İKİNCİ DÜNYA SAVAŞI DÖNEMİNDE İNGİLİZ SİVİL CEPHEDE PROPAGANDA ÇALIŞMALARI: KÂĞIT TOPLAMA KAMPANYASI

Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 24, 525 - 541, 15.10.2024

Fahriye Begum Yildizeli

https://doi.org/10.20304/humanitas.1498769

Abstract

Birinci Dünya Savaşı tecrübesi tüm taraf devletlere askeri, ekonomik ve toplumsal gücün dengeli ve stratejik kullanımının önemini göstermiştir. 1929 Dünya Ekonomik Krizi’nin de getirdiği olumsuz etkilerle İngiltere, savaş ekonomisinde sosyal politikalar uygulama yoluna gitmiştir. 1939 sonbaharında Almanya’ya savaş ilanıyla birlikte sivil cephede eşzamanlı bir mücadele başlamıştır. İngiliz Hükümeti’nin propaganda faaliyetleri kapsamında her türlü desteğin savaş çabası için kullanılması gerekliliği, cephe gerisinde İngiliz toplumu içinde topyekûn bir psikolojik savaşa dönüşmüştür. Nazi tehlikesine karşı toplumun moral ve motivasyon düzeyinin yüksek tutulması hedeflenmiş, kitleler afiş, bildiri, poster ve filmlerle bilinçlendirilmiştir. Ev kadınları başta olmak üzere çocuklar ve yaşlılar gibi savaşa katılmayan cephe gerisindeki tüm vatandaşlar kâğıt, plastik ve endüstriyel materyallerin geri dönüşümün sağlanması, yeniden kullanılması, enerji tasarrufunun sağlanması, yardım kampanyalarının düzenlenmesi ve gıda ürünlerinin yetiştirilmesi gibi günlük mücadelelerle seferber edilmiştir. İkinci Dünya Savaşı “Halk Savaşı” olarak da bilinmektedir. Bu tabir, sivil cephedeki mücadelelerle özdeşleştirilirken İngiliz Hükümeti’nin toplumsal dayanışmaya verdiği stratejik öneme de işaret etmektedir. Öte yandan dönemin en önde gelen kampanyalarından Kâğıt Toplama, ekonomik koşullar ağırlaştıkça zorunlu hale getirilmiş, halk atık toplamaya ve çöp ayrıştırmaya da teşvik edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, İngilizlerin sivil cephedeki propaganda çalışmalarına odaklanarak toplumun gönüllü seferberliğini amaçlayan faaliyetleri analiz edecektir. Aynı zamanda Kâğıt Toplama Kampanyası’na ilişkin günlük ve anketler üzerinden İngiltere’deki sosyal sınıfların savaş ve kampanyalara dair görüşleri de değerlendirecektir.

Keywords

Kağıt Toplama Kampanyası, İkinci Dünya Savaşı savaş çabaları, İngiliz Sivil Cephesi, İngiliz Hükümeti propaganda faaliyetleri, Halk Savaşı

PROPAGANDA ON THE BRITISH HOME FRONT DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR: PAPER SALVAGE CAMPAIGN

Abstract

The experience of the First World War has shown all the states that are parties to the importance of the balanced and strategic use of military, economic and social power. Britain, which was affected by the 1929 World Economic Crisis, tried to implement social policies in the war economy. With the declaration of war on Germany in the autumn of 1939, a simultaneous struggle began on the civil home front. The necessity of using all kinds of support for the war effort within the scope of the British Government's propaganda activities has turned into an all-out psychological war within the British society behind the front. It was aimed to keep the morale and motivation level of the society high against the Nazi threat, and the masses were made aware with posters, leaflets, posters and films. All citizens behind the front lines who did not participate in the war, especially housewives, children and the elderly, were mobilized with daily struggles such as recycling and reusing paper, plastic and industrial materials, saving energy, organizing aid campaigns and growing food products. The Second World War is also known as the “People's War.” While this phrase is identified with the struggles on the civilian front, it also points to the strategic importance that the British Government attaches to social solidarity. On the other hand, Paper Salvage, one of the most prominent campaigns of the period, became mandatory as economic conditions worsened, and the public was encouraged to collect waste and separate garbage. This study will analyse the activities aimed at the voluntary mobilization of society by focusing on the British propaganda work at the civilian front. It will also evaluate the views of social classes in England on the war and campaigns through diaries and surveys related to the Paper Salvage Campaign.

