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Terör Korkusu ve Algılanan Terör Riskinin Alturistik Boyutları

Year 2020, Volume: 37 Issue: 2, 358 - 371, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.700607

Abstract

İçinde yaşadığımız dünya sayısız riskle kuşatılmış durumdadır. Özellikle son yıllarda doğal risklerden imal edilmiş risklere, salgın hastalıklardan terörist saldırılara kadar çok geniş yelpazeden riskler toplumları tehdit emkete ve korku yaratmaktadır. Geçtiğimiz yıllarda dünyanın çeşitli bölgelerinde yayılım alanı bulan bombalı terör saldırıları terör risk ve korkusunun çok büyük coğrafyalarda tetiklenmesine ve korkunun gündelik hayatları etkisi altına almasına yol açmıştır. Ancak bu korku, bireylerin yalnızca kendilerine ilişkin korkularından ibaret olmayıp ailelerine ve yakınlarına ilişkin korkularını da içermektedir. Bu çerevede, bu araştırma daha önce bombalı terör saldırılarının gerçekleştiği Ankara’da yaşayan bireylerin yakınlarına ilişkin korkularını ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma, 2018 yılında anket ve görüşmeler aracılığı ile toplanan verilere dayanmaktadır. Anketler, Ankara’da terör saldırılarının gerçekleşmiş olduğu mekanları ve çevresini kullanan 400 kişi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Görüşme verileri ise bombalı bir terör eylemine doğrudan maruz kalmış olan 20 kişiden kartopu örnekleme tekniği ile toplanan verilere dayanmaktadır. Araştırma sonuçları, bireylerin yakınlarına ilişkin korkularının kişisel korkularından daha yüksek olduğunu ve cinsiyet, çocuk sahibi olmak, terör mağduriyeti ve yaşanılan muhite ilişkin algıların bireylerin yakınlarına ilişkin korkuları üzerinde belirleyici olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca bu korku ve kaygıların bireylerde telkin davranışını tetiklediği bulgulanmıştır. Araştırma, literatürde genellikle eksik bırakılan, terör korkusunun ve algılanan terör riskinin alturistik boyutlarını ortaya koyması açısından önem arz etmektedir.

Supporting Institution

Anadolu Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi (BAP)

