The Predictive Role of Perceived Parental Attitudes on Adolescents’ Creativity and Emotional Regulation

Abstract

The research was designed according to the screening model in order to examine how the parental attitudes perceived by the adolescents predict the creativity levels and emotion regulation difficulties of the adolescents. The sample of the study consists of adolescents who continue their education as 9th grade students in Süleymanpaşa district of Tekirdağ province, selected by a convenient sampling method. In addition to the Personal Information Form prepared by the researcher, Parent Attitude Scale, Creativity Scale and Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale were used to measure the variables examined in the study. Before performing the regression analysis, the normality of the distribution of the obtained scores was checked and it was seen that the data did not show a normal distribution. Logarithmic and square root transformation processes, which are the applicable methods to ensure normality, were performed and the normality of the distribution of the scores was examined again. The distribution was found to be normal and suitable for regression analysis. According to the results of the regression analysis, the scores of the adolescents from the Parent Attitude Scale explain 1.2% of their creativity levels and 22.7% of their emotion regulation. As the scores obtained from the Acceptance/Care sub-dimension of the Parent Attitude Scale increase, the scores obtained from the Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale decrease, while the total scores from the Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale decrease as the scores from the Psychological Autonomy sub-dimension increase. Based on these results, it can be said that parental attitudes perceived by adolescents predict adolescents' emotional regulation difficulties. The results obtained were discussed within the scope of perceived parental attitudes, creativity, emotion regulation difficulties and adolescence literature, and suggestions were made to experts and other researchers working in the field.

Keywords

• perceived parental attitudes
• adolescence period
• difficulties in emotion regulation
• creativity

Ergenlerde Yaratıcılık ve Duygu Düzenlemeyi Yordamada Algılanan Anne Baba Tutumlarının Rolü

Abstract

Araştırma ergenler tarafından algılanan anne baba tutumlarının, ergenlerin yaratıcılık düzeylerini ve duygu düzenleme güçlüklerini ne düzeyde yordadığını incelemek amacıyla tarama modeline göre tasarlanmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini uygun örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilen, Tekirdağ ili Süleymanpaşa ilçesinde öğrenimlerine dokuzuncu sınıf öğrencisi olarak devam eden ergenler oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada incelenen değişkenlerin ölçümlenmesinde araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanan Kişisel Bilgi Formunun yanı sıra Anne Baba Tutum Ölçeği, Yaratıcılık Ölçeği ve Duygu Düzenlemede Güçlükler Ölçeği’nden yararlanılmıştır. Regresyon analizi yapılmadan önce elde edilen puanların dağılımının normalliğine bakılmış ve verilerin normal dağılım göstermediği görülmüştür. Normalliğin sağlanması için uygulanabilir yöntemlerden olan logaritmik dönüşüm ve karekök dönüşüm işlemleri yapılmış, puanların dağılımlarının normalliği tekrar incelenmiştir. Dağılımın normal olduğu ve regresyon analizi yapabilmek için uygun olduğu görülmüştür. Yapılan regresyon analizi sonuçlarına göre, ergenlerin Anne Baba Tutum Ölçeğinden aldıkları puanlar yaratıcılık düzeylerinin %1,2’sini açıklarken, duygu düzenlemelerinin %22,7’sini açıklamaktadır. Anne Baba Tutum Ölçeği’nin Kabul/İlgi alt boyutundan alınan puanlar yükseldikçe Duygu Düzenlemede Güçlükler Ölçeği’nden alınan puanlar azalırken, Psikolojik Özerklik boyutundan alınan puanlar yükseldikçe Duygu Düzenlemede Güçlükler Ölçeği’nden alınan toplam puanlar da azalmaktadır. Bu sonuçlara dayanılarak ergenler tarafından algılanan anne baba tutumlarının, ergenlerin duygu düzenleme güçlüklerini yordadığı söylenebilir. Elde edilen sonuçlar algılanan anne baba tutumları, yaratıcılık, duygu düzenleme güçlükleri ve ergenlik alanyazını kapsamında tartışılmış, alanda çalışan uzmanlara ve diğer araştırmacılara önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Keywords

• algılanan anne baba tutumları
• ergenlik dönemi
• duygu düzenlemede güçlükler
• yaratıcılık

