THE ROLE OF ISTIHALAH (TRANSFORMATION) AND ISTIHLAK (CONSUMPTION) IN THE PERMISSIBILITY OF VACCINES DERIVED FROM FORBIDDEN ORIGINS: AN ISLAMIC LAW PERSPECTIVE

Year 2023, , 1 - 23, 29.12.2023

Abdul Moben Amin , Haci Mehmet Günay

https://doi.org/10.51973/head.1338259

Abstract

The emergence of pandemics presents significant challenges to global health, economies, and societies at large. In such critical circumstances, the development and widespread adoption of effective vaccines are of utmost importance to protect lives, improve population health, and restore social and economic stability. Islamic jurisprudence, with its emphasis on the preservation of life and the wellbeing of individuals, plays a crucial role in influencing the acceptance and utilization of vaccines within societies that predominantly adhere to the Islamic faith. This article explores the role of two significant concepts in Islamic jurisprudence, namely Istihalah and Istihlak, in determining the permissibility (halal) of vaccines derived from sources that are considered haram. Focusing on materials such as animal tissues, human fetal tissues, pig gelatin, and alcohol, which may raise concerns re-garding their compliance with Islamic teachings, this article investigates the processes of transformation and purification involved in the production of such vaccines. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the permissibility of vac- cines derived from haram sources, drawing upon a wide range of scientific opinions, fatwas (religious decrees), classical and contemporary Islamic legal texts, and scientific research. It highlights that the prevailing view among the fatwa councils and the majority of Islamic scholars is that such vaccines are considered halal (permissible). Extensive research demonstrates that the 57 member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) exhibit a strong commitment to combating infectious diseases through the prioritized utilization of vaccines. Again, this article adopts a multidisciplinary approach encompassing scientific knowledge, bioethics, and Islamic jurisprudence to elucidate the alignment of vac cination methods with Islamic principles. The principal aim of this study is to enhance the informed decision-making process for healthcare professionals, policy-makers, and religious leaders by furnishing them with invaluable insights.

Keywords

Istihalah, Istihlak, Vaccines, Cell Lines, Porcine, Permissibility, Islamic Bioethics, Medical Ethics

İSLAM HUKUKU AÇISINDAN HARAM KÖKENLİ KATKILARLA ÜRETİLEN AŞILARIN MÜBAH OLMASINDA İSTIHALE VE İSTİHLAK'IN ROLÜ

Abstract

Hayvan veya insan cenin dokuları, domuz jelatini ve alkol gibi İslami öğretilere uygunluğu konusunda endişe yaratabilecek malzemelerle aşı üretimine odaklanan bu makale, haram kaynaklardan üretilen bu tür aşılarda meydana gelen dönüşüm ve saflaştırma süreçlerini incelemektedir. Bu makale, çok çeşitli bilimsel görüşler, fetvalar (dini hükümler), klasik ve çağdaş İslami hukuk metinleri ve bilimsel araştırmalardan yararlanarak haram kaynaklardan elde edilen aşıların caiz olup olmadığına dair kapsamlı bir analiz sunmaktadır. Fetva meclisleri ve İslam alimlerinin çoğunluğunda hâkim olan görüş, bu tür aşıların helal olduğu yönündedir. Kapsamlı araştırmalar, İslam İş birliği Teşkilatı'na (İİT) üye 57 ülkenin, aşıların öncelikli kullanımı yoluyla bulaşıcı hastalıklarla mücadelede güçlü bir kararlılık sergilediğini göstermektedir. Yine bu makale, aşı uygulama yöntemlerinin İslami ilkelerle uyumluluğunu aydınlatmak için bilimsel bilgi, biyoetik ve İslami hukukunu da kapsayan multidisipliner bir yaklaşımı benimsemektedir. Çalışmada birincil amaç, sağlık uzmanlarına, politika yapıcılara ve dini liderlere değerli bilgiler sunarak bu konuda daha bilinçli karar verilmesine katkıda bulunmaktır. Çalışmada ikincil amaç ise yine tüm ilgililere değerli bilgiler sunarak dahabilinçli karar verilmesini teşvik etmek ve Müslüman topluluklar arasında aşıların kabulünü desteklemektir

Keywords

İstihale, İstihlak, Aşı, Hücre Dizileri, Domuz, Mübah, İslami Biyoetik, Tıp Etiği.

