The Research on the Relationship Between Adolescents' Use of Information Technologies and Their Psychological Needs in Terms of Self-Determination Theory

Abstract

In this study, it was examined whether there is a relationship between adolescents' information technology use and basic psychological needs levels with some demographic characteristics of adolescents and their frequency of social media use. In addition, it was aimed to determine whether adolescents' basic psychological needs predict their use of technology. In this study, relational survey model, one of the quantitative research techniques, was used. Personal Information Form (PIF), Information Technology Use Scale (ITUS) and Need Satisfaction Scale (NSS) were used in the study. The data were collected from 508 adolescents in secondary education institutions in Mamak and Çubuk districts of Ankara province and Tarsus and Yenişehir districts of Mersin province during the 2019-2020 academic year. The relationship between the average scores of the adolescents on the NSS and the ITUS and their ages, number of siblings and grade point averages were analysed. Significant positive and negative relationships were found between the social networks used by adolescents (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Youtube, LinkedIn, Snapchat, Tiktok, WhatsApp), basic psychological needs and information technology use. It was determined that the scores obtained from the Information Technologies Usage Scale were predicted by age and basic psychological needs.

Keywords

• information technology
• social media usage
• psychological needs
• self-determination theory
• adolescence

Ergenlerin Bilişim Teknolojileri Kullanımı ve Psikolojik İhtiyaçları Arasındaki İlişkinin Öz-Belirleme Kuramı Açısından İncelenmesi

Abstract

Bu araştırmada, ergenlerin bilişim teknolojileri kullanım ve temel psikolojik ihtiyaç düzeylerinin, ergenlerin bazı demografik özellikleri ve sosyal medya kullanma sıklıkları ile ilişkisi olup olmadığı incelenmiştir. Ayrıca ergenlerin temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlarının teknoloji kullanmalarını yordayıp yordamadığının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, nicel araştırma tekniklerinden ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada Kişisel Bilgi Formu (KBF), Bilişim Teknolojileri Kullanım Ölçeği (BTKÖ) ve İhtiyaç Doyumu Ölçeği (İDÖ) kullanılmıştır. Veriler, kolay ulaşılabilen örneklem yöntemiyle Ankara ili Mamak ve Çubuk ilçelerindeki, Mersin ili Tarsus ve Yenişehir ilçelerindeki ortaöğretim kurumlarında, 2019-2020 eğitim-öğretim döneminde ulaşılan 508 ergenden toplanmıştır. Ergenlerin İDÖ’den ve BTKÖ’den aldıkları ortalama puanların, yaşları, kardeş sayıları ve genel not ortalamaları ile ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Ergenlerin kullandıkları sosyal ağlar (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Youtube, LinkedIn, Snapchat, Tiktok, WhatsApp) ile temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlar ve bilişim teknolojileri kullanımı arasında anlamlı yönde pozitif ve negatif yönlü ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Bilişim Teknolojileri Kullanım Ölçeğinden elde edilen puanların yaş ve temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlar tarafından yordandığı belirlenmiştir.

Keywords

• bilişim teknolojileri
• sosyal medya kullanımı
• psikolojik ihtiyaçlar
• öz-belirleme kuramı
• ergenlik

References

1. Akdemir, T. N. (2013). To investigate the relationship between the attitudes of secondary school students towards Facebook and tendencies towards academic procrastination and academic achievement [Unpublished master’s dissertation]. Marmara University.
2. Allen, J. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2018). Satisfaction and frustration of basic psychological needs in the real world and in video games predict internet gaming disorder scores and well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 220-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.034
3. Andersen, S. M., Chen, S., & Carter, C. (2000). Fundamental human needs: Making social cognition relevant. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 269-275. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1449619
4. Arca, M. (2022). The use of virtual communication tools, the frequency of internet addiction and musculoskeletal effects in high school students [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Fırat University.
5. Aslan, M. M. (2020). Prediction of social media disorder levels of adolescents in terms of mindfulness and psychological needs [Unpublished master’s dissertation]. Dokuz Eylül University.
6. Aydoğdu, F., & Gürsoy, F. (2018). Investigation of need satisfaction levels of adolescents living in children’s homes and with family. The Journal of Turkish Social Research, 22(1), 59-84. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/453715
7. Bacanli, H., & Cihangir Cankaya, Z. (2003, July). Adaptation of the basic need satisfaction scale. Paper presented at 7th National Congress of Counseling and Guidance, Malatya, Turkey.
8. Balcı, Ş., & Tiryaki, S. (2014). Facebook addiction among high scholl students in Turkey. Paper presented at International Academic Conferences, Vienna, Austria.