References

1. Aksoy, B. (2004). Coğrafya öğretiminde probleme dayalı öğrenme yaklaşımı [Doktora Tezi]. Gazi Üniversitesi.
2. Bailen, N. H., Green, L. M. ve Thompson, R. J. (2019). Understanding emotion in adolescents: a review of emotional frequency, intensity, instability and clarity. Emotion Review, 11(1), 63-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073918768878
3. Barbot, B. ve Heuser, B. (2017). Creativity and identity formation in adolescence: A developmental perspective. M. Karwowski ve J. C. Kaufman (Ed.), The creative self: Effect of beliefs, selfefficacy, mindset and identity (s. 87–98) içinde. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12809790-8.00005-4
4. Baumrind, D. (1971). Harmonious parents and their preschool children. Developmental Psychology, 4(1), 99-102. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030373
5. Becker, A. P. S., Vieira, M. L. ve Crepaldi, M. A. (2019). Attachment behavioral and parenting definitions, based on a cross-cultural approach: a review of the literature. Psicogenetic, 22, 211–235. https://doi.org/0.17081/psico.22.42.3507
6. Bell, A. V. (2020). Bubble wrapping vs. helping him learn his way: gender and definitions of parenting through the case of infertility. Journal of Family Studies, 26, 16–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2017.1292943
7. Bergström, M., Sarkadi, A., Hjern, A. ve Fransson, E. (2019). “We also communicate through a book in the diaper bag” Separated parents´ ways to coparent and promote adaptation of their 1–4 year-olds in equal joint physical custody. Plos One, 14(4), e0214913. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214913
8. Bibi, F., Chaudhry, A. G., Awan, E. A. ve Tariq, B. (2013). Contribution of parenting style in life domain of children. JOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 12(2), 91–95. https://doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v10i2.5476

