Temel Psikolojik İhtiyaçlar Doyumunun ve Temel Bileşenlerinin İncelenmesi: Alanyazın Taraması

Abstract

Temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların doyumu, bireylerin motivasyonunu ve davranışlarını etkileyen isteklerle ilişkili olan öz-belirleme kuramıyla yakından ilişkilidir. Öz-belirleme kuramına göre, bireyler bir görevi yerine getirirken hem dışsal hem de içsel olarak motive olduklarında, görevi sürdürme ve öznel iyi olma gibi olumlu sonuçlar meydana gelir. Öz-belirleme kuramı çerçevesinde, bireylerin motive edici ihtiyaçları, onların psikolojik beslenmeleri olarak düşünülebilir ve kişisel alanlarında bir şeyleri yapma ve kişisel alanlarındaki ihtiyaçlarını karşılama algıları vurgulanabilir. Temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların doyumundaki temel unsurlar arasında, özerklik, yetkinlik, ilişki kurma ve bu üç bileşene ilişkin yaşam doyumu potansiyeli sayılabilir. Yetkinlik, bireylerin çevreleri ile etkileşimdeki etkinlikleri ve yaşamındaki gereklilikleri (örneğin bir proje görevini bitirebilme gibi) yapabilme kontrolüne sahip olma duygusuyla ilişkilidir. Özerklik ise bireylerin eylemlerini isteyerek düzenleyebilme yeteneğiyle ilgilidir. Temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların doyumuyla ilgili başka bir unsur olan ilişki kurma, bireylerin karşılıklı saygı, güven ve duygusal bağlarla kişiler arası ilişkiler içinde olma isteğine işaret edebilir. Literatürde temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların doyumuyla ilişkili unsurlara bakıldığında, “Maslow'un ihtiyaçlar hiyerarşisi”, “Psikolojik iyi oluş”, “Afetler” ve “Çeşitli motivasyon kaynakları” görülebilir. Temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların doyumuyla ilişkili unsurları göz önünde bulundurarak, bu unsurlardan nasıl faydalanılacağı konusunda etkinlikler düzenlenebileceği önerilmektedir. Örneğin, psikolojik danışma oturumlarında temel psikolojik ihtiyaçları karşılayan özerklik, yetkinlik ve kişilerarası ilişkilerin bileşenlerinin farkındalığını geliştiren bir etkinlik düzenlenebilir.

Keywords

• temel psikolojik ihtiyaç doyumu
• özerklik
• yetkinlik
• ilişkisellik
• temel bileşenlerin danışmada kullanılması

An Investigation of Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Its Basic Components: A Literature Review

Abstract

Basic psychological needs satisfaction is closely related to self-determination theory, which is associated with desires that influence motivation and individuals’ actions. According to self-determination theory, when individuals have both extrinsically motivated and intrinsically motivated motivation while pursuing a task, positive outcomes such as task continuation and subjective well-being occur. Within the framework of self-determination theory, individuals’ motivating needs may be thought of as their psychological nourishment, and the perception of being able to do things and meet their needs in their personal space may be highlighted. Among the basic elements of basic psychological needs satisfaction, autonomy, competence, relatedness, and the potential for life satisfaction related to these three components may be counted. Competence is associated with individuals’ effectiveness in interacting with the environment and their sense of control in being able to accomplish tasks (such as completing a project assignment). Autonomy, on the other hand, is related to the individuals’ ability to regulate their actions voluntarily. Relatedness with others, which is another component of basic psychological needs satisfaction, may arise from individuals’ desire to be in relationships characterized by mutual respect, trust, and emotional connections with others. When looking at the elements associated with basic psychological needs satisfaction in the literature, “Maslow's hierarchy of needs,” “Psychological well-being,” “Disasters,” and “Various motivational sources” may be seen. Considering the elements associated with basic psychological needs satisfaction, it is suggested that activities may be organized on how to benefit from that. For example, an activity may be organized to develop awareness of the components of autonomy, competence, and interpersonal relationships involved in satisfying basic psychological needs.

