Determination and Comparison of Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in Terms of Geographic and Climatic Factors
Year 2015,
Volume: 43 Issue: 1, 9 - 15, 01.03.2015
Erkay Özgör
,
Elif Güzerin
Nevin Keskin
Abstract
Nosema species Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae are parasitic living beings that causing adult honey bee diseases called Nosemosis and honey bee colonies are often infected with Nosema species. Nosema species should be identified individually and should be compared with climatic and geographic factors in apiaries because of the requirements of different conditions. The aim of this study is screen Nosema species in the apiaries that have different climatic and geographic factors and compare the incidence of Nosema species according to these factors. With the fieldworks conducted within this study, 30 adult bees from each of 169 apiaries were collected and were studied in the laboratory for the detection of Nosema species. The incidence of Nosema species according to environmental and climatic structure of the apiaries were compared statisti- cally. The difference among the selected provinces was found statistically significant in terms of Nosema infection levels by using one-way ANOVA test. At the result of this study, the determination of more Nosema ceranae infected colonies demons- trates that Nosema ceranae’s spread increased in honey bees and it began to take the place of Nosema apis. It was observed that the temperature and humidity values of the apiaries directly affect the Nosema spore density. The Pearson correlation’s tests showed that the increase of these two factors increase Nosema ceranae incidence while the decrease of these two fac- tors increase Nosema apis incidence. Therefore, it was observed that geographic and climatic differences affect the Nosema species and their infection levels.
References
- 1. D. van Engelsdorp, M.D. Meixner, A historical review of managed honey bee populations in Europe and the United States and the factors that may affect them, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103 (2010) 80-95.
- 2. P.Y. Chen, J.D. Evans, C. Murphy, R. Gutell, M. Zuker, D. Gundensen-Rindal, J.S. Pettis, Morphological, molecular and phylogenetic characterization of Nosema ceranae, a microsporidian parasite isolated from the European honey bee, Apis mellifera, Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 56 (2009) 142-147.
- 3. M. Higes, R. Martín, A. Sanz, N. Alvarez, A. Sanz, M.P. Garcia, A. Meana, El síndrome de despoblamiento de las colmenas en Espaňa. Consideraciones sobre su origen, Vida Apícola, 133 (2005) 15-21.
- 4. M. Higes, H. Martin-Hernandez, C. Botias, E.G. Bailon, A.V. Gonzalez-Porto, L. Barrios, M.J.D. Nozal, J.L. Bernal, J.J. Jimenez, P.G. Palencia, A. Meana, How natural infection by Nosema ceranae causes honeybee colony collapse, Environmental Microbiology, 10 (2008) 2659-2669.
- 5. E. Zander, Tierische Parasiten als Krankenheitserreger bei der Biene, Münchener Bienenzeitung, 31 (1909) 196-204.
- 6. I. Fries, G. Ekbohm, E. Villumstad, Nosema apis sampling techniques and honey yield, Journal of Apicultural Research, 23 (1984) 102-105.
- 7. W. Ritter, In: Acribia S.A. (Ed), Enfermedades de las abejas, Zaragoza, Spain, 2001.
- 8. J. Klee, A.M. Besana, E. Genersch, S. Gisder, A. Nanetti, D.Q. Tam, T.X. Chinh, F. Puerta, J.M. Ruzi P. Kryger, D. Message, F. Hadjina, S. Korpela, I. Fries, R.J. Paxton, Widespread dispersal of the microsporidian Nosema ceranae, an emergent pathogen of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 96 (2007) 1-10.
- 9. I. Fries, Nosema ceranae in European honey bees (Apis mellifera), Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103 (2010) 573-579.
- 10. I. Fries, R. Martin, A. Meana, P. García-Palencia, M. Higes, Natural infections of Nosema ceranae in European honey bees, Journal of Apicultural Research, 45 (2006) 230-233.
- 11. I. Fries, F. Feng, A. DaSilva, S.B. Slemenda, N.J. Pieniazek, Nosema ceranae n. sp. (Microspora, Nosematidae), morphological and molecular characterization of a microsporidian parasite of the Asian honey bee Apis cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae), European Journal of Protistology, 32 (1996) 356-365.
- 12. W.F. Huang, J.H. Jiang, Y.W. Chen, C.H. Wang, A Nosema ceranae isolate from the honeybee Apis mellifera, Apidologie, 38 (2007) 1-8.
- 13. M. Higes, R. Martin, A. Meana, Nosema ceranae, a new microsporidian parasite in honeybees in Europe, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 92 (2006) 93-95.