Project Number

1601E012

References

  • Ackah, Y. (2000). Fear of crime among an immigrant population in the Washington, DC metropolitan area. Journal of Black Studies, 30(4), 553-573.
  • Ahmed, S. (2015). The ‘emotionalization of the “war on terror”: Counterterrorism, fear, risk, insecurity and helplessness”. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 15(5), 545-560.
  • Al-Badayneh, D., Al-Khattar, A. ve Al Hassan, K. (2011). Fearing future terrorism: Perceived personal, national, regional and international threats of terrorism. Count. Terror. Diverse Communities, 90, 30.
  • Aly, A. ve Green, L. (2010). Fear, anxiety and the state of terror. Studies in Conflict & Terroris, 33, 268–281.
  • Beck, U. (2002a). The terrorist threat: world risk society revisited. Theory, culture & society, 19(4), 39-55.
  • Beck, U. (2002b). The silence of words and political dynamics in the world risk society. Logos, 1(4), 1-18.
  • Beck, U. (2006). Living in the world risk society: A Hobhouse Memorial Public Lecture given on Wednesday 15 February 2006 at the London School of Economics. Economy and society, 35(3), 329-345.
  • Beck, U. (2014). Risk toplumu başka bir modernliğe doğru. (Çev: K. Özdoğan ve B. Doğan). İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları.
  • Boscarino, J. A., Figley, C. R. ve Adams, R. E. (2003). Fear of terrorism in New York after the September 11 terrorist attacks: Implications for emergency mental health and preparedness. International journal of emergency mental health, 5(4), 199.
  • Clemente F. ve Kleiman, M. B. (1977). Fear of crime in the United States: A multivariate analysis. Social Forces. 56(2), 519-531.
  • Davis, D. ve Silver, B. (2004). The threat of terrorism, presidential approval, and the 2004 election. Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Hilton Chicago and the Palmer House Hilton, Chicago, IL.
  • Demirçivi, E. R. (2015). Metropollerde terörizm algısı: Ankara’da bir uygulama. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara: Kara Harp Okulu Savunma Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Drakulich, K. M. (2015). Concerns for self or family? Sources of and responses to altruistic fear. Journal of interpersonal violence, 30(7), 1168-1207.
  • Fattah, E. (1993). Victimisation and fear of crime among the elderly: A possible link. In Crime and Older People Conference, 1-35.
  • Ferraro, K. F. (1995). Fear of Crime, Interpreting Victimization Risk. New York: SUNY.
  • Ferraro, K. F. (1996). Women's fear of victimization: shadow of sexual assault?. Social Forces, 75( 2), 667-690.
  • Friedman, B. H. (2011). Managing fear: The politics of homeland security. Political Science Quarterly, 126(1), 77-106.
  • Garofalo, J. (1981). The fear of crime: causes and consequences. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 72(2), 839- 857.
  • Giddens, A. (2000). Elimizden kaçıp giden dünya. (Çev: O. Akınhay). İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
  • Gigerenzer, G. (2006). Out of the frying pan into the fire: Behavioral reactions to terrorist attacks. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 26(2), 347-351.
  • Grabosky, P. N. (1995). Fear of crime, and fear reduction strategies. Current Issues Crim. Just., 7, 7.
  • Hale, C. (1996), Fear of crime: a review of the literature. International Review Of Victimology, 4:79-150.
  • Haynes, S. H. ve Rader, N. E. (2015). Concerns about crime for self and others: An analysis of individual and contextual effects. Criminal Justice Review, 40(3), 303-321.
  • Heber, A. (2009). “The Worst thing that Could Happen”: On Altruistic Fear of Crime. International Review of Victimology, 16(3), 257-275.
  • Hollway, W. ve Jefferson, T. (1997). The risk society in an age anxiety: Situating fear of crime, The British Journal of Sociology, 48, 255-266.
  • Howie, L. (2005). There is nothing to fear but fear itself (and terrorists): Public perception, terrorism and the workplace. Paper presented to the Social Change in the 21st Century Conference. Centre for Social Change Research Queensland University of Technology.
