Application of radiation technology to rubber and tire industries
Year 2014,
Volume: 42 Issue: 1, 23 - 34, 01.03.2014
Bağdagül Karaağaç
Ayşe Aytac
Veli Deniz
Abstract
Application of radiation technology to the rubber and tire industries is in progress and is being developed. In this review, recent studies on radiation processing in rubber and tire industries are reviewed. Both academic investigations and industrial applications in non-tire rubber goods, tire production and tire reinforcing materials are mentioned. Current trends, new challenges and opportunities of technologies and the tire reinforcing materials are also given.
References
- 1. A. Bhattacharya, Radiation and industrial polymers, Prog. Polym. Sci., 25 (2000) 371.
- 2. J.G. Drobny. Electron beam processing of elastomers. Rubber World, 232 (2005) 27.
- 3. A.G. Chmielewski, M. Haji-Saeid, S. Ahmed, Progress in radiation processing of polymers, Nucl. Instrum. Method B, 236 (2005) 44.
- 4. M.A. Mohamed, R. Mounir, N.A. Shaltout, Radiation vulcanization of filler-reinfored natural rubber/ styrene butadiene rubber blends, J. Reinf. Plast., 31 (2012) 597.
- 5. K. Makuuchi, S. Cheng, Radiation processing of polymer materials and its ındustrial applications. John Wiley and Sons Inc. (2012).
- 6. K. Makuuchi, Radiation application in tire industry. Tire Ind., 10 (2007) 623.
- 7. K.S.S. Sarma, Electron beam technology in industrial radiation processing. IANCAS Bull., 4 (2005) 128.
- 8. P.R. Minbiole, Industrial applications of radiation processing: Present status and a look to the future. In: Invited lecture presented in the 8th Symposium on Ionizing Irradiation and Polymers (IRaP 2008), 12–17 October 2008, Rio de Janerio (Brasil).
- 9. B. Thorburn, Effective process for precuring tire components, Rubber World, 228 (2003) 24.
- 10. S.K. Chakraborty, S. Sabharwal, P.K. Das, K.S.S. Sarma, A.K. Manjula, Electron beam (EB) radiation curing-a unique technique to introduce crosslinks in cured rubber matrix to improve quality and productivity, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 122 (2011) 3227.
- 11. W.C. Warner, Methods of devulcanization, Rubber Chem. Technol., 67 (1994) 559.
- 12. G. Capelle, H. Berstorff, Material recycling of used tyres and rubber waste, Tire Technol. Int., Annual Review (1997) 278.
- 13. A.I. Isayev, J. Chen, A. Tukachinsky, Novel ultrasonic technology for devulcaniation of waste rubber, Rubber Chem. Technol., 68 (1995) 267.
- 14. B. Adhikari, D. De, S. Maiti, Reclaimation and recycling of waste rubber, Prog. Polym.Sci., 25 (2000) 909.
- 15. T. Zaharescu, C. Postolache, M. Giurginca, The structural changes in butyl and halogenated butyl elastomers during gamma irradiation. J.Appl. Polym. Sci., 59 (1996) 969.
- 16. W. Feng, A.I. Isayev, High-power ultrasonic treatment of butyl rubber gum: Structure and properties, J. Mater. Sci., 40 (2005) 2883.
- 17. N. Sombatsompop, C. Kumnuantip, Rheology, cure characteristics, physical and mechanical properties of tire tread reclaimed rubber/natural rubber compounds, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 87 (2003) 1723.
- 18. R. Ranby, J.F. Rabek, ESR Spectroscopy in polymer research, Chap. 5. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1977.
- 19. R.L. Clough, K.T. Gillen, Polymer degradation under ionizing radiation: The role of ozone, J. Polym. Sci. Part A, 27 (1989) 2313.
- 20. V.F. Drozdovskii, V.V. Mikhailova, The manufacture and use of butyl, chloroprene and nitrile-butadiene rubber reclaim (Russian ed.), Obzor, TZNIITENeftechim, Moscow, 1973.
- 21. T. Zaharescu, C. Cazac, S. Jipa, R. Setnescu, Assessment of radiochemical rectcling of butyl rubber, Nucl. Instrum. Method B, 185 (2001) 360.
