Azolla-Anabaena İlişkisi ve Dayanıklı Tarımdaki Önemi

Year 2012, Volume: 40 Issue: 1, 1 - 6, 01.01.2012

Waseem Raja Preeti Rathaur Suchit A. John Pramod W. Ramteke

Abstract

A zolla-Anabaena ilişkisinin, atmosferik azotu daha ucuz ve hızlı bir şekilde temin etme kapasitesi ve azotu bitkilerin hasatı için ulaşılabilir hale getirmesi tarımsal açıdan oldukça önemlidir. Sistemin azot temin etme kapasitesi yaprakların sırt kısımlarında konaklayan simbiyotik siyano bakterilerden kaynaklanır. Sistem toprak verimliliğini artırmada ve korumada yardımcı olduğu ve dolayısıyla uzun vadede ekolojik sürdürebilirliği sağladığı için önemlidir. Sistem yeşil gübre, su arıtıcı, hayvan yemi vb. gibi diğer kullanım alanlarından dolayı “yeşil altın madeni” olarak anılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte muazzam potansiyeline rağmen bu birlikteliğin kullanımı hala yetersizdir

Keywords

Azolla-Aanabaena sistemi, Azot özümseme, Biyoaşılayıcı, Ekolojik sürdürebilirlik

Azolla-Anabaena Association and Its Significance In Supportable Agriculture ​

Abstract

The Azolla-Anabaena association is important agronomically owing to its capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen at cheaper and faster rates and making it available to crop plants. Nitrogen fixing capacity of the system is due to the presence of a symbiotic cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae which inhabits the dorsal lobe of the leaves. The system is important as it helps in enrichment and maintaining soil fertility and thus offers sound ecological sustainability on a long term basis. Owing to its several other uses as green manure, water purifier, animal feed etc. The system is referred to as “green gold mine”. However, it is still an underutilized association with tremendous potential for exploitation.

Keywords

Azolla-Aanabaena system, Nitrogen fixation, Bioinoculant, Ecological sustainability