References

• Ali, A., Lee, K.S.,Bukhsh, A., Al-Worafi, Y.M., Md. Sarker, M.R., Ming, L.C. and Khan, T.M. (2018). “Outbreak of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in Muslim Majority Countries.” Journal of Infection and Public Health 11(2):153–55. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2017.09.007.
• Al-Dusuqi, M. (1996). Hasyiah Al-Dusuqi ’ala al-Syarh al-Kabir. Beyrut: Dârü’l-kütübi’l-ilmiyye.
• Al-Ghananim, Q.I. (2008). Al-Isti- halah Wa Ahkamuha Fi al-Fiqh al-Islami. Amman: Dar al-Nafa’is.
• Al-Khatib, Y. (2003). “Al-Istihalah Wa Ahkamuha Fi al-Fiqh al-Islami.” Majallah Al-Majma’ al-Fiqhi AlIslami 16(183).
• Al-Nawawi, A. Z. M. (1995). Kitab Al-Majmu’ Syarh al-Mu- hadhdhab Li al-Shyirazi. Beyrut: Dar Ihya’ al- Turath al’Arabi.
• Al-Qurtubi, A.A.A.M. (1993). Al-Jami’ Li Ahkam al- Qur’an. Beyrut: Dar al-Kutub al’Ilmiyah. Al-Ramli, Shams al-Din Muhammad bin Abi al- ‘Abbas Ahmad bin Hamzah Shihab al-Din. n.d. Ghayat Al-Bayan Syarh Zubad Ibnu Ruslan. Beirut: Dar al-Ma’rifah.
• Anon. (2004). Tâcu’l-‘arûs min cevâhiri’l-kâmûs. Vol. XXVII. Kuveyt.
• Anon. n.d.-a. “Answering the Questions of the International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) in Washington, DC.” International Islamic Fiqh Academy. Retrieved May 22, 2023 (https://iifa- aifi.org/en/32277.html).
• Anon. n.d.-b. “Aşı İçerikleri.” Retrieved October 31, 2022 (https://asi.saglik.gov.tr/genel-bilg- iler/36-asi-icerikleri.html). Anon. n.d.-c. “EMA: Guideline on the Use of Porcine Trypsin Used in the Manufacture of Human Biological Medicinal Products.” Www.Sci-encepharma.Com. Retrieved July 17, 2023 (https://www.sciencepharma.com/news/chemis- try-manufacturing-and-control/ema-guideline- on-the-use-of-porcine-trypsin,p200001144).
• Anon. n.d.-d. “Fact-Checking Congress’s Fetal Tissue Report.” Retrieved June 5, 2023 (https://www.science.org/content/article/fact- checking-congress-s-fetal-tissue-report).
• Anon. n.d.-e. “Health Ministry Says Anti-Vaccine Movement Due to Fears of Pig DNA in Drugs Malay Mail.” Retrieved July 22, 2023 (https://www.malaymail.com/news/malay- sia/2015/10/26/health-ministry-says-anti-vac- cine-movement-due-to-fears-of-pig-dna-in- drugs/993787).
• Anon. n.d.-f. “How Are Vaccines Produced?” Vaccines Europe. Retrieved July 21, 2023 (https://www.vaccineseurope.eu/about-vac- cines/how-are-vaccines-produced).
• Anon. ts. “Istihâletu’n-Necâsât ve Alâkatu Ahkâmihâ Bi Isti‘Mâli’l-Muharram ve’n-Necis Fi’l-Gızâ ve’d-Devâ”, El-Meclisu’l Avrubbî Li’l-Iftâ ve’l-Buhûs,.”
• Anon. n.d.-g. “Vaccine Ingredients.” Retrieved July 13, 2023 (https://vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk/vaccine- ingredients).