9. Borelli, J. L., Margolin, G. ve Rasmussen, H. F. (2014). Parental overcontrol as a mechanism explaining the longitudinal association between parent and child anxiety. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 1559–1574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-9960-1
10. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı (12. Baskı). Pegem Yayıncılık.
11. Cui, L., Morris, A. S., Criss, M. M., Houltberg, B. J. ve Silk, J. S. (2014). Parental psychological control and adolescent adjustment: The role of adolescent emotion regulation. Parenting, 14(1), 47–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2014.880018
12. Çıngı, H. (1990). Örnekleme Kuramı. H.Ü. Fen Fakültesi Basımevi.
13. Daniels, S. ve Daniel, B. (2015). Raising creative kids (Ü. Ogurlu-F. Kaya, Çev.). Eğiten Kitap Yayıncılık.
14. Deng, L., Wang, L. ve Zhao, Y. (2016). How creativity was affected by environmental factors and individual characteristics: a cross-cultural comparison perspective. Creativity Research Journal, 28(3), 357-366. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2016.1195615
15. Ebrahimi, L., Amiri, M., Mohamadlou, M. ve Rezapur, R. (2017). Attachment Styles, Parenting
16. Styles, and Depression. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 15(5), 1064–1068. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-017-9770-y
17. Eisenberg, N. ve Morris, A. S. (2002). Children’s emotion-related regulation. H. Reese ve R. Kail (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (s. 189-229) içinde. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2407(02)80042-8
18. Ernst, M., Brähler, E., Klein, E. M., Jünger, C., Wild, P. S., Faber, J., Schneider, A. ve Beutel, M. E. (2020). What’s past is prologue: Recalled parenting styles are associated with childhood cancer survivors’ mental health outcomes more than 25 years after diagnosis. Social Science & Medicine, 252, 112916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112916
19. Esen, S. ve Ayverdi, L. (2020). Anne-babanın mükemmeliyetçilik algısı ile ortaokul öğrencilerinin yaratıcılıkları arasındaki ilişki. Uluslararası Eğitim Araştırmacıları Dergisi, 3(2), 253-275
20. Fan, J. ve Zhang, L. F. (2014). The role of perceived parenting styles in thinking styles. Learning and Individual Differences, 32(3), 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2014.03.004
21. Fang, Y. C. ve Shen, Y. H. (2021). The relationship between undergraduate students’ parenting style and creativity. Psychology, 12, 498-510. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2021.124031
22. Fearon, D. D., Copeland, D. ve Saxon, T. F. (2013). The relationship between parenting styles and creativity in a sample of Jamaican children. Creativity Research Journal, 25(1), 119–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2013.752287
23. Fletcher, K., Parker, G., Bayes, A., Paterson, A. ve McClure, G. (2014). Emotion regulation strategies in bipolar II disorder and borderline personality disorder: Differences and relationships with perceived parental style. Journal of Affective Disorders, 157, 52-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.01.001
24. Gambin, M., Woźniak-Prus, M., Konecka, A. ve Sharp, C. (2020). Relations between attachment to mother and father, mentalizing abilities and emotion regulation in adolescents. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2020.1736030
25. Glăveanu, V. P., Hanchett Hanson, M., Baer, J., Barbot, B., Clapp, E. P., Corazza, G. E. ve Sternberg, R. J. (2019). Advancing creativity theory and research: A sociocultural manifesto. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.395
26. Gralewski, J. ve Jankowska, D. M. (2020). Do parenting styles matter? Perceived dimensions of parenting styles, creative abilities and creative self-beliefs in adolescents. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 38, 100709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100709
27. Gratz, K. L. ve Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-008-9102-4
28. Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
29. Gross, J. J. ve John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes:
30. Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal Of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
31. Guo, J., Zhang, J. ve Pang, W. (2021). Parental warmth, rejection, and creativity: The mediating roles of openness and dark personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110369
32. Guo, M. ve Wu, Q. (2011). Parenting styles and academic achievement: The mediating role of conscientiousness and motivation. Psychological Research, 4(2), 44–47. https://doi.org/10.29329/epasr.2018.178.5
33. Ha, J. H. ve Jue, J. (2018). The mediating effect of emotion inhibition and emotion regulation between adolescents’perceived parental psychological control and depression. SAGE Open, 8(3), 215824401879368. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018793680
34. Hajal, N. J. ve Paley, B. (2020). Parental emotion and emotion regulation: A critical target of study for research and intervention to promote child emotion socialization. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 403–417. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000864
35. Herd, T., King-Casas, B. ve Kim-Spoon, J. (2020). Developmental changes in emotion regulation during adolescence: Associations with socioeconomic risk and family emotional context. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01193-2
36. Hong, P. ve Cui, M. (2020). Helicopter parenting and college students’ psychological maladjustment: the role of self-control and living arrangement. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 338– 347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01541-2
37. Hou, Y., Xiao, R., Yang, X., Chen, Y., Peng, F., Zhou, S., Zeng, X. ve Zhang, X. (2020). Parenting style and emotional distress among chinese college students: A potential mediating role of the zhongyong thinking style. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01774
38. İnce, Ş. İ. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinde algılanan ebeveyn kabul-reddi ile psikolojik belirtiler arasındaki ilişkide reddedilme duyarlılığı ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün aracı rolünün incelenmesi [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
