Pandeminin Gölgesinde Geçen 2 Yıl: Sorularla COVID-19

İmdat Kılbaş; Elmas Pınar Kahraman Kılbaş; İhsan Ciftci

doi:10.52827/hititmedj.937077

Review

Pandeminin Gölgesinde Geçen 2 Yıl: Sorularla COVID-19

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 22 - 28, 27.02.2022

İmdat Kılbaş , Elmas Pınar Kahraman Kılbaş , İhsan Ciftci

https://doi.org/10.52827/hititmedj.937077

Abstract

COVID-19 salgını ilk olarak 2019 yılında Çin’de başlamıştır. SARS-CoV-2 virüsünün neden olduğu bu hastalık kısa süre içinde bir pandemi haline gelmiştir. COVID-19’un beraberinde getirdiği toplumsal problemler, bu hastalıkla ilgili temel ve kanıta dayalı bilgilere yönelik çok sayıda soru gündeme getirmiştir. COVID-19 ile ilgili aşı ve tedavi çalışmaları artan hızda devam etmektedir. Bu makalede, COVID-19’un virolojisi, immünolojisi, tanısı, komorbiditeleri, epidemiyolojisi, tedavisi ve aşı geliştirme çalışmaları hakkında bazı sorular cevaplanmıştır.

Keywords

SARS-CoV-2,, Aşı, COVID-19, Epidemiyoloji, Viroloji

References

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9. Wölfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W et al. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature 2020;581:465-469.
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18. Moutchia J, Pokharel P, Kerri A et al. Clinical laboratory parameters associated with severe or critical novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and metaanalysis. PLoS One 2020;15:e0239802. ealth Res. 2020;4(3):240-249.
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20. Van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH et al. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV1. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1564-1567.
21. Astuti I, Ysrafil Y. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): An overview of viral structure nd host response. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020;14:407-412.
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23. Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? Lancet Resp Med 2020;8:21.
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28. Gattinoni L, Coppola S, Cressoni M, Busana M, Rossi S, Chiumello D. Covid19 does not lead to a “typical” acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2020;201:1299–300.
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30. Wu R, Wang L, Kuo HD et al. An Update on Current Therapeutic Drugs Treating COVID-19. Current Pharmacology Reports 2020;6:56-70.
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33. Cevik M, Marcus J, Buckee C, Smith T. SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics should inform policy. Clin Infect Dis 2021;73: 170-176.
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2 Years in the Shadow of the Pandemic: COVID-19 with Questions

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 22 - 28, 27.02.2022

İmdat Kılbaş , Elmas Pınar Kahraman Kılbaş , İhsan Ciftci

https://doi.org/10.52827/hititmedj.937077

Abstract

The COVID-19 outbreak first started in China in 2019. This disease, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, soon became a pandemic. The social problems brought about by COVID-19 have raised many questions about basic and evidence-based information about this disease. Vaccine and treatment studies related to COVID-19 continue at an increasing rate. In this article, some questions about the virology, immunology, diagnosis, comorbidities, epidemiology, treatment and vaccine development studies of COVID-19 are answered.