  • Hunter, A. (1978). Symbols of ıncivility: social disorder and fear of crime in urban neighborhoods. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/82421.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Karakuş, Ö. (2013). Suç korkusunun sosyolojik belirleyenleri: sosyal sermaye mi? Sosyal kontrol mü?. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(1), 1-19.
  • Kul, M. (2013). Suçtan daha büyük suç korkusu. İstanbul: Yeniyüzyıl.
  • Laqueur, W. (2000). The new terrorism: Fanaticism and the arms of mass destruction. USA: Oxford University Press.
  • Lavanco, G., Milio, A., ve Romano, F. (2008). Terrorism's Fear. Perceived Personal and National Threats. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2, 186-189.
  • Lerner, J. S., Gonzalez, R. M., Small, D. A., ve Fischhoff, B. (2003). Effects of fear and anger on perceived risks of terrorism: A national field experiment. Psychological Science, 14(2), 144-150.
  • May, D. C., Herbert, J., Cline, K., ve Nellis, A. (2011). Predictors of fear and risk of terrorism in a rural state. Ohio State University. International Journal of Rural Criminology, 1(1), 1-22..
  • Nacos, B. L., Bloch-Elkon, Y. ve Shapiro, R. Y. (2007). Post-9/11 terrorism threats, news coverage, and public perceptions in the United States. International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV), 1(2), 105-126.
  • Nellis, A. M. ve Savage, J. (2012). Does watching the news affect fear of terrorism? The importance of media exposure on terrorism fear. Crime & Delinquency, 58(5), 748-768.
  • Pelletier, P. ve Drozda-Senkowska, E. (2016). The Charlie Hebdo Terror Attack in Paris: Follow-up of French Citizens’ Terrorist Threat Perception and Its Aftermath. International Review of Social Psychology, 29(1).
  • Renard, T. (2016). Fear not: a critical perspective on the terrorist threat in Europe. Egmont Security Policy Brief No. 77.
  • Reşitoğlu, H. Ü. (2017). Diğerleri için Duyulan Suç Korkusu. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (41), 145-160.
  • Rubin, G. J., Brewin, C. R., Greenberg, N., Hughes, J. H., Simpson, J., ve Wessely, S. (2007). Enduring consequences of terrorism: 7-month follow-up survey of reactions to the bombings in London on 7 July 2005. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 190(4), 350-356.
  • Scott, H. (2003). Stranger danger: Explaining women’s fear of crime”. Western Criminology Review, 4(3), 203-214.
  • Sipahi, E. B. (2016). Suç korkusu türkiye kentlerinde bir alan araştırması. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi.
  • Skogan, W. (1986). Fear of crime and neighborhood change. Crime and justice, 8, 203-229.
  • Snedker, K. A. (2006). Altruistic and vicarious fear of crime: Fear for others and gendered social roles. Sociological Forum içinde (Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 163-195).
  • Stanko, E. A. (1995). Women, crime, and fear. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 539(1), 46-58.
  • Taylor, R. B. ve Hale, M. (1986). Testing alternative models of fear of crime. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 77(1), 151- 189.
  • Tulloch, M. I. (2004). Parental fear of crime: A discursive analysis. Journal of Sociology, 40(4), 362-377.
  • Vozmediano, L., San-Juan, C., Vergara, A. I. ve Alonso-Alberca, N. (2017). “Watch out, sweetie”: The impact of gender and offence type on parents’ altruistic fear of crime. Sex Roles, 77(9-10), 676-686.
  • Warr, M. (1990). Dangerous situations: social context and fear of victimization, Social Forces, 68, 891-907.
  • Warr, M. (2000). Fear of crime in the United States: Avenues for research and policy. Criminal Justice, 4 (4), 451- 489.
  • Warr, M. ve Ellison, C.G. (2000). Rethinking social reactions to crime: Personal and altruistic fear in family households. The American Journal of Sociology, 106, 551-578.
  • Wilson, J. Q. ve Kelling, G. L. (1982). Broken windows. (p.1- 10). https://www.manhattan-institute.org/pdf/_atlantic_monthly-broken_windows.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Zeigler, N. A. (2010). Fear of terrorism and support for counter-terrorism policies. Department of Criminal Justice, Lycoming College.

