Abstract
The Arabic literature has witnessed since its early times the interest and emphasis on a specific poem as well as the explanation and demonstration of its primary meanings and contextual clues. There is a close connection between grammar and literary texts, which made many linguists tend to explain these texts and derive meanings and grammar from them. Therefore, this study addresses the multi-levels of the linguistic analysis in a book that focused mainly on a single poem called ʿAjab al-ʿajab fi sharh lamiyya al-ʿArab " by al Zamakhshari (d. 538/1143). Lamiyya al-ʿArab is one of the most famous Arabic poems, and al-Zamakhshari is considered one of the most important linguists and grammarians.
In this poem, al-Shanfara was able to intensively use all the phonetic, morphological, syntactic and lexical capabilities of the language, so that the language was his primary tool in depicting his reality, describing his portrayals precisely accurately, expressing his most accurate emotions, as well as revealing his most important features from the sole of his foot to the top of his head. Consequently, he makes himself a person who leads and lives in each scene he describes. Then, after he is determined to leave, and informs his people about it, he provides us with an introduction highlighting his qualities and describing his suffering in the life of the tramp, which involved hunger, coldness and heat. The accuracy of the observation drives him to describe his cheering bow that mourns at the launch of their arrows, observe the movement of the hungry wolves whose mouths’ sides are like the cracks of the sticks, the movement of the snakes that fidget because of the hot ground, and the sounds of the grouses whose guts’ sounds are heard because of the severe thirst, the expression of the worries that besiege him from all sides, the crimes that follow him and penetrates him, as well as the description of his felted hair, which has not been combed for one year.
The study demonstrated, that al-Zamakhshari also employed Quranic verses, noble prophetic hadiths, poetic expressions, and Arabic proverbs to reveal the semantics, and he sometimes elaborates in mentioning the evidence. For instance, in his explanation of the first verse, he cited three poem verses and three Qur’anic verses. al-Zamakhshari is also known for his scientific integrity, whereby in many instances he is keen to attribute the words to their owners. In addition, al-Zamakhshari employed the phenomena of lamia as a starting point to theoretical statements, the discussions of controversial issues, and simplify the problems as much as possible. Further, al-Zamakhshari was skillful in addressing the morphological and syntactic issues and associating the grammatical rules with the literary and rhetorical style. Al-Zamakhshari cited the well-knowns scholars of language and grammar, such as Hebron, Sebaweh, Al-Kesa’ei, Al-Fara’a, Al-Akhfash, Al-Assma’ai, Ibn Kisan, Al-Farisi, and Al-Jawhari and extensively mentioned their grammatical perspectives.
Moreover, the article demonstrated the levels of the linguistic analysis in the explanation of the book. And that the lexical meaning (dictionary meaning) is the most common linguistic analysis used in the explanation of al-Zamakhshri in the majority of the poem verses. It also showed al-Zamakhshari's ingenuity in dealing with grammatical and morphological issues, while linking grammatical guidance to literary taste and rhetorical style. Al-Zamakhshari’s commentary also included the most important grammar issues that are frequently mentioned by grammaians and are found in the grammatical sources. Through reading in the book, he produced the" encyclopedia of Al-Zamakhshari", which combined various language sciences, in addition to religious and poetic abundance.
However, one of the most important methodological deficiencies that was directed towards the explanation of al-Zamakhshari of Arabs’ lamia was that he did not follow a specific approach in his explanation.
The method of the study was descriptive and analytical, and the research plan was presented, prepared, in six chapters and conclusion. The introduction includes the importance of the research, its goal, plan, limits, methodology, the profiling brief of the insembly, the al-Shanfara, lamiyya al-ʿArab, and the first chapter covers methodological features in the commentary. The second research highlightes the features of the phoneme. The third research highlightes the features of the semantic significance, the fourth discusses the grammar function, the fifth shows the features of the miracle significance, and the sixth stopps at the meaning of the liberation of meaning, followed by a conclusion that reflected the findings of the research, and a list of sources.