Keywords

COVID-19, epidemiology, SARS-CoV-2, vaccine, virology

References

1. Phelan AL, Katz R, Gostin LO. The Novel Coronavirus Originating in Wuhan, China: Challenges for Global Health Governance. JAMA 2020;323:709-710.
2. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/draft-landscapeof-covid-19-candidate-vaccines (Erişim tarihi 27 Kasım 2021).
3. De Wit E, Van Doremalen N, Falzarano D, Munster VJ. SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016;14:523–534.
4. Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 2020;579:270-273.
5. Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature 2003;426:450-454.
6. Tsan-Yuk LT, Ho-Hin SM, Tong YG et al. Identifying SARS-CoV-2- related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins. Nature 2020; 583:282-285.
7. Weston S, Frieman MB. COVID-19: knowns, unknowns, and questions. mSphere 2020;5:1-5.
8. Hui KPY, Cheung MC, Perera RAPM et al. Tropism, replication competence, and innate immune responses of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in human respiratory tract and conjunctiva: an analysis in ex-vivo and in-vitro cultures. Lancet Respir Med 2020;8:687-695.
9. Wölfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W et al. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature 2020;581:465-469.
10. Arabacı C, Aydın Tutak G, Eroglu Kesim B et al. SARS CoV-2 Virüsünün Özellikleri ve Mikrobiyolojik Tanısı. Eur Arc Med Res 2020;36:10-20.
11. Cevik M, Bamford CG, Ho A. COVID-19 pandemic-a focused review for clinicians. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020;26:842-847.
12. Klompas M, Baker MA, Rhee C. Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: theoretical considerations and available evidence. JAMA 2020;324:441-442.
13. Bialek S, Gierke R, Bowen V. Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Children-United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:422–426.
14. Parri N, Lenge M, Buonsenso D. Children with COVID-19 in pediatric emergency departments in Italy. N Engl J Med 2020;383:187-190.
15. https://www.healthline.com/health-news/risks-of-the-deltavariant-for-vaccinated-vs-unvaccinated-people (Erişim tarihi 3 Ekim 2021).
16. Kordzadeh-Kermani E, Khalili H, Karimzadeh I. Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and complications of COVID-19. Future Microbiol 2020;15:1287-1305.
17. Soraya GV, Ulhaq ZS. Crucial Laboratory Parameters in COVID19 Diagnosis and Prognosis:An Updated Meta-Analysis. SSRN Electronic Journal 2020;155:143–151.
18. Moutchia J, Pokharel P, Kerri A et al. Clinical laboratory parameters associated with severe or critical novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and metaanalysis. PLoS One 2020;15:e0239802. ealth Res. 2020;4(3):240-249.
19. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-first-antigentest-help-rapid-detection-virus-causes (Erişim tarihi 10 Ekim 2021).
20. Van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH et al. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV1. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1564-1567.
21. Astuti I, Ysrafil Y. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): An overview of viral structure nd host response. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020;14:407-412.
22. Çokuğraş H, Önal P. SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. Turk Pediatri Ars 2020;55:95–102.
23. Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? Lancet Resp Med 2020;8:21.
24. Cao W, Li T. COVID-19: towards understanding of pathogenesis. Cell Res 2020;30:367–369.
25. Roberts A, Paddock C, Vogel L, Butler E, Zaki S, Subbarao K. Aged BALB/c mice as a model for increased severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome in elderly humans. J Virol 2005;79:5833-5838.
26. Frieman M, Yount B, Agnihothram S et al. Molecular determinants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus pathogenesis and virulence in young and aged mouse models of human disease. J Virol 2012;86:884-897.
27. Sawalha AH, Zhao M, Coit P, Lu Q. Epigenetic dysregulation of ACE2 and interferon-regulated genes might suggest increased COVID-19 susceptibility and severity in lupus patients. Clin Immun 2020;215:108410.
28. Gattinoni L, Coppola S, Cressoni M, Busana M, Rossi S, Chiumello D. Covid19 does not lead to a “typical” acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2020;201:1299–300.
29. Kahraman Kılbaş EP, Altındiş M, Yılancıoğlu K et al. Update on the First Year of COVID-19. Mediterr J Infect Microb Antimicrob 2021;10:44.
30. Wu R, Wang L, Kuo HD et al. An Update on Current Therapeutic Drugs Treating COVID-19. Current Pharmacology Reports 2020;6:56-70.
31. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/40719/0/covid-19 rehberi eriksin hasta yonetimi ve tedavipdf.pdf (Erişim tarihi 16 Ekim 2021).
32. Gao J, Tian Z, Yang X. Breakthrough: chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies. Biosci Trends 2020;14:72-73.
33. Cevik M, Marcus J, Buckee C, Smith T. SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics should inform policy. Clin Infect Dis 2021;73: 170-176.
34. Hui KPY, Cheung MC, Perera RAPM et al. Tropism, replication competence, and innate immune responses of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in human respiratory tract and conjunctiva: an analysis in ex-vivo and in-vitro cultures. Lancet Respir Med 2020;8:687-695.
35. Thevarajan I, Nguyen THO, Koutsakos M et al. Breadth of concomitant immune responses prior to patient recovery: a case report of non-severe COVID-19. Nat Med 2020;26:453-455.
36. Rodda LB, Netland J, Shehata L et al. Functional SARS-CoV-2-specific immune memory persists after mild COVID-19. Cell 2021;184:169-183.
37. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-lifecoping/animals.html (Erişim tarihi 11 Aralık 2020).
38. https://www.dokuzeylul.com/hangi-covid-19-asisi-daha-iyimakale,149152.html (Erişim tarihi 16 Kasım 2021).
39. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19 (Erişim tarihi 27 Ekim 2021).
40. Ou X, Liu Y, Lei X. Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immunecross-reactivity with SARS-CoV. Nat Commun 2020;1620:11

There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	Turkish
Subjects	Clinical Sciences
Journal Section	Review
Authors	İmdat Kılbaş 0000-0002-8909-4140 Elmas Pınar Kahraman Kılbaş 0000-0003-1348-625X İhsan Ciftci 0000-0002-9812-134X
Publication Date	February 27, 2022
Submission Date	May 13, 2021
Acceptance Date	December 2, 2021
Published in Issue	Year 2022 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA	Kılbaş İ, Kahraman Kılbaş EP, Ciftci İ. Pandeminin Gölgesinde Geçen 2 Yıl: Sorularla COVID-19. Hitit Medical Journal. February 2022;4(1):22-28. doi:10.52827/hititmedj.937077

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