Are There any Toxic Effects of Food Additive Tricalcium Phosphate on Pregnant Rats and Their Fetuses?

Abstract

The aim of the study was to evaluate the maternal and fetal developmental toxicity of food additive Tricalcium phosphate TCP in Wistar rats. Two doses of TCP E341 175 mg/kg bw/day TCP I group and 350 mg/kg bw/day TCP II group were administered to rats during gestation days GD 0-20. The possible toxic effects of TCP exposure were investigated by biochemical, histopathological and morphological examinations. All dams were observed for maternal body weights, food and water consumptions and subjected to caesarean- section on gestation day GD20. According to maternal haematological analysis, lymphocyte, monocyte and neutrophil percentages were changed in TCP I and TCP II groups. Biochemical analysis showed that while enzyme activi- ties of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and levels of urea and creatinine did not change among groups; alkaline phosphatase activity increased in TCP I group. There were histopathological changes in maternal liver, kidney, heart, brain tissues and fetal liver, kidney and placenta tissues in treatment groups.

Keywords

• TCP,histopathology,placenta,E341

Gıda Katkı Maddesi Olan Trikalsiyum Fosfatın Gebe Sıçanlar ve Fötusları Üzerinde Toksik Etkisi Var mıdır?

Abstract

B u çalışmanın amacı bir gıda katkı maddesi olan Trikalsiyum fosfat TCP ’ın Wistar sıçanlarda maternal ve fötal toksisitesini değerlendirmektir. 0-20. gebelik günlerinde GD TCP’nin E341 iki dozu olan 175 mg/kg vücut ağırlığı/gün TCP I grubu ve 350 mg/kg vücut ağırlığı/gün TCP II grubu . TCP maruziyetinin olası toksik etkileri biyokimyasal, histopatolojik ve morfolojik analizler ile araştırılmıştır. Bütün gebe sıçanlar maternal vücut ağırlığı, yem ve su tüketimi açıdan incelenmiş ve GD 20’de sezeryan yapılmıştır. Maternal hemotolojik analizlere göre, lenfosit, monosit ve nötrofil yüzdeleri TCPI ve TCPII gruplarında değişmiştir. Biyokimyasal analizler aspartat aminotransferaz, alanin aminotransferaz enzim aktiviteleri ve üre, kreatin seviyelerinde değişiklik olmadığını; TCPI grubunda alkalin fosfataz aktivitesinin arttığını göstermektedir. TCP uygulama gruplarında maternal karaciğer, böbrek, kalp, beyin ve fötal karaciğer, böbrek ve plasenta dokularında histopatolojik değişiklikler tespit edilmiştir

Keywords

• TCP,histopatoloji,plasenta,E341

References

1. 1. M.L. Weiner, W.F. Salmine, P.R. Larson, R.A. Barter, J.L. Kranetz, GS. Simon, Toxicological review of inorganic phosphates, Food & Chem. Toxicol., 39(2001)759.
2. 2. Lianyungang Longyi Industry website (2010). Tricalcium phosphate (Food additive). http:// cx2222371.en.made-in-china.com/product/ teQmwJfvRGIz/China-Tricalcium-PhosphateFood-Grade.html. Accessed 3 August 2011.
3. 3. Shifang Weifeng Chemical Company website, China. http://www.weifengchem.com /product /83- tricalcium-phosphate-tcp-food-grade-ecf8/ Accessed 10 September 2010.
4. 4. C. Güngörmüş, A. Kılıç, M.T. Akay, D. Kolankaya, The effects of maternal exposure to food additive E341 (TCP) on fetal development of rats, Enviro. Toxicol. Pharma., 29 (2010) 111.
5. 5. Stauffer Chemical Company website, Acute Toxicity Test Battery for Tricalcium Phosphate, Anhydrous. Stauffer Report, 1985.
6. 6. I. Chahoud, A. Ligensa, L. Dietzel, A.S. Faqia, Correla-tion between maternal toxicity and embryo/ fetal effects, Reproductive Toxicol., 13 (1999) 375.
7. 7. Y. Xu, S. Agrawal, T.J. Cook, G.T. Knipp, Maternal Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate exposure influences essential fatty acid homeostasis in rat placenta. Placen., 29 (2008) 962.
8. 8. JECFA website (2010), Summary of Evaluations Performed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jeceval/jec_2306.htm. Accessed 17 June 2011.

9. 9. National Research Council, Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, National Academy, Washington, DC, 1996.
10. 10. R. Sokal, F.J. Rohlf, Biometry, third ed., W.H. Freeman and Company, NY (Section 9), 1995.
11. 11. Guidelines for Developmental Toxicity Risk Assessment EPA/600/FR-91/001. Published on December 5, Federal Register 56, 234 (1991) 63798.
12. 12. Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture website, 2010, International Food Consumption Patterns http://www.ers.usda.gov/ Data/InternationalFoodDemand/ Accessed 20 August 2011.
13. 13. F.J.R. Paumgartten, R.R. De-Carvalho, I.B. Araujo, F.M. Pinto, O.O. Borges, C.A.M. Souza, S.N. Kuriyama, Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of annatto in the rat, Food & Chem. Toxicol., 40 (2002) 1595.
14. 14. B.K. Nelson, W.S. Brightwell, A. Khan, J.R. Burg, Goad PT Lack of selective developmental toxicity of three butanol isomers administered by inhalation to rats. Fund. & Appl. Toxicol., 12 (1989) 469.
15. 15. F. Tacke, G.J. Randolph, Migratory fate and differentiation of blood monocyte subsets., Immunobiol., 211 (2006) 609.
16. 16. Y. Wang, K. Suib, H. Li, H. Ma, The effects of lead exposure on placental NF-B expression and the consequences for gestation, Reproduc. Toxicol., 27 (2009) 190.
17. 17. World Health Organization, Environmental Health Criteria, 134 Cadmium, IPCS, Geneva, 1992.
18. 18. A. Minami, A. Takeda, D. Nishibaba, S. Takefuta, N. Oku, Cadmium toxicity in synaptic neurotransmission in the brain, Brain Resear., 894 (2001) 336.
19. 19. A. Takeda, S. Takefuta, H. Ljiro, S. Okada, N. Oku, Cd transport in rat brain, Brain Res. Bull., 49 (1999) 453.
20. 20. K. Weizsaecker, Lead toxicity during pregnancy, Primary Care Update for OB/GYNS, 10 (2003) 304.
21. 21. M.T. Antonio, I. Corpas, M.L. Leret, Neurochemical changes in newborn rat’s brain after gestational cadmium and lead, Tox. Lett., 104(1999) 1.
22. 22. L. Yáñez, L. Carrizales, M.T. Zanatta, J. Mejía, L. Batres, F. Díaz-Barriga, Arsenic-cadmium interaction in rats: toxic effects in the heart and tissue metal shifts, Toxicol., 67 (1991) 227.
23. 23. S.N. Weis, A.M. Favero, E.C. Stangherlin, F.G. Manarin, J.B.T. Rocha, C.W. Nogueira, G. Zeni, Repeated administration of diphenyl diselenide to pregnant rats induces adverse effects on embryonic/fetal development, Reproduc. Toxicol., 23 (2007) 175.