9. Balıkçı, R. (2018). The relationship between online gaming addiction and aggressive behaviours [Unpublished master’s dissertation]. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf University.
10. Baltacı, Ö., Akbulut, Ö. F., & Yılmaz, E. (2021). A current risk factor in problematic internet use: the COVID-19 pandemic. Humanistic Perspective, 3(1), 97-121. https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.872503
11. Baumeister, R. F. & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
12. Bilir, A. (2017). Examination of the relationship between psychological need satisfaction and quality of life and mental well-being among adults (case of Beykoz District) [Unpublished master’s dissertation]. Üsküdar University.
13. Budak, C. (2016). The investigation of internet addiction, obesity prevalence, physical activity participation levels of secondary school children [Unpublished master’s dissertation]. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University.
14. Can, S., & Zeren, Ş. G. (2019). The role of internet addiction and basic psychological needs in explaining the academic procrastination behavior of adolescents. Cukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, 48(2), 1012- 1040. https://doi.org/10.14812/cufej.544325
15. Canoğulları, Ö. (2014). Examination of adolescents with different levels of internet addiction in terms of psychological needs according to gender, social anxieties and perception of parental attitudes [Unpublished master’s dissertation]. Cukurova University.
16. Caplan, S. E. (2002). Problematic internet use and psychosocial well-being: development of a theory-based cognitive–behavioral measurement instrument. Computers in Human Behavior, 18(5), 553-575. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(02)00004-3
17. Casale, S., & Fioravanti, G. (2015). Satisfying needs through Social Networking Sites: A pathway towards problematic Internet use for socially anxious people?. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 1, 34-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2015.03.008
18. Chiang, Y. T., & Lin, S. S. (2010). Early adolescent players' playfulness and psychological needs in online games. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 38(5), 627-636. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.5.627
19. Cırak, Z. D., Yetiş, G. & Gürbüz, P. (2018). The effect of university students' internet use on family relationships and responsibilities. Journal of Vocational School of Health Service, 6(2), 1–8. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/inonusaglik/issue/41092/396740
20. Cihangir-Çankaya, Z. (2005). Self-determination model: Autonomy support, need satisfaction and well being [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Gazi University.
21. Cokluk, Ö., Sekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. (2.Baskı). Pegem Akademi.
22. Coleman, P. G. (2000). Aging and the satisfaction of psychological needs. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 291-293. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1449623
23. Cömlekçi, M. F., & Başol, O. (2019). Analysis of relationship between youths’ social media usage motives and social media addiction. Celal Bayar University Journal of Social Sciences, 17(4), 173-188. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.525652
24. Deci, E. L., Connell, J. P., & Ryan, R. M. (1989). Self-determination in a work organization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(4), 580-590. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.74.4.580
25. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985a). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Springer Science & Business Media.
26. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985b). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 19(2), 109-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(85)90023-6
27. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The ‘‘What’’ and ‘‘Why’’ of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 4, 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
28. Demir, Y. & Kutlu, M. (2017). Relationships among internet addiction, academic procrastination and academic achievement. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 8(61), 91-105. https://doi.org/10.9761/JASSS7296
29. Deschamps, R., & McNutt, K. (2016). Cyberbullying: What's the problem?. Canadian Public Administration, 59(1), 45-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/capa.12159
30. Dinç, M. (2014). İnternet bağımlılığı, ne bilmeliyiz, ne yapmalıyız? İstanbul: Türkiye Yeşilay Cemiyeti Yayınları.