Keywords

• basic psychological needs satisfaction
• autonomy
• competence
• relatedness
• utilizing the basic components in psychological counseling

References

1. Afroz, S., & Tiwari, P. S. N. (2021). Importance of belongingness in healthy youth development. Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, 9(6), 225-230. https://doi.org/10.36347/sjahss.2021.v09i06.004
2. Antunes, R., Frontini, R., Amaro, N., Salvador, R., Matos, R., Morouço, P., & Rebelo-Gonçalves, R. (2020). Exploring lifestyle habits, physical activity, anxiety and basic psychological needs in a sample of Portuguese Adults during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124360
3. Autin, K. L., Herdt, M. E., Garcia, R. G., & Ezema, G. N. (2022). Basic psychological need satisfaction, autonomous motivation, and meaningful work: A self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Career Assessment, 30(1), 78-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/10690727211018647
4. Baard, P. P., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Intrinsic need satisfaction: A motivational basis of performance and well-being in two work settings. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(10), 2045-2068.
5. Bedford, O., & Yeh, K. H. (2019). The history and the future of the psychology of filial piety: Chinese norms to contextualized personality construct. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 100. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00100
6. Benita, M., Benish-Weisman, M., Matos, L., & Torres, C. (2020). Integrative and suppressive emotion regulation differentially predict well-being through basic need satisfaction and frustration: A test of three countries. Motivation and Emotion, 44, 67-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-019-09781-x
7. Bowlby, J. (1976). Human personality development in an ethological light. In G. Serban, A. Kling (Eds.), Animal models in human psychobiology (pp. 27-36). Springer https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2184-2_3
8. Cantarero, K., Van Tilburg, W. A., & Smoktunowicz, E. (2021). Affirming basic psychological needs promotes mental well-being during the COVID-19 outbreak. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(5), 821-828. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620942708

