Sustainable Use of Water in Urban Design

Abstract

Urban ecosystems have changed considerably nowadays, due to increasing population growth and dense settlements. These changes have caused the depletion of resources and disruption of natural balance. ‘’Water Efficient Urban Design’’ or “Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems” are the most important approaches in order to prevent the most vital resource, water to reach a point where it is exhausted. In this study, the aforementioned approaches are explained and examples around the world are discussed.

Keywords

• Water,Sustainability,Water Efficient Urban Design,Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems

Kentsel Tasarımda Suyun Sürdürülebilir Kullanımı

Abstract

G ünümüzde yaşanan nüfus artışı ve yoğun yapılaşma ile kentsel ekosistemler büyük ölçüde değişmiştir. Bu değişimler kaynakların hızla tükenmesine ve doğal dengenin bozulmasına neden olmuştur. En önemli yaşamsal kaynak olan suyun, giderek tükenme noktasına gelmesinin engellenmesindeki en önemli yaklaşımlar “Su Etkin Kentsel Tasarım” veya “Sürdürülebilir Kentsel Drenaj Sistemleri”dir. Bu çalışma kapsamında söz konusu yaklaşımlar açıklanmış ve dünya’daki örnekler tartışılmıştır

Keywords

• Su, Sürdürülebilirlik, Su Etkin Kentsel Tasarım, Sürdürülebilir Kentsel Drenaj Sistemleri

References

1. 1. L. Locatelli, O. Mark, S. Mikkelsen, K. ArnbjergNielsen, M.B. Jensen, P.J. Binning, Modelling of green roof hydrological performance for urban drainage applications, Journal of Hydrology, 519 (2014) 3237– 3248.
2. 2. S. Beecham, M. Razzaghmanesh, Water quality and quantity investigation of green roofs in a dry climate, Water Research, 70 (2015) 370-384.
3. 3. E. Oktay, R. Erdoğan, Doğa, Su ve İnsan, TMMOB Peyzaj Mimarları Odası Yayını 2012/2013, (2012), 31-37.
4. 4. F. Şavklı, T. Yılmaz, Evaluation of water supply possibilities for water structures in urban squares according to user preferences, Digital Proceeding Of THE ICOEST’2013 Cappadocia, 18-21 Haziran, Nevşehir (Turkey), 467-476.
5. 5. G. Muratoğlu, Peyzaj Mimarlığında Su Kullanımı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2010.
6. 6. Ö.L. Çorbacı, M. Özyavuz, M.E. Yazgan, Peyzaj Mimarlığında Suyun Akıllı Kullanımı: Xeriscape, Tarım Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 4 (2011) 25-31.
7. 7. G. Alhanlıoğlu, Kentsel Mekanda Su Elemanı: Boğaziçi’ne Dökülen Dereler, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, 2006.
8. 8. Anonymous, Water Sensitive Urban Design, Date of access: 27.02.2015. Accessed at: http://www. dcmtbarker.sa.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/Fact_ Sheet_3_Water_Sensitive_Urban_Design__Aug_2007. pdf, 2015a.