39. Jin, Z., Zhang, X. ve Han, Z. R. (2017). Parental emotion socialization and child psychological adjustment among chinese urban families: Mediation through child emotion regulation and moderation through dyadic collaboration. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2198. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02198
40. Karasar, N. (2005). Bilimsel Araştirma Yöntemi. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
41. Karimi, S., Pirmoradi, M., Ashouri, A. ve Aghebati, A. (2021). Relationship of temperament and character traits, emotional regulation and perceived parenting with self-harming behaviors in adolescents. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 26(4), 448-463. https://10.32598/ijpcp.26.4.2955.2.1
42. Karmakar, M., Elhai, J. D., Amialchuk, A. A. ve Tietjen, G. E. (2017). Do personality traits mediate the relationship between childhood abuse and migraine? An exploration of the relationships in young adults using the add health dataset. Headache the Journal of Head and Face Pain, 58(2), 243–259. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13206
43. Kim, K. H. (2016). The Creativity Challenge: How We Can Recapture American Innovation. Prometheus Books.
44. Kim, K. H. ve Park, S. G. (2020). Relationship between parents’ cultural values and children’s creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2020.1821566
45. Kırışoğlu, O. T. (2002). Sanatta Eğitim: Görmek, Öğretmek, Yaratmak. Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
46. Korzynski, P., Paniagua, J. ve Rodriguez-Montemayor, E. (2019). Employee creativity in a digital era: The mediating role of social media. Management Decision, 58(1), 1100-1117. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-05-2018-0586
47. Lamborn, S., Mounts, N. S., Steinberg, L. ve Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Parents of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent and neglectful families. Child Development, 62(5), 1049-1065.
48. Lebuda, I. ve Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2020). All you need is love: The importance of partner and family relations to highly creative individuals’ well-being and success. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 54(1), 100–114. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.348
49. Lebuda, I., Jankowska, D. M. ve Karwowski, M. (2020). Parents’ creative self-concept and creative activity as predictors of family lifestyle. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9558. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249558
50. Lee, S. M., Daniels, M. H. ve Kissinger, D. B. (2006). Parental influences on adolescent adjustment: parenting styles versus parenting practices. The Family Journal, 14(3), 253–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480706287654
51. Liang, C. C. ve Yuan, Y. H. (2020). Exploring Children’s Creative Self-Efficacy Affected by After- School Program and Parent–Child Relationships. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2237. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02237
52. Lianos, P. G. (2015). Parenting and social competence in school: The role of preadolescents’ personality traits. Journal of Adolescence, 41, 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.03.006
53. Loechner, J., Sfärlea, A., Starman, K., Oort, F., Thomsen, L. A., Schulte-Körne, G. ve Platt, B. (2019). Risk of depression in the offspring of parents with depression: the role of emotion regulation, cognitive style, parenting and life events. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-019-00930-4
54. Maccoby, E. E. ve Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. E. M. Hctherington ve P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: socialization, personality and social development (s. 1-101) içinde. Wiley.
55. Maciejewski, D. F., Van Lier, P. A., Branje, S. J., Meeus, W. H. ve Koot, H. M. (2017). A daily diary study on adolescent emotional experiences: measurement invariance and developmental trajectories. Psychological Assessment, 29(1), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000312
56. Madjar, N., Oldham, G. R. ve Pratt, M. G. (2002). There's no place like home? The contributions of work and nonwork creativity support to employees' creative performance. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 757–767. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069309
57. Mageau, G. A., Bureau, J. S., Ranger, F., Allen, M. ve Soenens, B. (2016). The role of parental achievement goals in predicting autonomysupportive and controlling parenting. Journal of
58. Child and Family Studies, 25, 1702–1711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0341- 1
59. Miller, A. L., Lambert, A. D. ve Neumeister, K. L. S. (2012). Parenting style, perfectionism, and creativity in high-ability and high-achieving young adults. Journal for the Education of the
60. Gifted, 35, 344–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162353212459257
61. Moilanen, K. L., Padilla-Walker, L. M. ve Blaacker, D. R. (2018). Dimensions of short-term and longterm self-regulation in adolescence: associations with maternal and paternal parenting and parentchild relationship quality. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47, 1409–1426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0825-6
62. Moltafet, G., Sadati Firoozabadi, S. S. ve Pour-Raisi, A. (2018). Parenting style, basic psychological needs, and emotional creativity: a path analysis. Creativity Research Journal, 30, 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2018.1446748
63. Moreira, H. ve Canavarro, M. C. (2019). Mindful parenting is associated with adolescents’ difficulties in emotion regulation through adolescents’ psychological ınflexibility and self-compassion. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964- 019-01133-9
64. Moreira, H., Caiado, B. ve Canavarro, M. C. (2020). Is mindful parenting a mechanism that links parents’ and children’s tendency to experience negative affect to overprotective and supportive behaviors? Mindfulness. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01468-6
65. Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S. ve Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of family context in development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16(2), 361-388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007. 00389.x