- 22. A.V. Telnov, N.V. Zavyalova, Yu.A. Khokhlova, N.P. Sitnikova, M.L. Smetanina, V.P. Tarantasova, D.N. Shadrina, I.V. Shorikova, A.L. Liakumovichb, F.K. Miryasovab, Radiation degradation of spent butyl rubbers, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 63 (2002) 245.
- 23. M. Sen, C. Uzun, Ö. Kantoğlu, S.M. Erdoğan, V. Deniz, O. Güven,Effect of gamma irradiation conditions on the radiation-induceddegradation of isobutylene– isoprenerubber, Nucl. Instrum. Method B, 208 (2003) 480.
- 24. J. Yang, in: R.D. Cooper, K.E. O-Shea (Eds.), Environmental application of ionizing radiation, Wiley, New York, 1998.
- 25. S. Jipa, M. Giurginca, T. Setnescu, R. Setnescu, G. Ivan, I. Mihalcea. Thermo-oxidative behavior halobutyl and butyl elastomers, Polym. Degrad. Stability, 54 (1996) 1.
- 26. R. Chandra, V. Subhash, A.K. Verma, Changes in physical properties and molecular structure of butyl rubber during gamma-irradiation, Polym., 23 (1982) 1457.
- 27. B. Karaağaç, M. Şen, V. Deniz, O. Güven, Recycling of gamma irradiated inner tubes in butyl based rubber compounds, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 265 (2007) 290.
- 28. S.R. Scagliusi, E.C.L. Cardoso, A.B. Lugao, Radiationinduced degradation of butyl rubber vulcanized by three different crosslinking systems, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 81 (2012) 991.
- 29. M.M. Hassan, R.O. Aly, A.H. El-Ghandour, H.A. Abdelnaby, Effect of gamma irradiation on some properties of reclaimed rubber/nitrile–butadiene rubber blend and its swelling in motor and brake oils, J. Elastom. Plast., 45 (2013) 77.
- 30. M. Smith, S. Berlioz, J.F. Chailan, Radiochemical ageing of butyl rubbers for space applications,Polym. Degrad. Stability, 98 (2013) 682.
- 31. N. Mizote, A. Katakai, M.T amada, H. Matsuoka, Surface modification of vulcanized rubber by radiation grafting, Part 1: Improvement in friction behaviour, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 117 (2010) 2825.
- 32. N. Mizote, A. Katakai, M. Tamada, N. Mizote, A. Katakai, M.Tamada. Surface modification of vulcanized rubber by radiation grafting, Part 2: Improvement in performance of wiper rubber, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 123 (2012) 2172.
- 33. M.D. Stelescu, E. Manaila, G. Craciun, Vulcanization of ethylene-propylene–terpolymer-based rubber mixtures by radiation processing, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 128 (2013) 2325.
- 34. R.S. Bhakuni, G.W. Rye, S.J. Domchick, Adhesive and processing concepts for tire reinforcing materials, ASTM Symposium on Tire Reinforcement and Tire Performance, October 23–25, Akron, Ohio, 1978.
- 35. A. Aytaç, B. Yilmaz, V. Deniz, Performance of nylon 66 tyre cords with different linear densities, Fiber. Polym., 12 (2011) 252.
- 36. B. Yilmaz, Aramid–Nylon 6.6 hybrid cords and investigation of their properties, Rubber Chem. Technol., 85 (2012) 180.
- 37. A. Aytaç, M. Sen, V. Deniz, O. Güven, Effect of gamma-irradiation on the properties of tire cords, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 265 (2007) 271.
- 38. A. Aytaç, V. Deniz, M. Şen, E.S. Hegazy, O. Güven, Effects of gamma and electron beam irradiation on the properties of calendered cord fabrics. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 79 (2010), 297.
- 39. D.J. Harmon, Effects of cobalt 60 gamma radiation on the physical properties of textile cords, Text. Res. J., 27 (1957) 318.
- 40. M. Dole. In: The Radiation Chemistry of Macromolecules, Vol II. Academic Press, New York, 1973.
- 41. N.K. Pramanik, R.S. Haldar, Y.K. Bhardwaj, S. Sabharwal, U.K. Niyogi, R.K. Khandal, Radiation processing of Nylon 6 by e-beam for improved properties and performance, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 122 (2011) 193.