- 14. C. Invernizzi, C. Abud, I. Tomasco, J. Harriet, G. Ramallo, J. Campá, H. Katz, G. Gardiol, Y. Mendoza, Presence pf Nosema ceranae in honey bees (Apis mellifera) in Uruguay, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 101 (2009) 150-153.
- 15. R.J. Paxton, Does infection by Nosema ceranae cause ‘Colony Collapse Disorder’ in honey bees (Apis mellifera) ?, Journal of Apicultural Research, 49 2010 80-84. 16. A.E. Ütük, F.Ç. Pişkin, M. Kurt, Türkiye’de Nosema ceranae’nın ilk moleküler tanısı, Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 57 (2010) 275-278.
- 17. R.J. Paxton, J. Klee, S. Korpela, I. Fries, Nosema ceranae has infected Apis mellifera in Europe since at least 1998 and may be more virulent than Nosema apis, Apidologie, 38 (2007) 558-565.
- 18. R. Martín-Hernández, A. Meana, L. Prieto, A. Martínez Salvador, E. Garrido-Bailón, M. Higes, Outcome of colonization of Apis mellifera by Nosema ceranae, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73 (2007) 6331-6338.
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- 20. G.R. Williams, M.A. Sampson, D. Shutler, R.E.L. Rogers, Does Fumagillin control the recently detected invasive parasite Nosema ceranae in western honey bees (Apis mellifera)?, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 99 (2008) 342-344.
- 21. G.E. Cantwell, Standart methods for counting Nosema spores, American Bee Journal, 110 (1970) 222-223.
- 22. OIE, Nosemosis of Honey Bees, Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines: Bee Diseases, OIE, Paris, France, 2008.
Coğrafik ve İklimsel Faktörler Açısından Nosema apis ve Nosema ceranae’nın Tespiti ve Karşılaştırması
Year 2015,
Volume: 43 Issue: 1, 9 - 15, 01.03.2015
Erkay Özgör
,
Elif Güzerin
Nevin Keskin
Abstract
Nosema apis ve Nosema ceranae, Nosemosis adı verilen ergin bal arısı hastalığına neden olan parazitik canlılardır ve bal arısı kolonileri sıklıkla Nosema türleri ile enfekte olmaktadır. Her iki tür de iklimsel olarak farklı koşullara ihtiyaç duyduğundan Nosema türlerinin ayrı olarak tespiti ile iklimsel ve coğrafik olarak bulundukları bölgelerin karşılaştırılması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; farklı iklimsel ve coğrafik faktörlere sahip yerlerdeki arılıkların Nosema spp. açısından taranması ve bu faktörlere göre Nosema türlerinin insidansının karşılaştırılmasıdır. Bu çalışma kapsamında gerçekleştirilen arazi çalışmaları ile 169 arılığın her birinden 30 adet ergin arı toplanmış ve Nosema türlerinin tespiti için laboratuvarda incelemeye alınmıştır. Arılıkların çevresel ve iklimsel yapılarına göre Nosema türlerinin insidansı istatistiksel olarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Yapılan istatistiki çalışmalarda, tek yönlü ANOVA testi kullanarak iller arasında Nosema enfeksiyon düzeyi bakımından farkın anlamlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonucunda, Nosema ceranae ile enfekte olmuş kolonilerin daha fazla görülmüş olması, bal arılarında yayılımının arttığını ve Nosema apis’in yerini almaya başladığını göstermektedir. Arılıkların sıcaklık ve nem değerlerinin Nosema spor yoğunluğunu doğrudan etkilediği görülmüştür. Bu iki faktörün artış gösterdiği yerlerde Nosema ceranae’nın, azaldığı yerlerde ise Nosema apis’in yoğunluğunun arttığı Pearson korelasyon testleri ile tespit edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla coğrafik ve iklimsel farklılıkların, Nosema türleri ve enfeksiyon düzeyleri üzerinde etkisi olduğu görülmüştür
References
- 1. D. van Engelsdorp, M.D. Meixner, A historical review of managed honey bee populations in Europe and the United States and the factors that may affect them, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103 (2010) 80-95.
- 2. P.Y. Chen, J.D. Evans, C. Murphy, R. Gutell, M. Zuker, D. Gundensen-Rindal, J.S. Pettis, Morphological, molecular and phylogenetic characterization of Nosema ceranae, a microsporidian parasite isolated from the European honey bee, Apis mellifera, Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 56 (2009) 142-147.