Altruistic Dimensions of Fear of Terror and Perceived Terror Risk

Year 2020, Volume: 37 Issue: 2, 358 - 371, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.700607

Abstract

The world is surrounded by many risks. Especially in recent years, a wide range of risks, from external to manufactured risks, from epidemics to terrorist attacks, create threats and fear for the societies. Terrorist attacks in recent years have caused terrorism risk and fear to be triggered in vast geographies and fear affects daily lives. However, the fear covers not only the personal fears of individuals but also fears about relatives. This study aims to address the fears about relatives and families of individuals living in Ankara, where terrorist attacks took place. The research is based on data collected through surveys and interviews in 2018. The surveys were conducted with 400 individuals with regard to the spots where terrorist attacks took place in Ankara. Interview data is based on data collected by the snowball sampling technique from 20 people who were directly exposed to a terrorist attack. Results reveal that the fears of individuals about their relatives are higher than their personal fears. Gender, having children, the neighbourhood, and terrorism victimisation are determinant on the individuals’ fear about their relatives. Besides, it has been found that fear and anxiety trigger the recommendation behaviour in individuals. The research is essential in terms of revealing the altruistic dimensions of fear of terrorism and perceived terrorism risk, which is often lacking in the literature.

Project Number

1601E012

References

  • Ackah, Y. (2000). Fear of crime among an immigrant population in the Washington, DC metropolitan area. Journal of Black Studies, 30(4), 553-573.
  • Ahmed, S. (2015). The ‘emotionalization of the “war on terror”: Counterterrorism, fear, risk, insecurity and helplessness”. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 15(5), 545-560.
  • Al-Badayneh, D., Al-Khattar, A. ve Al Hassan, K. (2011). Fearing future terrorism: Perceived personal, national, regional and international threats of terrorism. Count. Terror. Diverse Communities, 90, 30.
  • Aly, A. ve Green, L. (2010). Fear, anxiety and the state of terror. Studies in Conflict & Terroris, 33, 268–281.
  • Beck, U. (2002a). The terrorist threat: world risk society revisited. Theory, culture & society, 19(4), 39-55.
  • Beck, U. (2002b). The silence of words and political dynamics in the world risk society. Logos, 1(4), 1-18.
  • Beck, U. (2006). Living in the world risk society: A Hobhouse Memorial Public Lecture given on Wednesday 15 February 2006 at the London School of Economics. Economy and society, 35(3), 329-345.
  • Beck, U. (2014). Risk toplumu başka bir modernliğe doğru. (Çev: K. Özdoğan ve B. Doğan). İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları.
  • Boscarino, J. A., Figley, C. R. ve Adams, R. E. (2003). Fear of terrorism in New York after the September 11 terrorist attacks: Implications for emergency mental health and preparedness. International journal of emergency mental health, 5(4), 199.
  • Clemente F. ve Kleiman, M. B. (1977). Fear of crime in the United States: A multivariate analysis. Social Forces. 56(2), 519-531.
  • Davis, D. ve Silver, B. (2004). The threat of terrorism, presidential approval, and the 2004 election. Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Hilton Chicago and the Palmer House Hilton, Chicago, IL.
  • Demirçivi, E. R. (2015). Metropollerde terörizm algısı: Ankara’da bir uygulama. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara: Kara Harp Okulu Savunma Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Drakulich, K. M. (2015). Concerns for self or family? Sources of and responses to altruistic fear. Journal of interpersonal violence, 30(7), 1168-1207.
  • Fattah, E. (1993). Victimisation and fear of crime among the elderly: A possible link. In Crime and Older People Conference, 1-35.
  • Ferraro, K. F. (1995). Fear of Crime, Interpreting Victimization Risk. New York: SUNY.
  • Ferraro, K. F. (1996). Women's fear of victimization: shadow of sexual assault?. Social Forces, 75( 2), 667-690.
  • Friedman, B. H. (2011). Managing fear: The politics of homeland security. Political Science Quarterly, 126(1), 77-106.
  • Garofalo, J. (1981). The fear of crime: causes and consequences. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 72(2), 839- 857.
  • Giddens, A. (2000). Elimizden kaçıp giden dünya. (Çev: O. Akınhay). İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
  • Gigerenzer, G. (2006). Out of the frying pan into the fire: Behavioral reactions to terrorist attacks. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 26(2), 347-351.
  • Grabosky, P. N. (1995). Fear of crime, and fear reduction strategies. Current Issues Crim. Just., 7, 7.
  • Hale, C. (1996), Fear of crime: a review of the literature. International Review Of Victimology, 4:79-150.
  • Haynes, S. H. ve Rader, N. E. (2015). Concerns about crime for self and others: An analysis of individual and contextual effects. Criminal Justice Review, 40(3), 303-321.
  • Heber, A. (2009). “The Worst thing that Could Happen”: On Altruistic Fear of Crime. International Review of Victimology, 16(3), 257-275.