Keywords

Paper Salvage Campaign, WWII War Efforts, British Home Front, British Government propaganda activities, People’s War

References

• “Growing up in the Second World War” (İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda büyümek). Imperial War Museums (Britanya Emperyal Savaş Müzesi) https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/growing-up-in-the-second-world-war (Erişim Tarihi: 22.04.2024).
• “Kitchener: The most famous pointing finger”. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-28642846 (Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2024).
• “Miss grant goes to the door” (Bayan Grant kapıya gidiyor, 1940). https://web.archive.org/web/20110303190155/http://www.filmandsound.ac.uk/collections/records/0023-0000-1419-0000-0-0000-0000-0.html (Erişim Tarihi: 13.05.2024).
• “Salvage saves shipping” (Geri dönüşüm nakliyeden tasarruf sağlar). http://www.postersofwar.co.uk/Manufacture-Posters/c46/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2024).
• “The Battle of London” (Londra savaşı) 1941. https://web.archive.org/web/20071223015803/http://www.movieflix.com/movie_info.php?movie_id=202 (Erişim Tarihi: 13.05.2024).
• “Up Housewives and at “Em” (Ev kadınları yükselin ve birleşin) “The art of war, propaganda: production: Salvage, National Archives website, Catalogue Ref: INF: 3/219”.https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/families/the-big draw/recycling/up-housewives-and-at-em/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2024).
• “Urgently wanted” (Acilen aranıyor), artist bilinmiyor. 1940’lar. https://www.invaluable.com/auction-lot/propaganda-poster-your-paper-wanted-salvage-wwii--252-c-c3343c887d (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2024).
• “Your country needs you” (Ülkenin sana ihtiyacı var), Imperial war museum collections (Britanya Emperyal Savaş Müzesi collection) 5 Ağustos 1914. https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/16576 (Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2024).
• Aldgate A., & Richards J. (2007). Britain can take it: The British cinema in the Second World War (2nd ed.). I.B.Tauris.
• Aristoteles. (1995). Retorik (Çev. M. H. Doğan). Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
• Beaverbrook L. (1928). Politicians and the war, 1914-1916. Doubleday, Doran & Company Inc.
• Calder, A. (1969). The people’s war: Britain, 1939-1945. Pimlico.
• Cantril, H., Hazel G., & Herzog H. (1940) The invasion from Mars: A study in the psychology of panic: With the complete script of the famous Orson Welles broadcast. Princeton University Press.
• Cavalcanti, A. (1942). “Went the day well?” (Gün iyi geçti?) https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0035429/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12.05.2024).
• Chaffee, S. & Hocheimer, J. L. (1985). The beginnings of political communications research in the United States: origins of the limited effects model in E. M. Rogers and F. Balle (Eds.). The media revolution in American & Western Europe. (pp. 60-95). Ablex Publishing.
• Churchill, W. (1949). Their finest hour. The Second World War. Vol. II. Houghton Mifflin.
• Cubitt, G. (2007). History and memory. Manchester University Press.
• Doğan, İ. (2020). İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda kullanılan Amerikan propaganda afişlerinin değerlendirmesi. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 13(69), 1134-1148 http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2020.4027
• Elvey, M. & Knight C. (1940). “For freedom” (Özgürlük için). https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0032483/ (Erişim Tarihi: 13.05.2024).
• Gazeley, I. (2008). Women’s pay in British industry during the Second World War. The Economic History Review, 61, 651-671 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00412.x