References

• AW. Moore, Azolla: Biology and Agronomic signi- ficance, Bot. Rev., 35 (1969) 17.
• K. Singh, Multiplication and utilization of fern Azolla containing nitrogen fixing Algal symbionts as a green manure in rice cultivation, Riso 46 (1977) 642.
• PK. Singh, Use of Azolla in rice production in India; in nitrogen and Rice pp (1979) 407 (Philippines; IRRI).
• A. Singh and O.N Srivastava Effect of different soil pH on the growth of Azolla pinnata R Brown; Geobios 3 (1984) 123.
• PK. Singh, Biofertilization of rice crop. In Sen SP and Palit P (eds), Biofertilizers: Potentials and problems, Plant Physiology Forum, Calcutta, India, (1988) 109.
• DP. Singh, PK., Singh Influence of rate and time of A. caroliniana inoculation and its growth and N fixation 2 and yield of rice (Oryza sativa), Ind. J. Agric. Sci., 65 (1995) 10. 7. RN. Konar, RK. Kapoor, Anatomical studies on Azolla pinnata, Phytomorphology 22 (1972) 211.
• LV. Hills, B. Gopal, Azolla primaeva and its phylo- genetic significance, Can.J.Bot.,45 (1967) 1179.
• HK. Svenson, The new World species of Azolla, Am. Fern. J., 34 (1944) 69.
• SK. Perkins, GA. Peters, TA. Lumpkin, HE. Calvert Scanning electron microscopy of purine architecture as a taxonomic tool in the genus Azolla Lamark. Scann., Elec.Micro., 4 (1985) 1719.
• KK. Stergianou, K. Fowler, Chromosome numbers and taxonomic implications in the fern genus Azolla (Azollaceae)., Plant. Syst. Evol., 173 (1990) 223.
• Zimmerman, BH Rosen, TA Lumpkin, Enzymatic, lectin and morphological characterization and classification of presumptive cyanobionts from Azolla Lam; New Phytol. 113 (1989) 497.
• J. Plazinski, The Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis; in Molecular Biology of symbiotic nitrogen fixation (1990) , ed PM Gresshoff, New York; CRC Press.
• DL. Eskew, Caetano-Anolles, BJ. Bassam, PM. Gresshoff, DNA amplification fingerprinting of the Azolla-Anabena symbiosis, Plant Mol. Biol., 21 (1993) 363.
• BV. Coppenolle, I. Watanabe, C. Van Hove, G. Second, N. Huang, SR. McCouch, Genetic diversity and phylogeny analysis of Azolla based on DNA amplification by arbitrary primers, Genome, 36 (1993) 686.
• JJ. Kim, N. Krawczyk, K. Lorenty, WP. Zimmerman, Fingerprinting of cyanobionts and hosts of the Azolla symbiosis by DNA amplification, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 13 (1997) 97.
• M. Kondo, M. Kobayashi, E. Takahashi, Effect of phosphorus on Azolla and its utilization in rice culture in niger; Plant soil, 120 (1989) 165.
• I. Watanabe, CR. Espinas, NS. Berja, BV. Alimango, Utilization of the Azolla-Anabaena complex as a nitrogen fertilizer for rice. IRRI Research Paper Series 11 (1982) 1.
• AL. Singh, PK. Singh Influence of Azolla management on the growth, yield of rice and soil fertility, I. Azolla growth, Nitrogen fixation and growth on yield of rice, Plant Soil, 102 (1987) 41.
• S. Kannaiyan, S. Subramani Use of Azolla biofertilizer for rice crop. In: Proceedings of national Symposium on Cyanobactyerial Nitrogen Fixation, Kaushik BD (ed), Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, (1983) 281.
• PK. Singh, Use of Azolla in Asian Agriculture; Appl. Agric Res. 4 (1989) 149.
• M. Alexander, Introduction to soil microbiology, John Wiley& Sons, New York, 47 (1988) 239.
• YV. Singh, BV. Singh, S. Pabbi, PK. Singh, Impact of organic farming on yield and quality of basmati rice and soil properties, http://orgprints.org. (2007)
• KKR. Bhardwaj, AC. Gaur, Effect of humic and pelvic acid on growth and efficiency of nitrogen fixation by Azotobacter chroococcum, Folia Microbiol., 15 (1970) 364.
• S. Krishnakumar, A. Saravanan, SK. Natarajan, V. Veerbadaran, S. Mani, Microbial population and enzymatic activity as influenced by organic farming, Res. J. Agric & Biol Sci., 1 (2005) 85.
• G. M. Wagner, Azolla: a review of its biology and utilization, Bot. Rev., 63 (1997) 1.
• OA. Alalade, EA. Iyayi, Chemical composition and the feeding value of Azolla (Azolla pinnata) meal for egg type chicks, Int. J. Poultry Sci., 5 (2006) 137.
• P. Leterme, AM. Londono, JE. Munoz, J. Suarez, C. A. Bedoya, WB. Souffrant, A. Buldgen, Nutritional value of aquatic ferns (Azolla filiculoides Lam. and Salvinia molesta Mitchell) in pigs, Anim. Feed Sci. & Technol., 149 (2009) 135.
• A. Arora, S. Saxena, Cultivation of Azolla microphylla biomass on secondary treated Delhi Municipal effluents, Biomass and Bioenergy, 29 (2005) 60.
• A. Arora, S. Saxena, DK. Sharma, Tolerance and phytoaccumulation of chromium by three Azolla spp., World. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 22 (2006) 97.
• PP. Kar, S. Mishra, DP. Singh, Variability in Azolla sporulation in response to phosphorus application, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 31 (2000) 458.
• A. Pabby, S. Dua, AS Ahluwalia, Changes in nitrogen metabolism of Azolla microphylla and Azolla pinnata on supplementation of nitrogen fertilizer, Phykos, 39 (2000) 51.