9. 9. Anonymous, Water Sensitive Urban Design, Introdution, Chapter 1, Date of access: 23.03.2015. Accessed at:https://www.sa.gov.au/_ _data/assets/pdf_ file/0015/11364/WSUD_chapter_1.pdf, 2015b.
10. 10. Anonymous, Evaluating Options for Water Sensitive Urban Design-A National Guide, Date of access: 24.02.2015. Accessed at:http://www.environment.gov. au/system/files/resources/1873905a-f5b7-4e3c-8f45- 0259a32a94b1/files/wsud-guidelines.pdf, 2015c.
11. 11. S. Wilson, B. Bray, S. Neesam, S. Bunn, E. Flanagan, Sustainable Drainage, Date of access: 14.04.2015. Accessed at: https://www.cambridge.gov.uk/sites/ default/files/docs/SUDS-Design-and-Adoption-Guide. pdf, 2006.
12. 12. Anonymous, Water Sensitive Urban Design Technical Manual, Swale and Buffer Strips, Chapter 11, Date of access: 24.03.2015. Accessed at: https://www. sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/20917/WSUD_ chapter_11.pdf, 2015d.
13. 13. Anonymous, , Melbourne Water, Swales, Date of access: 25.03.2015. Accessed at: http://www.melbournewater. co m . a u /P l a n n i n g -a n d - b u i l d i n g /Sto r mwa te r management/WSUD_treatments/Pages/Swales.aspx, 2015e.
14. 14. Anonymous, Swales and Buffers, Date of access: 30.03.2015. Accessed at: http://www.derwentestuary. org.au/assets/WSUD_Guidelines_-_Chap_7_-_Swales_ and_buffers.pdf, 2015f.
15. 15. Anonymous, Gold Coast, Our Living City, Date of access: 28.03.2015. Accessed at: http://www.goldcoast.qld.gov. au/gcplanningscheme_0509/attachments/policies/ policy11/section_13_0_introduction_WSUD_guidelines. pdf, 2007.
16. 16. Anonymous, Water Sensitive Urban Design Technical Manual Greater Adelaide Region, Bioretention Systems for Streetscapes, Chapter 10, Date of access: 26.03.2015 Accessed at: https://www.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_ file/0010/19837/WSUD_chapter_10.pdf, 2015g.
17. 17. Anonymous, New Jersey Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual, Date of access 26.03.2015. Accessed at: http://www.nj.gov/dep/stormwater/tier_A/pdf/NJ_ SWBMP_9.1%20print.pdf, 2015h.
18. 18. J. Vymazal, Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment, Water, 2 (2010) 530-549.
19. 19. Anonymous, Water Sensitive Urban Design Technical Manual Greater Adelaide Region, Constructed Wetlands, Chapter 13, Date of access: 27.03.2015. Accessed at: https://www.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_ file/0010/19099/WSUD_chapter_13.pdf, 2015ı.
20. 20. N. Karadeniz, Sultansazlığı Örneğinde Islak Alanlarının Çevre Koruma Açısından Önemi Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 1995.
21. 21. Anonymous, Water Sensitive Urban Design Technical Manual Greater Adelaide Region, Rain Gardens,Green Roofs and Infiltration Systems, Chapter 6, Date of access: 30.03.2015. Accessed date: https://www. sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/11540/WSUD_ chapter_6.pdf, 2015i.
22. 22. Islington, Promoting Sustainable Drainage Systems Design Guidance for Islington, Date of access: 02.04.2015. Accessed at: http://www.islington.gov. uk/publicrecords/library/Environmental-protection/ Information/Guidance/2011 2012/(2012-03-03)-SUDScover-and-contents.pdf, 2015.
23. 23. Anonymous, Water Sensitive Urban Design Guidelines, For Individual Lots, Infill Development and Subdivision, Date of access : 29.03.2015. Accessed at: www. busselton.wa.gov.au/.../developercontrpl..., 2015j.
24. 24. A. Graham, J. Day, B. Bray, S. Mackenzie, Sustainable drainage systems, Date of access: 27.04.2015. Accessed at : http://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/SuDS_report_final_ tcm9-338064.pdf, 2015.
25. 25. Anonymous, Water Sensitive Urban Design Technical Manual Greater Adelaide Region, Pervious Pavement, Chapter 7, Date of access: 01.04.2015. Accessed at https: //www.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/9550/ WSUD_chapter_7.pdf, 2015k.
26. 26. Urban Green-Blue Grids, Date of access: 03.05.2015. Accessed at: http://www.urbangreenbluegrids.com/ projects/waternet-office-amsterdam/, 2015.
27. 27. Green Infrastructure Evidence Base, Date of access: 27.04.2015, Accessed at: http://gievidencebase. botanicgardens.sa.gov.au/contents/7-watermanagement., 2015.
28. 28. G. Grant, Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) Sustainable Drainage Systems (SUDS from theory to practice), Date of access:14.04.2015. Accessed at: http://www.gov.scot/resource/doc/1221/0120064.pdf, 2011.
29. 29. Anonymous, Queens Botanical Garden Visitor and Administration Center, Date of access:07.04.2015. Accessed at: http://www.greenroofs.com/projects/ pview.php?id=653, 2015l.
30. 30. SSI, The Sustainable sites initiative: The Case for Sustainable Landscapes, Date of access: 12.06.2013. Accessed at: http://www.sustainablesites.org/report/, 2009.
31. 31. Queens Botanic Garden, Date of access: 15.11.2014. Accessed at: http://www.queensbotanical.org.,2014.
32. 32. Beam Parklands, Beam Parklands Green Infrastructure Case Study, Date of access: 04.04.2015. Accessed at: file:///C:/Users/pc/Downloads/3466_Beam%20 GI%20Case%20Study.pdf, 2015.
33. 33. ARUP,. Design with water, Date of access: 12.02.2015. Accessed at: http://www.greenroofs.com/projects/ pview.php?id=653, 2013.
34. 34. E2DESIGNLAB, Royal Park Wetland and Stormwater Harvesting System, Date of access: 29.03.2015. Accessed at: http://e2designlab.com.au/projects/ legacy-projects/i_31-royal-park-wetland-andstormwater-harvesting-system, 2015.
35. 35. DAC&CITIES, Upton: Drainage Scheme Makes for Peace of Mınd In Urban Extension, Date of access: 25.04.2015. Accessed at: http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-cities/ sustainable-cities/all-cases/water/upton-drainagescheme-makes-for-peace-of-mind-in-urban-extension/, 2015.
36. 36. A. A., Karadağ, O., Uzun, Watershed Management And Its Effects On Turkey’s Trans-Boundary Water Policies. International Davraz Congress On Social and Economic Issues Shaping The World’s Future: New Global Dialogue. University of Süleyman Demirel, (2009), Isparta, Turkey.
37. 37. Devlet Su İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Tarım (Sulamanın Önemi).Date of access: 18.01.2013,Accessed at: DSİ Genel Müdürlüğü. www.dsi.gov.tr/docs/hizmet-alanlari/ tarim-sulama.pdf?sfvrsn=2, 2012