• Goins, E. T. (2011). Promoting unity through propaganda: How the British Government utilized posters during the Second World War. [Honors College Capstone Experience/Thesis projects]. paper 340. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/stu_hon_theses/340
• Hancock, W. K., & Gowing, M. M. (1949). British war economy. HMSO.
• Havighurst, A. F. (1985). Britain in transition: the twentieth century. Chicago University Press.
• Herbert, L. (2009). Londra ve Güneydoğu İngiltere tarihinde atık ve atık yöneticilerinin yüzüncü yıl tarihi. The Chartered Institution of Wastes Management. London. https://www.ciwm.co.uk/Custom/BSIDocumentSelector/Pages/DocumentViewer.aspx?id=QoR7FzWBtitMKLGdXnS8mUgJfkM0vi6KMAYwUqgqau3ztZeoed%252bsdmKIqDzPOm8yAXgBZR%252fn1fYhL%252bTNdjUq9g2xwY63C2g8GcAQQyfpf3SImIrrED%252bTfsUM91bKsogr (Erişim Tarihi: 01.05.2024).
• Holand, C. I. (1953). Communication and persuasion; psychological studies of opinion change. Yale University Press.
• Imperial war museum (Britanya emperyal savaş müzesi). 4 numaralı poster. yıl ve sanatçı bilinmiyor. https://www.iwm.org.uk/learning/resources/second-world-war-posters (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2024).
• Irving, H. (2016). Paper salvage in Britain during the Second World War. Historical Research, 89(244), 373-393 https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.12135
• Laswell, H. D. (1938). Propaganda technique in the World War. Peter Smith Publishing. published online: Cambridge University Press.
• Lippmann, W. (1998). Public opinion (with a new introduction by Michael Curtis). Transaction Publishers.
• McLaine, I. (1979). Ministry of morale. Allen and Unwin.
• Messenger, G. S. (1992). British propaganda and the state in the First World War. Manchester University Press.
• Polat, G. Ü. (2014). I. Dünya Savaşında İngiliz ve Türk propaganda gazetelerinin etkinliği üzerine bir değerlendirme (el-Hakika ve Musavver Çöl). OTAM, 36(Güz), 141-155.
• Powell, M. (1941). “An Airman’s letter to his mother” (Bir havacının annesine mektubu”). https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0033320/ (Erişim Tarihi: 13.05.2024).
• Sanders, M. L., & Taylor, P. M. (1982). British propaganda during the First World War 1914-1918. MacMillan Press Ltd.
• Silverstein, B. (1987). Towards a science of propaganda. Political Psychology, 8(1), 49-59.
• Sussex University mass observation archive (MOA) (Sussex Üniversitesi kitle gözlem arşivi) https://www.sussex.ac.uk/library/speccoll/collection_introductions/massobs.html (Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2024).
• Şahin G., & Mercimek A. (2020). Güvenlikleştirme aracı olarak propaganda ve algı yönetimi: II. Dünya Savaşı’nda afiş ve posterler. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 13(2), 811-860. https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.837773
• Taylor, P. M. (1981). The projection of Britain: British overseas publicity and propaganda 1919-1939. Cambridge University Press.
• Thorsheim, P. (2015). Waste into weapons: recycling in Britain during the Second World War. Cambridge University Press.
• Tosh J., & Lang, S. (2006). The pursuit of history: aims, methods and new directions in the study of modern history. Pearson Education Limited.
• Tosh, J. (2000). Historians on history. Pearson Lmtd.
• Walls, D. (2023). Bones wanted: Home front Britain’s use of propaganda to promote civilian engagement through the salvage campaign during World War II. Liberated Arts: A Journal for Undergraduate Research, 10(1), Article 6.
• Yaylagül, L. (2008). Kitle iletişim kuramları egemen ve eleştirel yaklaşımlar. Dipnot Yayınları.
• Zweiniger-Bargielowska, I. (2002). Austerity in Britain. Oxford University Press.