31. Dinç, M. (2015). Teknoloji bağımlılığı ve gençlik. Gençlik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(3), 31-65. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mehmet-Dinc/publication/329013815_Teknoloji_Bagimliligi_ve_Genclik/links/5befecd492851c6b27c50b72/Teknoloji-Bagimliligi-ve-Genclik.pdf
32. Diseth, Å., Danielsen, A. G., & Samdal, O. (2012). A path analysis of basic need support, self-efficacy, achievement goals, life satisfaction and academic achievement level among secondary school students. Educational Psychology, 32(3), 335-354. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2012.657159
33. Doğan, S., & Kesici, Ş. (2015). Investigation of gifted student's psychological needs in terms of some variables. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 5(8), 45-81. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/opus/issue/22697/242304
34. Dönder, A. K. (2021). The impact of group counseli̇ng program based on self-determination theory on students' problematic internet use levels [Unpublished master’s dissertation]. Hasan Kalyoncu University.
35. Erdemir, N. (2021). An investigation of internet addiction and problematic internet use of secondary and high school students [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. İnönü University.
36. Erden, Z. Ş. (2021). Examining of anxiety and basic psychological needs of high school students during the COVID-19 pandemic period [Unpublished master’s dissertation]. Hasan Kalyoncu University.
37. Eyyüpoğlu, E., & Özbay, Y. (2018). The investigation of the internet addiction symptoms of university students for psychological needs. Education Sciences (NWSAES), 13(4),121-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.12739/NWSA.2018.13.4.1C0684
38. Guay, F., Ratelle, C. F., Senécal, C., Larose, S., & Deschênes, A. (2006). Distinguishing developmental from chronic career indecision: Self-efficacy, autonomy, and social support. Journal of Career Assessment, 14(2), 235-251. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072705283975
39. Günüç, S. (2009). Development of Internet Addiction Scale and scrutinising the relations between the internet addiction and some demographic variables [Unpublished master’s dissertation]. Yüzüncü Yıl University.
40. Hauge, M. R., & Gentile, D. A. (2003, April). Video game addiction among adolescents: Associations with academic performance and aggression. In Society for Research in Child Development Conference. https://drdouglas.org/drdpdfs/SRCD%20Video%20Game%20Addiction.pdf
41. Hortaçsu, N. (2003). İnsan ilişkileri. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
42. Huang, H., & Leung, L. (2010). Instant messaging addiction among teenagers: Abstracting from the Chinese experience. In Addiction medicine (pp. 677-686). Springer, New York, NY. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-0338-9_33
43. Joo, Y. J., Chung, A. K., Kang, J. J., & Lee, M. Y. (2016). Identification of the structural relationship of basic psychological needs and Facebook addiction and continuance. The Journal of The Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication, 16(1), 183-191. https://doi.org/10.7236/JIIBC.2016.16.1.183
44. Kaba, İ. (2022). Adolescents' use of technology: A-self determinition perspective [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Hacettepe University.
45. Kaba, İ., & Doğan, T. (2021). Information technology usage scale: validity and reliability study. Turkish Studies - Education, 16(3), 1547-1572. https://doi.org/10.47423/TurkishStudies.50008
46. Kaba İ., & Doğan T. (2022a). Investigation of technology use and need satisfaction levels of adolescents according to some variables. Journal of Dependence, 23(4), 410-420. https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1062617
47. Kaba, İ., & Doğan, T. (2022b). Adolescents’ use of information technologies: a self-determination perspective. The Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences, 20(3), 701-729. https://doi.org/10.37217/tebd.1079665
48. Kale, H. (2019). Investigation of the relationship between social media use and loneliness, time management, communication skills and psychological well-being in high school students [Unpublished master’s dissertation]. Trabzon University.
49. Karagülle, A. E., & Caycı, B. (2014). Socialization and alienation in the network society. The Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 4(1), 1-9. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/138386
50. Kasser, V. G., & Ryan, R. M. (1999). The relation of psychological needs for autonomy and relatedness to vitality, well‐being, and mortality in a nursing home. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(5), 935-954. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00133.x
