Comprehensive Characterization of Janthinobacterium kumbetense sp. nov. (GKT): Industrial Enzyme Production, Antimicrobial Resistance and Optimization of Violacein Production with Its Bioactive Properties

Year 2026, Volume: 54 Issue: 2 , 109 - 121 , 31.03.2026

Burak Karaca , Remziye Nalcacioglu , Hatice Katı

https://doi.org/10.15671/hjbc.1754147

https://izlik.org/JA74LK28UY

Abstract

In this study, we aimed to screen for Janthinobacterium kumbetense GKT strain production of industrially important enzymes and to assess its antimicrobial resistance profile. Additionally, to enhance violacein production by GKT strain, we investigated the optimum cultivation conditions for this bacterium and the biological properties of crude violacein extract, including its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The GKT strain demonstrated proteolytic, lipolytic, and chitinolytic activities. Furthermore, the antibiotic susceptibility test showed that it was resistant to 5 out of the 15 antibiotics tested. Subsequently, the effects of different growth media, temperatures, pH levels, agitation rates, inoculum amounts, incubation times, carbon and nitrogen sources, and NaCl concentrations on violacein production by the GKT strain were examined. The maximum violacein yield of 28.7 μg/ml was achieved when the strain was incubated at 22°C for 72 hours under static conditions in nutrient broth with a pH of 6.4. Also, violacein yield increased with the addition of 1% pepton and 1% glucose as nitrogen and carbon sources, respectively. Violacein pigment, extracted using either methanol or ethanol, was found to inhibit the growth of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, B. cereus and E. faecalis. However, no-activity was seen on tested fungus strains. Additionally, violacein showed antioxidant activity against ABTS and DPPH radicals with IC50 values of 307 μg/ml and 261 μg/ml, respectively. Current research findings suggest that violacein pigment of GKT strain has potent antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and can be used in applications in the pharmaceutical industry.

Keywords

Janthinobacterium kumbetense , pigment , violacein , antimicrobial , antibiotic susceptibility , enzyme activity

Thanks

The authors gratefully acknowledge Prof. Dr. Berna Tunali (Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayıs University) and Hatice Karadeniz (Giresun Food Control Laboratory) for providing the fungal isolates used in this study.

Janthinobacterium kumbetense sp. nov. (GKT)'un Kapsamlı Karakterizasyonu: Endüstriyel Enzim Üretimi, Antimikrobiyal Direnç ve Biyoaktif Özellikleriyle Violacein Üretiminin Optimizasyonu

https://izlik.org/JA74LK28UY

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Janthinobacterium kumbetense GKT suşunun endüstriyel öneme sahip enzimleri üretim potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesi, antimikrobiyal direncinin belirlenmesi, violacein üretiminin optimize edilmesi ve ham violacein ekstraktının biyoaktif özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlamıştır. GKT suşu proteolitik, lipolitik ve kitinolitik aktiviteler göstermiştir. Ayrıca, antibiyotik duyarlılık testi, kullanılan 15 antibiyotiğin 6'sına dirençli olduğunu göstermiştir. Daha sonra, farklı büyüme ortamlarının, sıcaklıkların, pH seviyelerinin, çalkalama hızlarının, inokülüm miktarlarının, inkübasyon sürelerinin, karbon ve azot kaynaklarının ve NaCl konsantrasyonlarının GKT suşu tarafından violacein üretimi üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. En yüksek violacein verimi olan 28.7 μg/mL, suşun pH'sı 6,4 olan nutrient broth besiyerinde statik koşullar altında 22°C'de 72 saat inkübe edilmesiyle elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca, sırasıyla azot ve karbon kaynağı olarak %1 pepton ve %1 glikoz eklenmesiyle violacein veriminde artış gözlenmiştir. Metanol veya etanol kullanılarak ekstrakte edilen violacein pigmentinin S. aureus, S. epidermidis, B. cereus ve E. faecalis'in büyümesini engellediği bulunmuştur. Ancak, test edilen mantar suşlarında herhangi bir aktivite görülmemiştir. Ek olarak, violacein ABTS ve DPPH radikallerine karşı sırasıyla 307 μg/mL ve 261 μg/mL IC50 değerleriyle antioksidan aktivite göstermiştir. Güncel araştırma bulguları, GKT suşuna ait violacein pigmentinin güçlü antimikrobiyal ve antioksidan aktivitelere sahip olduğunu ve ilaç endüstrisindeki uygulamalarda kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.

Keywords

Janthinobacterium kumbetense , violacein , pigment , antimikrobiyal aktivite , antibiyotik duyarlılığı , enzim aktivitesi

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