9. Carducci, B. J. (2020). Maslow's hierarchy of needs. The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences: Models and Theories, 269-273. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118970843.ch45
10. Chen, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Beyers, W., Boone, L., Deci, E. L., Van der Kaap-Deeder, J., ... & Verstuyf, J. (2015a). Basic psychological need satisfaction, need frustration, and need strength across four cultures. Motivation and Emotion, 39, 216-236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-014-9450-1
11. Chen, B., Van Assche, J., Vansteenkiste, M., Soenens, B., & Beyers, W. (2015b). Does psychological need satisfaction matter when environmental or financial safety are at risk?. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(3), 745-766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9532-5
12. Cihangir-Çankaya, Z. (2009). Öğretmen adaylarinda temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlarin doyumu ve iyi olma. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(3), 691-711.
13. Conesa, P. J., Onandia-Hinchado, I., Dunabeitia, J. A., & Moreno, M. Á. (2022). Basic psychological needs in the classroom: A literature review in elementary and middle school students. Learning and Motivation, 79, 101819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2022.101819
14. Costa, S., Ingoglia, S., Inguglia, C., Liga, F., Lo Coco, A., & Larcan, R. (2018). Psychometric evaluation of the basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration scale (BPNSFS) in Italy. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 51(3), 193-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2017.1347021
15. Çivitçi, A. (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinde genel yaşam doyumu ve psikolojik ihtiyaçlar arasındaki ilişkiler. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(2), 321-336.
16. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Plenum Press.
17. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2014). The importance of universal psychological needs for understanding motivation in the workplace. In M. Gagne (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of work engagement, motivation, and self-determination theory (pp. 13-32). Oxford University Press.
18. Desmet, P., & Fokkinga, S. (2020). Beyond Maslow’s pyramid: Introducing a typology of thirteen fundamental needs for human-centered design. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 4(3), 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti4030038
19. Eşici, H. (2021). Beliren yetişkinlik dönemindeki bireyler için Temel Psikolojik İhtiyaçlar Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 25(2), 443-454.
20. Ferrand, C., Martinent, G., & Durmaz, N. (2014). Psychological need satisfaction and well-being in adults aged 80 years and older living in residential homes: Using a self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Aging Studies, 30, 104-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2014.04.004
21. Gabrielli, J., Gill, M., Koester, L. S., & Borntrager, C. (2014). Psychological perspectives on ‘acute on chronic’trauma in children: Implications of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. Children & Society, 28(6), 438-450. https://doi.org/10.1111/chso.12010
22. Godinic, D., Obrenovic, B., & Khudaykulov, A. (2020). Effects of economic uncertainty on mental health in the COVID-19 pandemic context: Social identity disturbance, job uncertainty and psychological well-being model. International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development, 6(1), 61-74. https://doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.61.2005
23. Greguras, G. J., & Diefendorff, J. M. (2009). Different fits satisfy different needs: Linking person-environment fit to employee commitment and performance using self-determination theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 465-477. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014068
24. Guay, F., Senécal, C., Gauthier, L., & Fernet, C. (2003). Predicting career indecision: A self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(2), 165-177. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.50.2.165
25. Hamid, N. (2020). Study of the relationship of hardiness and hope with life satisfaction in managers. International Journal of Psychology (IPA), 14(1), 310-339. https://doi.org/10.24200/IJPB.2020.214143.1143
26. Harper, E. (2020). Understanding the role of art programming in mitigating social exclusion as experienced by people experiencing poverty. Regis University Student Publications (comprehensive collection). 952. Retrieved from https://epublications.regis.edu/theses/952
27. Hernández-Sánchez, B. R., Cardella, G. M., & Sánchez-García, J. C. (2020). Psychological factors that lessen the impact of covid-19 on the self-employment intention of business administration and economics’ students from latin america. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 5293. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155293
28. Hill, D. L. (2006). Sense of belonging as connectedness, American Indian worldview, and mental health. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 20(5), 210-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2006.04.003
29. Kasser, T. (2009). Psychological need satisfaction, personal well-being, and ecological sustainability. Ecopsychology, 1(4), 175-180. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2009.0025
30. Kerig, P. K. (2019). Parenting and family systems. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Being and becoming a parent (pp. 3-35). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429433214-1
31. Kirkland, R. A., Karlin, N. J., Stellino, M. B., & Pulos, S. (2011). Basic psychological needs satisfaction, motivation, and exercise in older adults. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 35(3), 181-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924788.2011.596764
32. Klaeijsen, A., Vermeulen, M., & Martens, R. (2018). Teachers’ innovative behaviour: The importance of basic psychological need satisfaction, intrinsic motivation, and occupational self-efficacy. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 62(5), 769-782. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2017.1306803