  • Hollway, W. ve Jefferson, T. (1997). The risk society in an age anxiety: Situating fear of crime, The British Journal of Sociology, 48, 255-266.
  • Howie, L. (2005). There is nothing to fear but fear itself (and terrorists): Public perception, terrorism and the workplace. Paper presented to the Social Change in the 21st Century Conference. Centre for Social Change Research Queensland University of Technology.
  • Hunter, A. (1978). Symbols of ıncivility: social disorder and fear of crime in urban neighborhoods. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/82421.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Karakuş, Ö. (2013). Suç korkusunun sosyolojik belirleyenleri: sosyal sermaye mi? Sosyal kontrol mü?. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(1), 1-19.
  • Kul, M. (2013). Suçtan daha büyük suç korkusu. İstanbul: Yeniyüzyıl.
  • Laqueur, W. (2000). The new terrorism: Fanaticism and the arms of mass destruction. USA: Oxford University Press.
  • Lavanco, G., Milio, A., ve Romano, F. (2008). Terrorism's Fear. Perceived Personal and National Threats. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2, 186-189.
  • Lerner, J. S., Gonzalez, R. M., Small, D. A., ve Fischhoff, B. (2003). Effects of fear and anger on perceived risks of terrorism: A national field experiment. Psychological Science, 14(2), 144-150.
  • May, D. C., Herbert, J., Cline, K., ve Nellis, A. (2011). Predictors of fear and risk of terrorism in a rural state. Ohio State University. International Journal of Rural Criminology, 1(1), 1-22..
  • Nacos, B. L., Bloch-Elkon, Y. ve Shapiro, R. Y. (2007). Post-9/11 terrorism threats, news coverage, and public perceptions in the United States. International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV), 1(2), 105-126.
  • Nellis, A. M. ve Savage, J. (2012). Does watching the news affect fear of terrorism? The importance of media exposure on terrorism fear. Crime & Delinquency, 58(5), 748-768.
  • Pelletier, P. ve Drozda-Senkowska, E. (2016). The Charlie Hebdo Terror Attack in Paris: Follow-up of French Citizens’ Terrorist Threat Perception and Its Aftermath. International Review of Social Psychology, 29(1).
  • Renard, T. (2016). Fear not: a critical perspective on the terrorist threat in Europe. Egmont Security Policy Brief No. 77.
  • Reşitoğlu, H. Ü. (2017). Diğerleri için Duyulan Suç Korkusu. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (41), 145-160.
  • Rubin, G. J., Brewin, C. R., Greenberg, N., Hughes, J. H., Simpson, J., ve Wessely, S. (2007). Enduring consequences of terrorism: 7-month follow-up survey of reactions to the bombings in London on 7 July 2005. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 190(4), 350-356.
  • Scott, H. (2003). Stranger danger: Explaining women’s fear of crime”. Western Criminology Review, 4(3), 203-214.
  • Sipahi, E. B. (2016). Suç korkusu türkiye kentlerinde bir alan araştırması. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi.
  • Skogan, W. (1986). Fear of crime and neighborhood change. Crime and justice, 8, 203-229.
  • Snedker, K. A. (2006). Altruistic and vicarious fear of crime: Fear for others and gendered social roles. Sociological Forum içinde (Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 163-195).
  • Stanko, E. A. (1995). Women, crime, and fear. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 539(1), 46-58.
  • Taylor, R. B. ve Hale, M. (1986). Testing alternative models of fear of crime. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 77(1), 151- 189.
  • Tulloch, M. I. (2004). Parental fear of crime: A discursive analysis. Journal of Sociology, 40(4), 362-377.
  • Vozmediano, L., San-Juan, C., Vergara, A. I. ve Alonso-Alberca, N. (2017). “Watch out, sweetie”: The impact of gender and offence type on parents’ altruistic fear of crime. Sex Roles, 77(9-10), 676-686.
  • Warr, M. (1990). Dangerous situations: social context and fear of victimization, Social Forces, 68, 891-907.
  • Warr, M. (2000). Fear of crime in the United States: Avenues for research and policy. Criminal Justice, 4 (4), 451- 489.
  • Warr, M. ve Ellison, C.G. (2000). Rethinking social reactions to crime: Personal and altruistic fear in family households. The American Journal of Sociology, 106, 551-578.
  • Wilson, J. Q. ve Kelling, G. L. (1982). Broken windows. (p.1- 10). https://www.manhattan-institute.org/pdf/_atlantic_monthly-broken_windows.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Zeigler, N. A. (2010). Fear of terrorism and support for counter-terrorism policies. Department of Criminal Justice, Lycoming College.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Tuba Gün Çınğı 0000-0001-8412-7364

Project Number 1601E012
Publication Date December 31, 2020
Submission Date March 9, 2020
Acceptance Date June 3, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 37 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Gün Çınğı, T. (2020). Terör Korkusu ve Algılanan Terör Riskinin Alturistik Boyutları. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(2), 358-371. https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.700607


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