V, Pacis C, AlMahmoud T. (2017). Nurses’ perceptions of nurse manager leadership styles. American Journal of Nursing Research, 5(1), 22-31. doi: 10.12691/AJNR-5-1-3
  • Andersen FA, Johansen ASB, Søndergaard J, Andersen CM, Assing Hvidt E. (2020). Revisiting the trajectory of medical students’ empathy, and impact of gender, specialty preferences and nationality: A systematic review. BMC Medical Education, 20(1). doi: 10.1186/S12909-020-1964-5
  • Arslanoğlu A, Çengel Ö, Gemlik N, Yılmaz K, Maden Ö. (2024). Vicdanlı zeka ile insan değerleri arasındaki ilişki: Sağlık alanında uygulaması. Psikoloji, Sağlık ve Tıp, 1-22. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2024.2438642
  • Arslanoğlu A, Tabur A. (2019). The effect of conscientious intelligence on the ability to manage patient expectations: Example from a university hospital. Medicine Science, 8(4), 1017-1024.
  • Asamani JA, Naab F, Ofei AMA. (2016). Leadership styles in nursing management: Implications for staff outcomes. Journal of Health Sciences, 6(1), 23-36. doi: 10.17532/JHSCI.2016.266
  • Azaare J, Gross J. (2011). The nature of leadership style in nursing management. British Journal of Nursing, 20(11), 672-680. doi: 10.12968/BJON.2011.20.11.672
  • Burston AS, Tuckett AG. (2013). Moral distress in nursing: Contributing factors, outcomes and interventions. Nursing Ethics, 20(3), 312-324. doi:10.1177/0969733012462049
  • Carvalho DPSRP, Azevedo IC, Cruz GKP, Mafra GAC, Rego ALC, Vitor AF, et al. (2017). Strategies used for the promotion of critical thinking in nursing undergraduate education: A systematic review. Nurse Education Today, 57, 103-107. doi: 10.1016/J.NEDT.2017.07.010
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  • Di Fabio A, Palazzeschi L, Bucci O, Guazzini A, Burgassi C, Pesce E. (2018). Personality traits and positive resources ofworkers for sustainable development: Is emotional intelligence a mediator for optimism and hope? Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(10), 3422. doi: 10.3390/SU10103422
  • Dobrowolska B, McGonagle I, Pilewska-Kozak A, Kane R. (2020). Conscientious object in nursing: Regulations and practice in two European countries. Nursing Ethics, 27(1), 168-183. doi: 10.1177/0969733019845136
  • Dur Ş, Göl İ, Erkin Ö. (2022). The effects of nursing students’ conscientious intelligence on their cultural sensitivity levels. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 58(2), 795-803. doi: 10.1111/PPC.12852
  • Fahmi AB, Utama AM. (2022). The role of intellectual humility in predicting investigative behavioral tendencies in COVID-19 vaccine news. Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Terapan, 10(2), 129-136. doi: 10.22219/JIPT.V10I2.20241
  • Fitzgerald S, Schutte NS. (2010). Increasing transformational leadership through enhancing self-efficacy. Journal of Management Development, 29(5), 495-505. doi: 10.1108/02621711011039240
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  • Gausvik C, Lautar A, Miller L, Pallerla H, Schlaudecker J. (2015). Structured nursing communication on interdisciplinary acute care teams improves perceptions of safety, efficiency, understanding of care plan and teamwork as well as job satisfaction. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 8, 33-37. doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S72623
  • Hermann CP, Head BA, Black K, Singleton K. (2016). Preparing nursing students for interprofessional practice: The interdisciplinary curriculum for oncology palliative care education. Journal of Professional Nursing, 32(1), 62-71. doi: 10.1016/J.PROFNURS.2015.06.001
  • Hughes V, Delva S, Nkimbeng M, Spaulding E, Turkson-Ocran RA, Cudjoe J, et al. (2020). Not missing the opportunity: Strategies to promote cultural humility among future nursing faculty. Journal of Professional Nursing, 36(1), 28-33. doi: 10.1016/J.PROFNURS.2019.06.005
  • Karimi L, Leggat SG, Donohue L, Farrell G, Couper GE. (2014). Emotional rescue: The role of emotional intelligence and emotional labour on well-being and job-stress among community nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(1), 176-186. doi: 10.1111/jan.12185