Kauçuk ve lastik sanayisinde radyasyon teknolojisi uygulamaları
Year 2014,
Volume: 42 Issue: 1, 23 - 34, 01.03.2014
Bağdagül Karaağaç
Ayşe Aytac
Veli Deniz
Abstract
K auçuk ve araç lastiği sanayisinde radyasyon uygulamaları gelişerek devam etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, kauçuk ve lastik sanayisinde radyasyonla işleme çalışmalarındaki son gelişmeler gözden geçirilmiştir. Araç lastiği ve lastik eşya üretimi ile lastik takviye malzemeleri konularındaki akademik ve endüstriyel uygulamalar anlatılmıştır. Uygulamalardaki mevcut eğilimler, yeni fırsat ve zorluklara değinilerek tartışılmıştır
References
- 1. A. Bhattacharya, Radiation and industrial polymers, Prog. Polym. Sci., 25 (2000) 371.
- 2. J.G. Drobny. Electron beam processing of elastomers. Rubber World, 232 (2005) 27.
- 3. A.G. Chmielewski, M. Haji-Saeid, S. Ahmed, Progress in radiation processing of polymers, Nucl. Instrum. Method B, 236 (2005) 44.
- 4. M.A. Mohamed, R. Mounir, N.A. Shaltout, Radiation vulcanization of filler-reinfored natural rubber/ styrene butadiene rubber blends, J. Reinf. Plast., 31 (2012) 597.
- 5. K. Makuuchi, S. Cheng, Radiation processing of polymer materials and its ındustrial applications. John Wiley and Sons Inc. (2012).
- 6. K. Makuuchi, Radiation application in tire industry. Tire Ind., 10 (2007) 623.
- 7. K.S.S. Sarma, Electron beam technology in industrial radiation processing. IANCAS Bull., 4 (2005) 128.
- 8. P.R. Minbiole, Industrial applications of radiation processing: Present status and a look to the future. In: Invited lecture presented in the 8th Symposium on Ionizing Irradiation and Polymers (IRaP 2008), 12–17 October 2008, Rio de Janerio (Brasil).
- 9. B. Thorburn, Effective process for precuring tire components, Rubber World, 228 (2003) 24.
- 10. S.K. Chakraborty, S. Sabharwal, P.K. Das, K.S.S. Sarma, A.K. Manjula, Electron beam (EB) radiation curing-a unique technique to introduce crosslinks in cured rubber matrix to improve quality and productivity, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 122 (2011) 3227.
- 11. W.C. Warner, Methods of devulcanization, Rubber Chem. Technol., 67 (1994) 559.
- 12. G. Capelle, H. Berstorff, Material recycling of used tyres and rubber waste, Tire Technol. Int., Annual Review (1997) 278.
- 13. A.I. Isayev, J. Chen, A. Tukachinsky, Novel ultrasonic technology for devulcaniation of waste rubber, Rubber Chem. Technol., 68 (1995) 267.
- 14. B. Adhikari, D. De, S. Maiti, Reclaimation and recycling of waste rubber, Prog. Polym.Sci., 25 (2000) 909.
- 15. T. Zaharescu, C. Postolache, M. Giurginca, The structural changes in butyl and halogenated butyl elastomers during gamma irradiation. J.Appl. Polym. Sci., 59 (1996) 969.
- 16. W. Feng, A.I. Isayev, High-power ultrasonic treatment of butyl rubber gum: Structure and properties, J. Mater. Sci., 40 (2005) 2883.
- 17. N. Sombatsompop, C. Kumnuantip, Rheology, cure characteristics, physical and mechanical properties of tire tread reclaimed rubber/natural rubber compounds, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 87 (2003) 1723.
- 18. R. Ranby, J.F. Rabek, ESR Spectroscopy in polymer research, Chap. 5. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1977.
- 19. R.L. Clough, K.T. Gillen, Polymer degradation under ionizing radiation: The role of ozone, J. Polym. Sci. Part A, 27 (1989) 2313.
- 20. V.F. Drozdovskii, V.V. Mikhailova, The manufacture and use of butyl, chloroprene and nitrile-butadiene rubber reclaim (Russian ed.), Obzor, TZNIITENeftechim, Moscow, 1973.
- 21. T. Zaharescu, C. Cazac, S. Jipa, R. Setnescu, Assessment of radiochemical rectcling of butyl rubber, Nucl. Instrum. Method B, 185 (2001) 360.