66. Mozafari, S. (2014). Prediction of creativity and academic achievement based on child rearing styles. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Research, 3(3), 166–176. https://doi.org/ 10.1515/ctra-2019-0012
67. Nejad, B., Jenaabadi, H., Ghafarsuja, N. ve Heydarribisafar, H. (2015). Study of the relationship between parenting attitude of youth fostering and creativity among students of universities. Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science, 5, 148-156.
68. Olivari, M. G., Cuccì, G., Bonanomi, A., Tagliabue, S. ve Confalonieri, E. (2018). Retrospective paternal and maternal parenting styles, regulatory self-efficacy and adolescent risk taking. Marriage& Family Review, 54(3), 282-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2017.1403990
69. Perry, N. B., Dollar, J. M., Calkins, S. D., Keane, S. P. ve Shanahan, L. (2020). Maternal socialization of child emotion and adolescent adjustment: Indirect effects through emotion regulation. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 541–552. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000815
70. Powers, A. ve Casey, B. J. (2015). The adolescent brain and the emergence and peak of psychopathology. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 14(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/15289168.2015.1004889
71. Pugsley, L. ve Acar, S. (2020). Supporting creativity or conformity? influence of home environment and parental factors on the value of children's creativity characteristics. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 54(3), 598–609. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.393
72. Ren, F., Li, Y. ve Zhang, J. (2017). Perceived parental control and Chinese middle school adolescents’ creativity: The mediating role of autonomous motivation. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity and the Arts, 11(1), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000078
73. Rönnlund, M. ve Karlsson, E. (2006). The relation between dimensions of attachment and internalizing or externalizing problems during adolescence. The Journal of Genetic
74. Psychology, 167, 47-63. https://doi.org/10.3200/gntp.167.1.47-63
75. Rubin, K. H. ve Burgess, K. (2002). Parents of aggressive and withdrawn children. M. Bornstein, (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (s.383-418) içinde. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
76. Rugancı, R. N. (2008). The relationship among attachment style, affect regulation, pyschological distress and mental construction of the relational world. [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
77. Rutherford, H. J. V., Wallace, N. S., Laurent, H. K. ve Mayes, L. C. (2015). Emotion regulation in parenthood. Developmental Review, 36, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2014.12.008.
78. Semiz, M. (2007). İstatistik Laboratuarı & SPSS-MP. Dizgi Ofset Matbaacılık.
79. Shalley, C. E., Gilson, L. L. ve Blum, T. C. (2009). Interactive effects of growth need strength, work context, and job complexity on self-reported creative performance. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 489–505. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2009.41330806
80. Shorer, M. ve Leibovich, L. (2020). Young children’s emotional stress reactions during the COVID-19 outbreak and their associations with parental emotion regulation and parental playfulness. Early Child Development and Care, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2020.1806830
81. Si, S., Zhang, S., Yu, Q. ve Zhang, J. (2018). The interaction of DRD2 and parenting style in predicting creativity. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 27, 64–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2017.11.001
82. Smetana, J. G. (2017). Current research on parenting styles, dimensions, and beliefs. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.012
83. Song, J. J., Gu., C. H. ve Zhang, Y. X. (2013). The effect of left-at home adolescents’ Internet use on their social creativity: The mediating role of social relationship network. Chinese Journal of Special Education, 161(11), 63–69.
84. Suldo, S. M. ve Huebner, E. S. (2004). The role of life satisfaction in the relationship between authoritative parenting dimensions and adolescent problem behavior. Social Indicators Research, 66(1/ 2), 165–195. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SOCI.0000007498.62080.1e
85. Van der Zanden, P. J. A. C., Meijer, P. C. ve Beghetto, R. A. (2020). A review study about creativity in adolescence: Where is the social context? Thinking Skills and Creativity, 38, 100702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100702
86. Whetton, D. A. ve Cameron, K. S. (2002). Answer to exercises taken from developing management skills (3. Baskı). Pearson Education.
87. White, R. ve Renk, K. (2012). Externalizing behavior problems during adolescence: an ecological perspective. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21(1), 158-171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-011-9459-y
88. Wu, Y., Yuan, C.-H. ve Pan, C. I. (2018). Entrepreneurship education: An experimental study with information and communication technology. Sustainability, 10(3), 691-704. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030691
89. Yılmaz, A. (2000). Anne Baba Tutum Ölçeği’nin güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 7(3), 160-172.
90. Zhang, D., Zhou, Z., Gu, C., Lei, Y. ve Fan, C. (2018). Family socioeconomic status and parent-child relationships are associated with the social creativity of elementary school children: the mediating role of personality traits. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27, 2999–3007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1130-4
91. Zheng, W., Wu, Y. J., Ma, Z. ve Mai, Y. (2019). Is overparenting harmful to creativity? Creativity and Innovation Management, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12346
92. Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Kerin, J. L., Webb, H. J., Gardner, A. A., Campbell, S. M., Swan, K. ve Timmer, S. G. (2019). Improved perceptions of emotion regulation and reflective functioning in parents: two additional positive outcomes of parent-child interaction therapy. Behavior Therapy, 50, 340–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2018.07.002