  • Killian KD. (2012). Development and validation of the emotional self-awareness questionnaire: A measure of emotional intelligence. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 38(3), 502-514. doi: 10.1111/J.1752-0606.2011.00233.X
  • Krumrei-Mancuso EJ, Haggard MC, LaBouff JP, Rowatt WC. (2020). Links between intellectual humility and acquiring knowledge. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 15(2), 155-170. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2019.1579359
  • Lailatussaidah L, Isti’adah FNL, Nugraha A. (2021). Profile of self-awareness among junior high school students. ProGCouns: Journal of Professionals in Guidance and Counseling, 2(2), 62-72. doi: 10.21831/PROGCOUNS.V2I2.41189
  • Lamb C, Babenko-Mould Y, Evans M, Wong CA, Kirkwood KW. (2019). Conscientious objection and nurses: Results of an interpretive phenomenological study. Nursing Ethics, 26(5), 1337-1349. doi: 10.1177/0969733018763996
  • Lamb C, Pesut B. (2021). Conscience and conscientious objection in nursing: A personalist bioethics approach. Nursing Ethics, 28(7-8), 1319-1328. doi: 10.1177/0969733021996037
  • Leary MR, Diebels KJ, Davisson EK, Jongman-Sereno KP, Isherwood JC, Raimi KT, et al. (2017). Cognitive and interpersonal features of intellectual humility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(6), 793-813. doi: 10.1177/0146167217697695
  • Lorig K. (2012). Patient-centered care: Depends on the point of view. Health Education and Behavior, 39(5), 523-525. doi: 10.1177/1090198112455175
  • Lutfiyya MN, Chang LF, McGrath C, Dana C, Lipsky MS. (2019). The state of the science of interprofessional collaborative practice: A scoping review of the patient health-related outcomes based literature published between 2010 and 2018. Plos One, 14(6), e0218578. doi: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0218578
  • Magnano P, Craparo G, Paolillo A. (2016). Resilience and emotional intelligence: Which role in achievement motivation. International Journal of Psychological Research, 9(1), 9-20. doi: 10.21500/20112084.2096
  • Ndawo G. (2021). Facilitation of emotional intelligence for the purpose of decision-making and problem-solving among nursing students in an authentic learning environment: A qualitative study. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 15, 100375. doi: 10.1016/j.ijans.2021.100375
  • Nightingale S, Spiby H, Sheen K, Slade P. (2018). The impact of emotional intelligence in health care professionals on caring behaviour towards patients in clinical and long-term care settings: Findings from an integrative review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 80, 106-117. doi: 10.1016/J.IJNURSTU.2018.01.006
  • Özcan Ş. (2022). The relationship between nurses’ conscientious intelligence levels and care behaviors: A cross-sectional study. Clinical Ethics, 17(2), 136-143. doi: 10.1177/1477750921994286
  • Özcan Ş, Yanmış S. (2022). Have we been able to improve the conscientious intelligence levels of nursing students sufficiently? Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 58(4), 1873-1881. doi: 10.1111/PPC.13001
  • Özden G, Parlar Kılıç S. (2024). Compassion in action: Exploring the relationship between nurse conscientious intelligence and palliative care. Nursing in Critical Care, 29(4), 695-705. doi: 10.1111/NICC.13005
  • Pakizekho S, Barkhordari-Sharifabad M. (2022). The relationship between ethical leadership, conscientiousness, and moral courage from nurses’ perspective. BMC Nursing, 21(1). doi: 10.1186/S12912-022-00941-Y
  • Palese A, Tomietto M, Suhonen R, Efstathiou G, Tsangari H, Merkouris A, et al. (2011). Surgical patient satisfaction as an outcome of nurses’ caring behaviors: A descriptive and correlational study in six European countries. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 43(4), 341-350. doi: 10.1111/J.1547-5069.2011.01413.X
  • Porter T, Schumann K. (2018). Intellectual humility and openness to the opposing view. Self and Identity, 17(2), 139-162. doi: 10.1080/15298868.2017.1361861