• Aslan, M. (2016). “Islam Hukukuna Göre Istihâle ve Istihlâkin Necis Katki Maddesi Içeren Gida, Ilaç, Kozmetik ve Temizlik Malzemelerinin Hükmüne Etkisi.” Uluslararasi Sosyal Araştirmalar Dergisi 9(43).
• Bardakoğlu, A. (2003). İlmihal. Vol. 1. TDV. Ankara.
• Buhûtî, M. (2009). Keşşâfü’l-Kınâ‘ ‘an Metni’l-İknâ‘. Vol. 1. Beyrut: Dârü’l-Kütübi’l-Ilmiyye.
• Canada, Public Health Agency of. (2007a). “Con- tents of Immunizing Agents Authorized for Use in Canada: Canadian Immunization Guide.” Re- trieved July 13, 2023 (https://www.can- ada.ca/en/public-health/services/publica- tions/healthy-living/canadian-immunization- guide-part-1-key-immunization-infor- mation/page-15-contents-immunizing-agents- available-use-canada.html).
• Canada, Public Health Agency of. (2007b). “Contents of Immunizing Agents Available for Use in Canada: Canadian Immunization Guide.” Re- trieved October 17, 2022 (https://www.can- ada.ca/en/public-health/services/publica- tions/healthy-living/canadian-immunization- guide-part-1-key-immunization-infor- mation/page-15-contents-immunizing-agents- available-use-canada.html).
• Çayiroğlu, Y. (2013). “İslâm Hukukuna Göre Helâl Gıda Sorunu.” Doktora, Marmara Üniversitesi, Istanbul.
• Çeker, O. (2011). “İstihale.” Pp. 18–21 in 1. Ulusal Helâl ve Sağlıklı Gıda Kongresi (Ankara, 19-20 Kasım 2011). Vol. 1. Ankara.
• Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. (2023). “Vaccines, Blood & Biologics.” FDA. Re- trieved May 28, 2023 (https://www.fda.gov/vac- cines-blood-biologics).
• Cibiz, Y N. (2015). “İslam Hukukunda İstihlâk ve Hükümleri.” Yalova Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(9):225–48. doi: 10.17828/yasbed.89570.
• Department of Standards Malaysia (Standards Malaysıa). (2012). “MS 2424:2012 Halal Pharma- ceuticals – General Guidelines.”
• Frank, D., Offit, P.A. and Fisher, A. (2018). “Vaccine Safety.” in Plotkin’s Vaccines. Philadelphia: Elsevier.
• Dimyâtî, Ebû Bekr el-Bekrî İbnü’l-Arif Mu- hammed. n.d. I‘Ânetü’t-Tâlibîn ‘Alâ Halli Elfâzi Fethi’l-Mu‘În Li Sherhi Kurrati’l-‘ayn,. Vol. 4. Midyat.
• Diseases, AAP Committee on Infectious. 2018. Red Book (2018): Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases.
• Diyanet İşler Başkanığı. (2016). “Domuzdan üretilen jelatin caiz midir haberi hak.”
• Egan, W., and Theresa, M. F. (2018). “Vaccine Additives and Manufacturing Residu- als in Vaccines Licensed in the United States.” in Plotkin’s Vaccines. Philadelphia: Elsevie. El-Osmânî, M. T. (2011). Buhûs fî kadâyâ fıkhiyye mu‘âsıra. 2. Dımaşk: Dârü’l- Kalem.
• Etiler, N., ed. (2018). Birinci Basamak Sağlık Çalışanları Için Aşı Rehberi. 1st ed. Ankara: Türk Tabipleri Birliği Yayınları.
• European Medicines Agency. (2013). “Guideline on the Use of Porcine Trypsin Used in the Man- ufacture of Human Biological Medicinal Prod- ucts.”