- 3. M. Higes, R. Martín, A. Sanz, N. Alvarez, A. Sanz, M.P. Garcia, A. Meana, El síndrome de despoblamiento de las colmenas en Espaňa. Consideraciones sobre su origen, Vida Apícola, 133 (2005) 15-21.
- 4. M. Higes, H. Martin-Hernandez, C. Botias, E.G. Bailon, A.V. Gonzalez-Porto, L. Barrios, M.J.D. Nozal, J.L. Bernal, J.J. Jimenez, P.G. Palencia, A. Meana, How natural infection by Nosema ceranae causes honeybee colony collapse, Environmental Microbiology, 10 (2008) 2659-2669.
- 5. E. Zander, Tierische Parasiten als Krankenheitserreger bei der Biene, Münchener Bienenzeitung, 31 (1909) 196-204.
- 6. I. Fries, G. Ekbohm, E. Villumstad, Nosema apis sampling techniques and honey yield, Journal of Apicultural Research, 23 (1984) 102-105.
- 7. W. Ritter, In: Acribia S.A. (Ed), Enfermedades de las abejas, Zaragoza, Spain, 2001.
- 8. J. Klee, A.M. Besana, E. Genersch, S. Gisder, A. Nanetti, D.Q. Tam, T.X. Chinh, F. Puerta, J.M. Ruzi P. Kryger, D. Message, F. Hadjina, S. Korpela, I. Fries, R.J. Paxton, Widespread dispersal of the microsporidian Nosema ceranae, an emergent pathogen of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 96 (2007) 1-10.
- 9. I. Fries, Nosema ceranae in European honey bees (Apis mellifera), Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103 (2010) 573-579.
- 10. I. Fries, R. Martin, A. Meana, P. García-Palencia, M. Higes, Natural infections of Nosema ceranae in European honey bees, Journal of Apicultural Research, 45 (2006) 230-233.
- 11. I. Fries, F. Feng, A. DaSilva, S.B. Slemenda, N.J. Pieniazek, Nosema ceranae n. sp. (Microspora, Nosematidae), morphological and molecular characterization of a microsporidian parasite of the Asian honey bee Apis cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae), European Journal of Protistology, 32 (1996) 356-365.
- 12. W.F. Huang, J.H. Jiang, Y.W. Chen, C.H. Wang, A Nosema ceranae isolate from the honeybee Apis mellifera, Apidologie, 38 (2007) 1-8.
- 13. M. Higes, R. Martin, A. Meana, Nosema ceranae, a new microsporidian parasite in honeybees in Europe, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 92 (2006) 93-95.
- 14. C. Invernizzi, C. Abud, I. Tomasco, J. Harriet, G. Ramallo, J. Campá, H. Katz, G. Gardiol, Y. Mendoza, Presence pf Nosema ceranae in honey bees (Apis mellifera) in Uruguay, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 101 (2009) 150-153.
- 15. R.J. Paxton, Does infection by Nosema ceranae cause ‘Colony Collapse Disorder’ in honey bees (Apis mellifera) ?, Journal of Apicultural Research, 49 2010 80-84. 16. A.E. Ütük, F.Ç. Pişkin, M. Kurt, Türkiye’de Nosema ceranae’nın ilk moleküler tanısı, Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 57 (2010) 275-278.
- 17. R.J. Paxton, J. Klee, S. Korpela, I. Fries, Nosema ceranae has infected Apis mellifera in Europe since at least 1998 and may be more virulent than Nosema apis, Apidologie, 38 (2007) 558-565.
- 18. R. Martín-Hernández, A. Meana, L. Prieto, A. Martínez Salvador, E. Garrido-Bailón, M. Higes, Outcome of colonization of Apis mellifera by Nosema ceranae, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73 (2007) 6331-6338.
- 19. M. Higes, R. Martín-Hernández, A. Meana, Nosema ceranae in Europe: an emergent type C Nosemosis, Apidologie, 41 (2010) 375-392.
- 20. G.R. Williams, M.A. Sampson, D. Shutler, R.E.L. Rogers, Does Fumagillin control the recently detected invasive parasite Nosema ceranae in western honey bees (Apis mellifera)?, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 99 (2008) 342-344.
- 21. G.E. Cantwell, Standart methods for counting Nosema spores, American Bee Journal, 110 (1970) 222-223.
- 22. OIE, Nosemosis of Honey Bees, Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines: Bee Diseases, OIE, Paris, France, 2008.