  • Rahkar Farshi M, Vahidi M, Jabraeili M. (2015). Relationship between emotional intelligence and clinical competencies of nursing students in Tabriz nursing and midwifery school. Research and Development in Medical Education, 4(1), 91-95. doi: 10.15171/RDME.2015.015
  • Rasheed SP, Younas A, Sundus A. (2019). Self-awareness in nursing: A scoping review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 28(5-6), 762-774. doi: 10.1111/JOCN.14708
  • Reeves S, Perrier L, Goldman J, Freeth D, Zwarenstein M. (2013). Interprofessional education: Effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (update). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013(3). doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002213.PUB3
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  • Shuman CJ, Liu X, Aebersold ML, Tschannen D, Banaszak-Holl J, Titler MG. (2018). Associations among unit leadership and unit climates for implementation in acute care: A cross-sectional study. Implementation Science : IS, 13(1), 62. doi: 10.1186/S13012-018-0753-6
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Conscientious Intelligence: A Valuable Tool in Nursing Practice

Year 2026, Volume: 9 Issue: 1 , 124 - 135 , 25.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.54189/hbd.1619142
https://izlik.org/JA24CK24FU

Abstract

Conscientious intelligence is a multidimensional skill that enables an individual to think, feel and act based on ethical values and moral responsibility. This competence, which consists of components such as intellectual humility, empathy, emotional intelligence, self-awareness and critical thinking, increases nurses' ability to fulfil their ethical and professional responsibilities. Conscientious intelligence enables nurses to cope with ethical dilemmas, manage patient needs effectively, and adhere to the principles of transparency and honesty in health services. In nursing practice, conscientious intelligence facilitates patient-centred decision-making, supports interdisciplinary cooperation and positively affects patient satisfaction by increasing the quality of care. At the same time, it contributes to the increase in nurses' job satisfaction and professional welfare levels. However, insufficient integration of conscientious intelligence into nursing education limits the development of this skill. Studies show that conscientious intelligence has a positive relationship with nurses' professional competencies, ethical leadership and caring behaviours. However, it is critical to conduct more research on the ethical consequences of conscientious objection and the experiences of nurses on this issue. In this article, the components of conscientious intelligence, its importance in nursing, the benefits it provides, and the difficulties and limitations encountered are discussed and a comprehensive evaluation is presented.

References

  • Aktı Ü, Giderler C, Duran C, Behdioğlu S, Boz D. (2017). Vicdani zeka ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. İslam Medeniyeti Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 329-349. doi: 10.20486/imad.356480
  • Albagawi B, Laput V, Pacis C, AlMahmoud T. (2017). Nurses’ perceptions of nurse manager leadership styles. American Journal of Nursing Research, 5(1), 22-31. doi: 10.12691/AJNR-5-1-3
  • Andersen FA, Johansen ASB, Søndergaard J, Andersen CM, Assing Hvidt E. (2020). Revisiting the trajectory of medical students’ empathy, and impact of gender, specialty preferences and nationality: A systematic review. BMC Medical Education, 20(1). doi: 10.1186/S12909-020-1964-5
  • Arslanoğlu A, Çengel Ö, Gemlik N, Yılmaz K, Maden Ö. (2024). Vicdanlı zeka ile insan değerleri arasındaki ilişki: Sağlık alanında uygulaması. Psikoloji, Sağlık ve Tıp, 1-22. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2024.2438642
  • Arslanoğlu A, Tabur A. (2019). The effect of conscientious intelligence on the ability to manage patient expectations: Example from a university hospital. Medicine Science, 8(4), 1017-1024.
