NFC Tabanlı Giyilebilir Elektrokimyasal Sensörlerin Geleceği: Biyobelirteç Takibi ve Kablosuz İletişimi Entegre Eden Bir İnceleme

Year 2026, Volume: 54 Issue: 2 , 85 - 97 , 31.03.2026

Hasret Turkmen

https://doi.org/10.15671/hjbc.1700698

https://izlik.org/JA62KG33WF

Abstract

Yakın Alan İletişimi (NFC), 13.56 MHz’de çalışan pilsiz bir arayüz olarak enerji hasadı ve veri aktarımını birleştirerek giyilebilir elektrokimyasal sensörlerde hızla benimsenmektedir. Bu derleme; anten/enerji hasadı, düşük güçlü potansiyostat/analog ön uç(AFE) ve akıllı telefon arayüzleri dâhil NFC-entegrasyon mimarilerini, glukoz, elektrolitler, pH ve stres hormonları gibi biyobelirteç uygulamaları üzerinden sistematik biçimde değerlendirir. Okuma mesafesi–güç bütçesi ödünleşimi, hareket artefaktları ve biyosıvılarda sürüklenme gibi başlıca sınırlamaları; devre ve malzeme düzeyindeki azaltma stratejileriyle birlikte özetler. Donanımın ötesinde, gürültü giderme, kalibrasyon ve gerçek zamanlı çıkarım için yapay zekâyı tartışır. Sağlık verisi mahremiyeti bağlamında NFC’ye özgü tehdit modelleri (dinleme, röle, taklit) ve karşı önlemleri (imzalı NDEF, erişim denetimi, post-kuantum kriptografi) değerlendirir. Ayrıca sürdürülebilirlik boyutunu; hafif ve geri dönüştürülebilir altlıklar, baskılı iletkenler ve enerji özerkliği perspektifinden ele alır. Sonuç olarak, güvenliğe duyarlı elektronik, yapay zeka destekli analiz ve sürdürülebilir üretimi bir araya getiren bir yol haritası sunarak pil gerektirmeyen NFC giyilebilir cihazların bakım noktası uygulamalarına (PoC) geçişini hızlandırmayı hedefler. 2021-2025 yılları arasında yayınlanan hakemli literatürün bu incelemesi, en son gelişmelere öncelik vermektedir.

Keywords

Elektrokimyasal sensor , giyilebilir elektronikler , NFC , güvenlik

Project Number

123C441

The Future of NFC-Based Wearable Electrochemical Sensors: A Review Integrating Biomarker Tracking and Wireless Communication

https://izlik.org/JA62KG33WF

Abstract

Near Field Communication (NFC), a battery-free interface operating at 13.56 MHz and combining energy harvesting and data transmission, is rapidly being adopted in wearable electrochemical sensors. This review systematically evaluates NFC-integration architectures, including antenna/energy harvesting, low-power potentiostat/analog front-end (AFE), and smartphone interfaces, for applications with biomarkers such as glucose, electrolytes, pH, and stress hormones. It summarizes key limitations, such as read distance–power budget tradeoffs, motion artifacts, and drift in biofluids, along with mitigation strategies at the circuit and material levels. Beyond hardware, it discusses artificial intelligence for denoising, calibration, and real-time inference. It evaluates NFC-specific threat models (eavesdropping, relay, spoofing) and countermeasures (signed NDEF, access control, post-quantum cryptography) in the context of health data privacy. It also addresses the sustainability dimension from the perspective of lightweight and recyclable substrates, printed conductors, and energy autonomy. Ultimately, it aims to accelerate the migration of battery-free NFC wearables to point-of-care (PoC) applications by providing a roadmap that combines security-aware electronics, AI-powered analytics, and sustainable manufacturing. This review of the peer-reviewed literature published between 2021 and 2025 prioritises the most recent developments.

Keywords

Electrochemical Sensor , Wearable Electronics , NFC , Security

Ethical Statement

This manuscript is a literature review that synthesizes and analyzes findings from previously published studies; it does not involve any new experiments with human participants, animals, cell lines, unpublished data, or confidential patient information. Consequently, ethical approval and informed consent were not required. All sources used in this review are properly cited and publicly accessible. The author has adhered to high standards of academic integrity, avoided plagiarism, and accurately represented the findings of the works discussed. The author declares that they have no competing interests, financial or otherwise, that could have influenced the content or interpretation of this review. No funding body had any role in the design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, or writing the manuscript.

Supporting Institution

Hasret Turkmen was supported by TUBİTAK (Scientific and Technological Research Council of TÜRKİYE) [No: 123C441].

Project Number

123C441

Thanks

The author would like to thank the editors and anonymous referees who provided insightful suggestions and comments to improve the quality of the review paper.

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