51. Kırtay, O. (2020). Technology use in libraries and the reading habits of ninth grade students: example of the Sahinbey district of Gaziantep. The Journal of Information and Documentation Studies, 14, 105-133. https://doi.org/10.26650/bba.2020.14.04
52. Kop, Y., & Yiğit, E. Ö. (2017). Determination of secondary school students opinions about internet usage. Kafkas University Journal of the Institute of Social Sciences, 19, 159-170. https://doi.org/10.9775/kausbed.2017.010
53. Kowal, J., & Fortier, M. S. (1999). Motivational determinants of flow: Contributions from self-determination theory. The Journal of Social Psychology, 139(3), 355-368. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224549909598391
54. Kürker, F. (2021). Investigating the mediating role of social media addiction between basic psychological needs satisfaction and academic procrastination in prospective teachers [Unpublished master’s dissertation]. Necmettin Erbakan University.
55. Leung, L., & Lee, P. S. (2012). Impact of internet literacy, internet addiction symptoms, and internet activities on academic performance. Social Science Computer Review, 30(4), 403-418. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439311435217
56. Lin, Y. J., Hsiao, R. C., Liu, T. L., & Yen, C. F. (2020). Bidirectional relationships of psychiatric symptoms with internet addiction in college students: A prospective study. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 119(6), 1093-1100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2019.10.006
57. Liu, Q. X., Fang, X. Y., Wan, J. J., & Zhou, Z. K. (2016). Need satisfaction and adolescent pathological internet use: Comparison of satisfaction perceived online and offline. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 695-700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.09.048
58. Liu, Q. X., Fang, X. Y., Yan, N., Zhou, Z. K., Yuan, X. J., Lan, J., & Liu, C. Y. (2015). Multi-family group therapy for adolescent Internet addiction: Exploring the underlying mechanisms. Addictive Behaviors, 42, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.021
59. Manchiraju, S., & Sadachar, A. (2018). Passion and self-determination: exploring social networking site addiction using a dualistic framework. Social Networking, 7(3), 126-136. https://doi.org/10.4236/sn.2018.73010
60. Minaz, A., & Bozkurt, Ö. Ç. (2017). Investigation of university students smartphone addiction levels and usage purposes in terms of different variables. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 9(21), 268-286. https://doi.org/10.20875/makusobed.306903
61. Notley, T. (2009). Young people, online networks, and social inclusion. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(4), 1208-1227. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01487.x
62. Oktan, V. (2015). Problematic internet use, loneliness and perceived social support among university students. Kastamonu Education Journal, 23(1), 281-292. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/kefdergi/issue/22600/241460
63. Özcan, A., Özdil, K., & Küçük-Öztürk, G. (2020). Examination of some psychological variables that predict internet addiction in university students: A university in cappadocia. Journal of International Health Sciences and Management, 6(10), 74–89. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jihsam/issue/53910/628626
64. Özgür, H. (2013). Analyzing the relationship between social networking addiction, interaction anxiousness and levels of loneliness of pre-service teachers. International Journal of Human Sciences, 10(2), 667-690. https://www.j-humansciences.com/ojs/index.php/ijhs/article/view/2669
65. Özteke-Kozan, H. İ., Baloğlu, M., Kesici, Ş., & Arpacı, İ. (2019). The role of personality and psychological needs on the problematic Internet use and problematic social media use. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 6, 203−219. http://dx.doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2019.6.2.0029
66. Peng, W., Li, D., Li, D., Jia, J., Wang, Y., & Sun, W. (2019). School disconnectedness and adolescent internet addiction: Mediation by self-esteem and moderation by emotional intelligence. Computers in Human Behavior, 98, 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.04.011
67. Rogers, R. (2017). The motivational pull of video game feedback, rules, and social interaction: Another self-determination theory approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 73, 446-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.048
68. Ryan, R. M. (1995). Psychological needs and the facilitation of integrative processes. Journal of Personality, 63(3), 397-427. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00501.x
69. Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.55.1.68
70. Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
71. Ryan, R. M., Rigby, C. S., & Przybylski, A. (2006). The motivational pull of video games: A self-determination theory approach. Motivation and Emotion, 30(4), 344-360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-006-9051-8
72. Shen, C. X., Liu, R. D., & Wang, D. (2013). Why are children attracted to the Internet? The role of need satisfaction perceived online and perceived in daily real life. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 185-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.08.004
73. Suler, J. R. (1999). To get what you need: healthy and pathological Internet use. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 2(5), 385-393. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1999.2.385
74. Şahin, İ., & Kesici, Ş. (2009). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik ihtiyaçları ve internet kullanım fonksiyonlarının problematik internet kullanımlarını yordaması. XVIII. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kurultayı.
75. Taçyıldız, Ö. (2010). Prediction of levels of internet addiction in high school students acording to some variables [Unpublished master’s dissertation]. Ege University.
76. Tanrıverdi, S. (2012). The examining of the relation between the internet addiction and the perceived social support on the secondary education students [Unpublished master’s dissertation]. Yüzüncü Yıl University.
77. Toraman, M. (2013). Investigation of the relationship of secondary school students' academic achievement with Internet addiction and social networking use levels [Unpublished master’s dissertation]. Fırat University.
78. Tutgun-Ünal, A. (2015). Social media addiction: A Research on university students [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Marmara University.
79. Üneri, Ö. Ş., & Tanıdır, C. (2011). Evaluation of internet addiction in a group of high school students: a cross-sectional study. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 24(4), 265-272. https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2011240402
80. Vansteenkiste, M. & Ryan, R. M. (2013). On psychological growth and vulnerability: Basic psychological need satisfaction and need frustration as a unifying principle. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 23(3), 263-280. https://psycnet.apa.org/journals/int/23/3/263/
81. We are Social (2018). Digital in 2018 global overview. https://wearesocial.com/blog/2018/01/global-digital-report-2018
82. We are Social (2021). Digital in 2021 global overview. https://wearesocial.com/digital-2021
83. We are Social (2022). Digital in 2022 global overview. https://wearesocial.com/uk/blog/2022/01/digital-2022/
84. Williams, G. C., Cox, E. M., Kouides, R., & Deci, E. L. (1999). Presenting the facts about smoking to adolescents: effects of an autonomy-supportive style. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 153(9), 959-964. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.153.9.959
85. Williams, G. C., Frankel, R. M., Campbell, T. L., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Research on relationship-centered care and healthcare outcomes from the Rochester biopsychosocial program: A self-determination theory integration. Families, Systems, & Health, 18(1), 79-90. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0091854
86. Yayla, H. M. (2018). Fine arts faculty of Dokuz Eylül University students’ use of social media in the context of uses and gratification: An example from Instagram. Selcuk Contact, 11(1), 40-65. https://doi.org/10.18094/josc.346756
87. Yiğit, R. (2012). Examination of psychological needs of university foreign students studying in Konya in terms of some variables. The Journal of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute, 27, 317-326. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/susbed/issue/61804/924629
88. Yu, C., Li, X., & Zhang, W. (2015). Predicting adolescent problematic online game use from teacher autonomy support, basic psychological needs satisfaction, and school engagement: A 2-year longitudinal study. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(4), 228-233. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2014.0385
89. Zhu, Y. Q., Chen, L. Y., Chen, H. G., & Chern, C. C. (2011). How does Internet information seeking help academic performance? The moderating and mediating roles of academic self-efficacy. Computers & Education, 57(4), 2476-2484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.07.006
90. Zolkepli, I. A., & Kamarulzaman, Y. (2015). Social media adoption: The role of media needs and innovation characteristics. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 189-209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.050