  • Asamani JA, Naab F, Ofei AMA. (2016). Leadership styles in nursing management: Implications for staff outcomes. Journal of Health Sciences, 6(1), 23-36. doi: 10.17532/JHSCI.2016.266
  • Azaare J, Gross J. (2011). The nature of leadership style in nursing management. British Journal of Nursing, 20(11), 672-680. doi: 10.12968/BJON.2011.20.11.672
  • Burston AS, Tuckett AG. (2013). Moral distress in nursing: Contributing factors, outcomes and interventions. Nursing Ethics, 20(3), 312-324. doi:10.1177/0969733012462049
  • Carvalho DPSRP, Azevedo IC, Cruz GKP, Mafra GAC, Rego ALC, Vitor AF, et al. (2017). Strategies used for the promotion of critical thinking in nursing undergraduate education: A systematic review. Nurse Education Today, 57, 103-107. doi: 10.1016/J.NEDT.2017.07.010
  • Cowley C. (2020). Conscientious objection in social work and healthcare: A philosophical analysis. The British Journal of Social Work, 50(7), 2083-2097. doi: 10.1093/BJSW/BCZ136
  • Davis S, Schrader V, Belcheir MJ. (2012). Influencers of ethical beliefs and the impact on moral distress and conscientious objection. Nursing Ethics, 19(6), 738-749. doi: 10.1177/0969733011423409
  • De Baetselier E, Van Rompaey B, Batalha LM, Bergqvist M, Czarkowska-Paczek B, De Santis, et al. (2020). EUPRON: Nurses’ practice in interprofessional pharmaceutical care in Europe. A cross-sectional survey in 17 countries. BMJ Open, 10(6), e036269. doi: 10.1136/BMJOPEN-2019-036269
  • Di Fabio A, Palazzeschi L, Bucci O, Guazzini A, Burgassi C, Pesce E. (2018). Personality traits and positive resources ofworkers for sustainable development: Is emotional intelligence a mediator for optimism and hope? Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(10), 3422. doi: 10.3390/SU10103422
  • Dobrowolska B, McGonagle I, Pilewska-Kozak A, Kane R. (2020). Conscientious object in nursing: Regulations and practice in two European countries. Nursing Ethics, 27(1), 168-183. doi: 10.1177/0969733019845136
  • Dur Ş, Göl İ, Erkin Ö. (2022). The effects of nursing students’ conscientious intelligence on their cultural sensitivity levels. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 58(2), 795-803. doi: 10.1111/PPC.12852
  • Fahmi AB, Utama AM. (2022). The role of intellectual humility in predicting investigative behavioral tendencies in COVID-19 vaccine news. Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Terapan, 10(2), 129-136. doi: 10.22219/JIPT.V10I2.20241
  • Fitzgerald S, Schutte NS. (2010). Increasing transformational leadership through enhancing self-efficacy. Journal of Management Development, 29(5), 495-505. doi: 10.1108/02621711011039240
  • Fleming V, Frith L, Luyben A, Ramsayer B. (2018). Conscientious objection to participation in abortion by midwives and nurses: A systematic review of reasons. BMC Medical Ethics, 19(1). doi: 10.1186/S12910-018-0268-3
  • Gausvik C, Lautar A, Miller L, Pallerla H, Schlaudecker J. (2015). Structured nursing communication on interdisciplinary acute care teams improves perceptions of safety, efficiency, understanding of care plan and teamwork as well as job satisfaction. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 8, 33-37. doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S72623
  • Hermann CP, Head BA, Black K, Singleton K. (2016). Preparing nursing students for interprofessional practice: The interdisciplinary curriculum for oncology palliative care education. Journal of Professional Nursing, 32(1), 62-71. doi: 10.1016/J.PROFNURS.2015.06.001
  • Hughes V, Delva S, Nkimbeng M, Spaulding E, Turkson-Ocran RA, Cudjoe J, et al. (2020). Not missing the opportunity: Strategies to promote cultural humility among future nursing faculty. Journal of Professional Nursing, 36(1), 28-33. doi: 10.1016/J.PROFNURS.2019.06.005
  • Karimi L, Leggat SG, Donohue L, Farrell G, Couper GE. (2014). Emotional rescue: The role of emotional intelligence and emotional labour on well-being and job-stress among community nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(1), 176-186. doi: 10.1111/jan.12185
  • Killian KD. (2012). Development and validation of the emotional self-awareness questionnaire: A measure of emotional intelligence. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 38(3), 502-514. doi: 10.1111/J.1752-0606.2011.00233.X
  • Krumrei-Mancuso EJ, Haggard MC, LaBouff JP, Rowatt WC. (2020). Links between intellectual humility and acquiring knowledge. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 15(2), 155-170. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2019.1579359
  • Lailatussaidah L, Isti’adah FNL, Nugraha A. (2021). Profile of self-awareness among junior high school students. ProGCouns: Journal of Professionals in Guidance and Counseling, 2(2), 62-72. doi: 10.21831/PROGCOUNS.V2I2.41189
  • Lamb C, Babenko-Mould Y, Evans M, Wong CA, Kirkwood KW. (2019). Conscientious objection and nurses: Results of an interpretive phenomenological study. Nursing Ethics, 26(5), 1337-1349. doi: 10.1177/0969733018763996