• Garçon, N., and Martin, F. (2018). “Evolution of Adjuvants across the Centuries.” in Plotkin’s Vaccines. Philadelphia: Elsevie.
• Gazzâlî, H. E. H. M. (1997). El-Vasît Fi’l-Mezheb. Vol. 1. Dârü’s-Selâm.
• Gomez, P. L. and Robinson, J. M. (2018). “Vaccine Manufacturing.” in Plotkin’s Vaccines. Philadelphia.
• Grabenstein, J.D. (2013). “What the World’s Religions Teach, Applied to Vaccines and Im- mune Globulins.” Vaccine 31(16):2011–23. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.02.026.
• Hatîb, Y. n.d. “El-İstihâle ve ahkâmuhâ fi’l-fıkhi’l-İslamî.” (16):185–233.
• Hattab, E. A. Ş. M. (2003). Mevahibü’l-celil li-şerhi Muhtasarı Halil. Ri- yad : Dâru Âlemi’l-Kütüb.
• Ibn Kudâme, M. E. M. A. (1997). El-Kâfî,. Vol. 1. Dâru hicr.
• İbn Manzur, E. F. M.. n.d. Lisanü’l- Arab. Beyrut : Dâru Sadır.
• Ibnu ’Abidin, M. A. (1992). Rad Al-Muhtar ’ala al-Dur al Mukhtar. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.
• Ibnu al-Humam, Kamal al-Din Muhammad bin ‘Abd al-Wahid. n.d. Fath Al-Qadir. Vol. 1. Bei- rut: Dar al-Fikr. Ibnu Qayyim al-Jauz, A. A. M. (2002). I’lam Almuwaqqi’in ’an Rab al-’alamin. al-Qaherah: Dar al-Hadith.
• Ibnu Qudamah, A. M. M. n.d. Al- Mughni. Misr: Maktabah al-Qaherah.
• Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia (Jakim). (2014). Manual Procedure for Malaysia Halal Cer- tification (Third Revision) 2014. Malaysia.
• Josefsberg, J. O. and Buckland, B. (2012). “Vaccine Process Technology.” Biotech- nology and Bioengineering 109(6):1443–60. doi: 10.1002/bit.24493.
• Karadâğî, A.M. and Ali Y. E. M. (2011). Fıkhu’l-Kadâya et-Tıbbiyye El- Mu‘âsıra. 4. Beyrut: Dârü’l-Beşâiri’l Islamiyye. Karâfî, SHihabuddin Ahmed b. Idris. 1994. Ez- Zehîre. Vol. 4. Dârü’l-Garbi’l-Islamî.
• Kâsânî, A. E. B. (2010). Bedâi‘u’s-Sanâi‘ Fî Tertibi’ş-Şerâi‘. Vol. 4. Beyrut: Dârü’l-kütübi’l-ilmiyye.
• Okur, K.H. (2020). “İstihâle.” TDV İs- lâm Ansiklopedisi EK-1:672–74.
• Khoo, Y., Ghani, A., Navamukundan, A., Jahis, R. and Gamil, A. (2019). “Unique Product Quality Consideration in Vaccine Development, Registration and New Program Implementation in Malaysia.” Human Vaccines & Immunother- apeutics 16:1–9. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1667206.
• Kocourkova, A., Honegr, J., Kuca, K. and Danova, J. (2017). “Vaccine Ingredients: Components That Influence Vaccine Efficacy.” Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 17(5):451–66. doi: 10.2174/1389557516666160801103303.
• Yan, M., Shaw-Shaliba, K., Karyana, M. and Lau, C.Y. (2021). “Sharia (Islamic Law) Perspectives of COVID-19 Vaccines.” Frontiers in Tropical Diseases 2.
• Merginani, E. H. B. A. (1990). El-Hidâye. Beyrut: Dârü’l-kütübi ilmiye.