33. Kluwer, E. S., Karremans, J. C., Riedijk, L., & Knee, C. R. (2020). Autonomy in relatedness: How need fulfillment interacts in close relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 46(4), 603-616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167219867964
34. Kuhl, J. (1994). Motivation and volition. In G. d’Ydevalle, P. Eelen, & P. Bertelson (Eds.), International perspectives on psychological science volume 2 the state of the art (pp. 311-340). Psychology Press.
35. Kusurkar, R. A., Ten Cate, T. J., Vos, C. M. P., Westers, P., & Croiset, G. (2013). How motivation affects academic performance: a structural equation modelling analysis. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 18(1), 57-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-012-9354-3
36. Lataster, J., Reijnders, J., Janssens, M., Simons, M., Peeters, S., & Jacobs, N. (2022). Basic psychological need satisfaction and well-being across age: A cross-sectional general population study among 1709 Dutch speaking adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 23, 2259-2290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00482-2
37. Leversen, I., Danielsen, A. G., Birkeland, M. S., & Samdal, O. (2012). Basic psychological need satisfaction in leisure activities and adolescents’ life satisfaction. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41, 1588-1599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9776-5
38. Lussier, K. (2019). Of Maslow, motives, and managers: The hierarchy of needs in American business, 1960-1985. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 55(4), 319-341. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbs.21992
39. Martela, F., Lehmus-Sun, A., Parker, P. D., Pessi, A. B., & Ryan, R. M. (2023). Needs and well-being across Europe: Basic psychological needs are closely connected with well-being, meaning, and symptoms of depression in 27 European countries. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 14(5), 501-514. https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506221113678
40. Martela, F., & Sheldon, K. M. (2019). Clarifying the concept of well-being: Psychological need-satisfaction as the common core connecting eudaimonic and subjective well-being. Review of General Psychology, 23(4), 458-474. https://doi.org/10.1177/1089268019880886
41. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396.
42. Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and personality (Rev. Ed.). Harper and Row.
43. McAdams, D. P., Healy, S., & Krause, S. (1984). Social motives and patterns of friendship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(4), 828-838. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.47.4.828
44. McCarthy, J. R. (2012). The powerful relational language of ‘family’: Togetherness, belonging and personhood. The Sociological Review, 60(1), 68-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2011.02045.x
45. McClelland, D. C., & Pilon, D. A. (1983). Sources of adult motives in patterns of parent behavior in early childhood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 564-574. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.3.564
46. Meng, Q. (2022) Chinese university teachers’ job and life satisfaction: Examining the roles of basic psychological needs satisfaction and self-efficacy. The Journal of General Psychology, 149(3), 327-348. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2020.1853503
47. Molix, L. A., & Nichols, C. P. (2013). Satisfaction of basic psychological needs as a mediator of the relationship between community esteem and wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 3(1), 20-34. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v3i1.2
48. Neufeld, A., & Malin, G. (2019). Exploring the relationship between medical student basic psychological need satisfaction, resilience, and well-being: a quantitative study. BMC Medical Education, 19(405), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-019-1847-9
49. Olafsen, A. H., Deci, E. L., & Halvari, H. (2018). Basic psychological needs and work motivation: A longitudinal test of directionality. Motivation and Emotion, 42, 178-189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-017-9646-2
50. Olčar, D., Rijavec, M., & Ljubin Golub, T. (2019). Primary school teachers’ life satisfaction: The role of life goals, basic psychological needs and flow at work. Current Psychology, 38, 320-329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9611-y
51. Paixão, O., & Gamboa, V. (2022). Autonomous versus controlled motivation on career indecision: The mediating effect of career exploration. Journal of Career Development, 49(4), 802-815. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845321992544
52. Philippe, F. L., & Houle, I. (2020). Cognitive integration of personal or public events affects mental health: Examining memory networks in a case of natural flooding disaster. Journal of Personality, 88(5), 861-873. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12531
53. Rahmadani, V. G., Schaufeli, W. B., Ivanova, T. Y., & Osin, E. N. (2019). Basic psychological need satisfaction mediates the relationship between engaging leadership and work engagement: A cross‐national study. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 30(4), 453-471. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21366
54. Rasskazova, E., Ivanova, T., & Sheldon, K. (2016). Comparing the effects of low-level and high-level worker need-satisfaction: A synthesis of the self-determination and Maslow need theories. Motivation and Emotion, 40, 541-555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-016-9557-7
55. Rokach, A. (2020). Belonging, togetherness and food rituals. Open Journal of Depression, 9, 77-85. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojd.2020.94007
56. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1037110003-066X.55.1.68
57. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2004). An overview of self-determination theory: An organismic- dialectical perspective. In E. L. Deci, & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 3-36). The University of Rochester Press.
58. Šakan, D., Žuljevic, D., & Rokvic´, N. (2020). The role of basic psychological needs in well-being during the COVID-19 outbreak: A self-determination theory perspective. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 583181. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.583181