  • Lamb C, Pesut B. (2021). Conscience and conscientious objection in nursing: A personalist bioethics approach. Nursing Ethics, 28(7-8), 1319-1328. doi: 10.1177/0969733021996037
  • Leary MR, Diebels KJ, Davisson EK, Jongman-Sereno KP, Isherwood JC, Raimi KT, et al. (2017). Cognitive and interpersonal features of intellectual humility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(6), 793-813. doi: 10.1177/0146167217697695
  • Lorig K. (2012). Patient-centered care: Depends on the point of view. Health Education and Behavior, 39(5), 523-525. doi: 10.1177/1090198112455175
  • Lutfiyya MN, Chang LF, McGrath C, Dana C, Lipsky MS. (2019). The state of the science of interprofessional collaborative practice: A scoping review of the patient health-related outcomes based literature published between 2010 and 2018. Plos One, 14(6), e0218578. doi: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0218578
  • Magnano P, Craparo G, Paolillo A. (2016). Resilience and emotional intelligence: Which role in achievement motivation. International Journal of Psychological Research, 9(1), 9-20. doi: 10.21500/20112084.2096
  • Ndawo G. (2021). Facilitation of emotional intelligence for the purpose of decision-making and problem-solving among nursing students in an authentic learning environment: A qualitative study. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 15, 100375. doi: 10.1016/j.ijans.2021.100375
  • Nightingale S, Spiby H, Sheen K, Slade P. (2018). The impact of emotional intelligence in health care professionals on caring behaviour towards patients in clinical and long-term care settings: Findings from an integrative review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 80, 106-117. doi: 10.1016/J.IJNURSTU.2018.01.006
  • Özcan Ş. (2022). The relationship between nurses’ conscientious intelligence levels and care behaviors: A cross-sectional study. Clinical Ethics, 17(2), 136-143. doi: 10.1177/1477750921994286
  • Özcan Ş, Yanmış S. (2022). Have we been able to improve the conscientious intelligence levels of nursing students sufficiently? Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 58(4), 1873-1881. doi: 10.1111/PPC.13001
  • Özden G, Parlar Kılıç S. (2024). Compassion in action: Exploring the relationship between nurse conscientious intelligence and palliative care. Nursing in Critical Care, 29(4), 695-705. doi: 10.1111/NICC.13005
  • Pakizekho S, Barkhordari-Sharifabad M. (2022). The relationship between ethical leadership, conscientiousness, and moral courage from nurses’ perspective. BMC Nursing, 21(1). doi: 10.1186/S12912-022-00941-Y
  • Palese A, Tomietto M, Suhonen R, Efstathiou G, Tsangari H, Merkouris A, et al. (2011). Surgical patient satisfaction as an outcome of nurses’ caring behaviors: A descriptive and correlational study in six European countries. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 43(4), 341-350. doi: 10.1111/J.1547-5069.2011.01413.X
  • Porter T, Schumann K. (2018). Intellectual humility and openness to the opposing view. Self and Identity, 17(2), 139-162. doi: 10.1080/15298868.2017.1361861
  • Rahkar Farshi M, Vahidi M, Jabraeili M. (2015). Relationship between emotional intelligence and clinical competencies of nursing students in Tabriz nursing and midwifery school. Research and Development in Medical Education, 4(1), 91-95. doi: 10.15171/RDME.2015.015
  • Rasheed SP, Younas A, Sundus A. (2019). Self-awareness in nursing: A scoping review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 28(5-6), 762-774. doi: 10.1111/JOCN.14708
  • Reeves S, Perrier L, Goldman J, Freeth D, Zwarenstein M. (2013). Interprofessional education: Effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (update). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013(3). doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002213.PUB3
  • Riess H. (2017). The Science of Empathy. Journal of Patient Experience, 4(2),74-77. doi:10.1177/2374373517699267
  • Shuman CJ, Liu X, Aebersold ML, Tschannen D, Banaszak-Holl J, Titler MG. (2018). Associations among unit leadership and unit climates for implementation in acute care: A cross-sectional study. Implementation Science : IS, 13(1), 62. doi: 10.1186/S13012-018-0753-6
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There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects ​Internal Diseases Nursing​
Journal Section Review
Authors

Ahmet Ceviz 0009-0004-3536-2113

Gürkan Özden 0000-0002-2775-3163

Submission Date January 13, 2025
Acceptance Date April 21, 2025
Publication Date April 25, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.54189/hbd.1619142
IZ https://izlik.org/JA24CK24FU
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ceviz, A., & Özden, G. (2026). Vicdani Zeka: Hemşirelik Uygulamalarında Değerli Bir Aracı. Hemşirelik Bilimi Dergisi, 9(1), 124-135. https://doi.org/10.54189/hbd.1619142