• Mes‘î, N. A. (2014). El-Ahâdîs ve’l-Âsâru’l-Vâride Fi’l-Istihâle. Kuveyt. Mevsili, Abdullah bn Mahmud. n.d. El-İhtiyar Ta’lili’l-Muhtar. Vol. 1. Beyrut: Dârü’l-kütübi’l- ilmiyye.
• Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH) and Depart- ment of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM). (2015). Frequently Asked Questions on Vaccine and Immunisation.
• Nedvî, E. R. Muhammed. (2006). “Tağayyuru’l-Mâhiye ve Eseruhu Fi’l- Ahkâmi’l-Fıkhiyye.” XIII(13).
• News, A. B. C. n.d. “What Aborted Fetuses Have to Do With Vaccines.” ABC News. Retrieved June 5, 2023 (https://abcnews.go.com/Health/aborted-fe- tuses-vaccines/story?id=29005539).
• Nezîh, H. (2004). El-Mevâddu’l-Muharrame ve’n-Necîse Fi’l-Ğızâ ve’d-Devâ Beyne’n- Nazariyye ve’t-Tatbîk. Dımaşk: Dârü’l-Kalem.
• Offit, P.A. and Jew, R.K. (2003). “Addressing Parents’ Concerns: Do Vaccines Contain Harmful Preservatives, Adjuvants, Additives, or Residuals?” Pediatrics 112(6 Pt 1):1394–97. doi: 10.1542/peds.112.6.1394.
• Pollard, A. J. and Bijker, E. M.. (2021). “A Guide to Vaccinology: From Basic Principles to New Developments.” Nature Reviews Immunol- ogy 21(2):83–100. doi: 10.1038/s41577-020- 00479-7.
• Remli, Ş. M. (1984). Nihayetü’l-muhtac ila şerhi’l-minhac. Beyrut: Dârü’l-Fikr.
• Rüşd, E.V. M. (1997). Bidâyetü’l- müctehid ve nihayetü’l-muktesıd. Vol. 3. Beyrut: Dârü’l-Ma‘rife,. Serahsi, Ebû Bekr Şemsüleimme Muhammed b Ahmed b Sehl. n.d.-a. El-Mebsut. Vol. XI. : Serahsi, Ebû Bekr Şemsüleimme Muhammed b Ahmed b Sehl. n.d.-b. El-Mebsut. Vol. XXIV. : Shirbînî, S. M. (1997). Muğni’l-Muhtâc Ilâ Ma‘rifeti Me‘Ânî Elfâzi’l-Minhâc. Vol. 1. Beyrut: Dârü’l-Ma‘rife.
• Şimşek, M. and Köse, S. (2011). “İstihlâk.” Pp. 18–21 in 1. Ulusal Helâl ve Sağlıklı Gıda Kongresi (Ankara, 19-20 Kasım 2011). Vol. 1. Ankara.
• Şirazi, E. İ. C. İ. (1996). El-Mühezzeb fî fıkhi’l-İmam eş- Şafii. Dımaşk : Dârü’l-Kalem.
• Zuhaylî, V. (1997). Ahkâmu’l-mevâddi’n- necise ve’l-muharreme fi’l-ğizâ ve’d-devâ. 1. Dımaşk: Dârü’l-mektebî.
• Wadman, M. (2017). “Henrietta Lacks Wasn’t the Only Woman Who Unknowingly Contributed to Medical History.” Slate, March 2. Wan Rohani, Wan Taib. 2017. “Issues in Vaccine Hesitancy in Malaysia: A Countering Ap- proach.”
• Wilson, G. (1967). The Hazards of Immunization. First Edition, First Printing. Athlone Press.
• Wilton, T., Dunn, G., Eastwood, D., Minor, P.D. and Martin, J. (2014). “Effect of Formaldehyde Inactivation on Poliovirus.” Journal of Virology 88(20):11955–64. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01809-14.
• Zerkeşî, B. M. (1982). El-Mensûr Fi’l-Kavâid. Vol. 1. kuveyt: Vizâretu’l-Evkâf ve’ş Şuûni’l-İslamiyye.
• Zeyla‘î, E. M. F. O. n.d.-a. Teby- inü’l-hakaik şerh-i kenzü’d-dekaik. Vol. 2. bu- lak: Maruf Yayınevi.
• Zeyla‘î, E. M. F. O. n.d.-b. Teby- inü’l-hakaik şerh-i kenzü’d-dekaik. Bulak.