- 22. A.V. Telnov, N.V. Zavyalova, Yu.A. Khokhlova, N.P. Sitnikova, M.L. Smetanina, V.P. Tarantasova, D.N. Shadrina, I.V. Shorikova, A.L. Liakumovichb, F.K. Miryasovab, Radiation degradation of spent butyl rubbers, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 63 (2002) 245.
- 23. M. Sen, C. Uzun, Ö. Kantoğlu, S.M. Erdoğan, V. Deniz, O. Güven,Effect of gamma irradiation conditions on the radiation-induceddegradation of isobutylene– isoprenerubber, Nucl. Instrum. Method B, 208 (2003) 480.
- 24. J. Yang, in: R.D. Cooper, K.E. O-Shea (Eds.), Environmental application of ionizing radiation, Wiley, New York, 1998.
- 25. S. Jipa, M. Giurginca, T. Setnescu, R. Setnescu, G. Ivan, I. Mihalcea. Thermo-oxidative behavior halobutyl and butyl elastomers, Polym. Degrad. Stability, 54 (1996) 1.
- 26. R. Chandra, V. Subhash, A.K. Verma, Changes in physical properties and molecular structure of butyl rubber during gamma-irradiation, Polym., 23 (1982) 1457.
- 27. B. Karaağaç, M. Şen, V. Deniz, O. Güven, Recycling of gamma irradiated inner tubes in butyl based rubber compounds, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 265 (2007) 290.
- 28. S.R. Scagliusi, E.C.L. Cardoso, A.B. Lugao, Radiationinduced degradation of butyl rubber vulcanized by three different crosslinking systems, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 81 (2012) 991.
- 29. M.M. Hassan, R.O. Aly, A.H. El-Ghandour, H.A. Abdelnaby, Effect of gamma irradiation on some properties of reclaimed rubber/nitrile–butadiene rubber blend and its swelling in motor and brake oils, J. Elastom. Plast., 45 (2013) 77.
- 30. M. Smith, S. Berlioz, J.F. Chailan, Radiochemical ageing of butyl rubbers for space applications,Polym. Degrad. Stability, 98 (2013) 682.
- 31. N. Mizote, A. Katakai, M.T amada, H. Matsuoka, Surface modification of vulcanized rubber by radiation grafting, Part 1: Improvement in friction behaviour, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 117 (2010) 2825.
- 32. N. Mizote, A. Katakai, M. Tamada, N. Mizote, A. Katakai, M.Tamada. Surface modification of vulcanized rubber by radiation grafting, Part 2: Improvement in performance of wiper rubber, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 123 (2012) 2172.
- 33. M.D. Stelescu, E. Manaila, G. Craciun, Vulcanization of ethylene-propylene–terpolymer-based rubber mixtures by radiation processing, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 128 (2013) 2325.
- 34. R.S. Bhakuni, G.W. Rye, S.J. Domchick, Adhesive and processing concepts for tire reinforcing materials, ASTM Symposium on Tire Reinforcement and Tire Performance, October 23–25, Akron, Ohio, 1978.
- 35. A. Aytaç, B. Yilmaz, V. Deniz, Performance of nylon 66 tyre cords with different linear densities, Fiber. Polym., 12 (2011) 252.
- 36. B. Yilmaz, Aramid–Nylon 6.6 hybrid cords and investigation of their properties, Rubber Chem. Technol., 85 (2012) 180.
- 37. A. Aytaç, M. Sen, V. Deniz, O. Güven, Effect of gamma-irradiation on the properties of tire cords, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 265 (2007) 271.
- 38. A. Aytaç, V. Deniz, M. Şen, E.S. Hegazy, O. Güven, Effects of gamma and electron beam irradiation on the properties of calendered cord fabrics. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 79 (2010), 297.
- 39. D.J. Harmon, Effects of cobalt 60 gamma radiation on the physical properties of textile cords, Text. Res. J., 27 (1957) 318.
- 40. M. Dole. In: The Radiation Chemistry of Macromolecules, Vol II. Academic Press, New York, 1973.
- 41. N.K. Pramanik, R.S. Haldar, Y.K. Bhardwaj, S. Sabharwal, U.K. Niyogi, R.K. Khandal, Radiation processing of Nylon 6 by e-beam for improved properties and performance, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 122 (2011) 193.