59. Schüler, J., Baumann, N., Chasiotis, A., Bender, M., & Baum, I. (2019). Implicit motives and basic psychological needs. Journal of Personality, 87(1), 37-55. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12431
60. Schüler, J., Sheldon, K. M., & Fröhlich, S. M. (2010). Implicit need for achievement moderates the relationship between competence need satisfaction and subsequent motivation. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.09.002
61. Sedgwick, M. G., & Yonge, O. (2008). 'We're it','we're a team','we're family'means a sense of belonging. Rural and Remote Health, 8(3), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH1021
62. Shah, S., Choi, M., Miller, M., Halgunseth, L. C., van Schaik, S. D., & Brenick, A. (2021). Family cohesion and school belongingness: Protective factors for immigrant youth against bias‐based bullying. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2021(177), 199-217. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20410
63. Shouket, H., & Dildar, S. (2020). Predictors of Orphanage Residents' Life Satisfaction: Basic Psychological Needs and Cognitive Emotion Regulation. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 35(3). https://doi.org/10.33824/PJPR.2020.35.3.26
64. Tang, M., Wang, D., & Guerrien, A. (2020). A systematic review and meta-analysis on basic psychological need satisfaction, motivation, and well-being in later life: Contributions of self-determination theory. PsyCh Journal, 9, 5-33. https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.293
65. Taormina, R. J., & Gao, J. H. (2013). Maslow and the motivation hierarchy: Measuring satisfaction of the needs. The American Journal of Psychology, 126(2), 155-177. https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.126.2.0155
66. Tasman, D. R., & Eğer Aydoğmuş, M. (2022). İlişki kalitesinde temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların önemi: Öz belirleme kuramı ve temel ilişki türleri temelinde bir derleme. Nesne, 10(24), 294-315. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-10-24-08
67. Tavakkoli, Z., Rakhshandehroo, F., Izadpanah, M. A., & Moradi-Shad, M. (2014). Ego identity types and language proficiency of Iranian EFL learners. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98, 1885-1894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.619
68. Teixeira, P. J., Marques, M. M., Silva, M. N., Brunet, J., Duda, J. L., Haerens, L., La Guardia, J., Lindwall, M., Lonsdale, C., Markland, D., Michie, S., Moller, A. C., Ntoumanis, N., Patrick, H., Reeve, J., Ryan, R. M., Sebire, S. J., Standage, M., Vansteenkiste, M., . . . Hagger, M. S. (2020). A classification of motivation and behavior change techniques used in self-determination theory-based interventions in health contexts. Motivation Science, 6(4), 438-455. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000172
69. Tortia, E. C., Gago, M., Degavre, F., & Poledrini, S. (2022). Worker involvement and performance in Italian social enterprises: The role of motivations, gender and workload. Sustainability, 14(2), 1022. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14021022
70. Trivedi, A. J., & Mehta, A. (2019). Maslow's hierarchy of needs-theory of human motivation. International Journal of Research in all Subjects in Multi Languages, 7(6), 38-41.
71. Unanue, W., Gómez, M. E., Cortez, D., Oyanedel, J. C., & Mendiburo-Seguel, A. (2017). Revisiting the link between job satisfaction and life satisfaction: The role of basic psychological needs. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00680
72. Van den Broeck, A., Ferris, D. L., Chang, C. H., & Rosen, C. C. (2016). A review of self-determination theory’s basic psychological needs at work. Journal of Management, 42(5), 1195-1229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316632058
73. Vandenabeele, W. (2014). Explaining public service motivation: The Role of leadership and basic needs satisfaction. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 34(2), 153-173. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X14521458
74. Vansteenkiste, M., Ryan, R. M., & Soenens, B. (2020). Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions. Motivation and Emotion, 44, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-019-09818-1
75. Vermote, B., Waterschoot, J., Morbée, S., Van der Kaap-Deeder, J., Schrooyen, C., Soenens, B., ... & Vansteenkiste, M. (2022). Do psychological needs play a role in times of uncertainty? Associations with well-being during the COVID-19 crisis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 23(1), 257-283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00398-x
76. Volodina, A., Lindner, C., & Retelsdorf, J. (2019). Personality traits and basic psychological need satisfaction: Their relationship to apprentices’ life satisfaction and their satisfaction with vocational education and training. International Journal of Educational Research, 93, 197-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2018.11.003
77. Wang, Y., Tian, L. & Huebner, E. S. (2019). Basic psychological needs satisfaction at school, behavioral school engagement, and academic achievement: Longitudinal reciprocal relations among elementary school students. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 56, 130-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.01.003
78. Webb, N. B. (2004). Theorytical framework for assessment and treatment. In N. B. Webb (Ed.), Mass trauma and violence: Helping families and children cope (pp. 3-22). Guilford Press.
79. Wehmeyer, M. L., & Shogren, K. A. (2018). Self-determination and hope. In M. W. Gallagher, & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of hope (pp. 1-16). Oxford University Press.
80. Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
81. Yıldız, A. (2022). Bir araştırma metodolojisi olarak sistematik literatür taramasına genel bakış. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(Özel Sayı 2), 367-386.
82. Zümbül, S., & Soylu, Y. (2021). Öğretmen adaylarında güvengenliğin yordayıcıları olarak temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların doyumu ve bilinçli farkındalık. Batı Anadolu Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(1), 116-132.