Çamur Arıtımının Yaşam Döngüsü Değerlendirmesi- Genel Bakış

Year 2017, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 78 - 92, 01.10.2017

Pelin Yapıcıoğlu Özlem Demir

Abstract

Arıtma çamurları, atıksu arıtma proseslerinin son ürünü olarak oluşur ve çamur yönetimi, arıtma tesislerinin işletiminde hem
ekonomik hem de çevresel açıdan öneme sahiptir. Arıtma çamurlarının yönetimi çevreye olumsuz etkileri olan başlıca
proseslerden birisidir. Atıksuların arıtılması sonucu oluşan arıtma çamurları, patojenler, ağır metaller, iz ve kalıcı organik
kirleticiler içerebilir. Buna karşın; stabilize edilmiş çamur ise nütrient içeriği sebebiyle gübre olarak kullanılabilir. Bununla
birlikte, ısıl değeri uygun olursa ek yakıt olarak da kullanılabilir. Arıtma çamurları bu sebeplerle aynı zamanda yenilenebilir
enerji ve ham madde kaynağıdır. Susuzlaştırma, yoğunlaştırma, stabilizasyon, çürütme, kompostlama, piroliz, insinerasyon,
kurutma, ıslak oksidasyon, süper kritik ıslak oksidasyon, düzenli depolama ve fosfor geri kazanımı uygulanan çamur arıtım
metotlarıdır. Sürdürülebilir çamur yönetimini sağlamak için yaşam döngüsü değerlendirmesi, çamur arıtım teknolojilerinin
çevresel etkilerinin belirlenmesi ve karşılaştırılmasına olanak sağlayan en önemli araçlardan biridir. Yaşam döngüsü
değerlendirme (YDD), bir ürün ya da hizmetin yaşam döngüsü boyunca beşikten mezara kadar, girdilerinin, çıktılarının ve
potansiyel çevresel etkilerinin gözden geçirilip değerlendirilmesini sağlayan bütünsel bir çevresel etki değerlendirme aracıdır.
Yaşam Döngüsü Değerlendirme, bir ürün ya da hizmetin beşikten mezara yaklaşımıyla çevresel etkilerin analizini öngörür.
Yaşam döngüsü değerlendirme, çevresel tehlikeleri tanımlamada kullanılan genişletilmiş bir çevresel etki değerlendirme
metodolojisidir. Bu çalışmada, çamur arıtım metotlarının yaşam döngüsü değerlendirmeleri incelenmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalar,
çamur arıtımının yaşam döngüsü değerlendirmesinde, ORWARE, SimaPro, MARTES, TEAM by, Ecobilan, UMBERTO, LCAiT,
SiSOSTAQUA, BioWin*, STAN*, WWEST, BEAM, GaBi 6 ve GEMIS modellerinin sıklıkla tercih edildiğini göstermektedir.
İncelenen 40 çalışma sonucunda, çamur arıtım tekniklerinin küresel ısınma potansiyeli, insan toksisitesi, asidifikasyon
potansiyeli ve abiyotik kaynak tüketimi gibi majör çevresel etki kategorilerine yol açtığı bulunmuştur. IPCC, Ecoinvent, CML
2002 ve IMPACT 2002+ çamur arıtımı için kullanılan temel yaşam döngüsü etki değerlendirme metotlarıdır. Sürdürülebilir
çamur yönetimini sağlamak için yaşam döngüsü değerlendirmesi, çamur arıtım teknolojilerinin çevresel etkilerinin belirlenmesi
ve karşılaştırılmasına olanak sağlayan en önemli araçlardan biridir. 

Keywords

Yaşam Döngüsü Değerlendirme; Arıtma Çamuru; Sürdürülebilirlik; Çevresel Etki

References

• Tarantini, M., Buttol, P. and Maiorino, L. " An environmental LCA of alternative scenarios of urban sewage sludge treatment and disposal," Thermal Science, 11, 153-164, 2007.
• Guine´e, J.B. , de Bruijn, J.A. and Duin, V. editors. An operational guide to the ISO-standards. CML, Leiden
• University, Leiden, The Netherlands, 2000.
• Suh, Y., and Rousseaux, P., "An LCA of alternative wastewater sludge treatment scenarios," Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 35 , 191-200, 2002.
• Hospido, A., Martin, M.T., Rigola M. and Feijoo, G., "Environmental evaluation of different treatment processes for sludge from urban wastewater treatments: an aerobic digestion versus thermal processes," The International Journal of LCA, 10 , 336-345, 2005.
• Svanstrom, M., Fröling, M., Modell, M., Peters W. A. and Tester, J., "Environmental assessment of supercritical water oxidation of sewage sludge," Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 41, 321-338, 2004.
• Peregrina C. A., Lecomte, D., Arlabosse P. and Rudolph, V., "Life Cycle assessment (LCA) applied to the design of an innovative drying process for sewage sludge," Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 84, 270-279, 2006.
• Yoshida, H., Life cycle assessment of sewage sludge treatment and its use on land, Phd Thesis, Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, 2014.
• Hreiz, R., Latifi, M.A. and Roche, N., "Optimal design and operation of activated sludge processes: state-of-the art," Chemical Engineering Journal,281,900–920, 2015.
• Sözen, S., Ubay Cokgor, E., Insel, G., Okutman Tas, D., Dulkadiroglu, H., Karaca , C., Filibeli, A., Meric, S. and Orhon, D., " Scientific basis of dissolved organic carbon limitation for landfilling of municipal treatment sludge – Is it attainable and justifiable?," Waste Management, 34, 1657-1666, 2014.
• Davis L. M., Water and Wastewater Engineering: Design Principals and Practice, McGraw-Hill international Editions, Boston, Massachusets, chapter 20, 2010.
• Filibeli,A., Arıtma çamurlarının işlenmesi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Yayınları, 255, 6.Baskı,İzmir, 2009.
• Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse 4ed, McGraw-Hill international Editions, Boston, Massachusets, pp. 983-1034, 1447-1632., 2003.
• Sanin F.D., Clarkson W. W. , Vesilind, P. A. Sludge Engineering: the Treatment and Disposal of Wastewater Sludges, DEStech Publications, Inc., Lancaster, PA, USA, 2011.
• Vigerust, E., Some Biological Properties in Sewage Sludge and Sewage Treated Soils, The Influence of Sewage Sludge Application on Physical and Biological Properties of Soils, G. Catroux,P. L'Hermite, E. Suess, Springer Netherlands, pp 243-249, 1983.
• Abelleira,J., Perez-Elvira,S.I., Sanchez Oneto,J., Portela,J.R., Nebot,E., "Advanced thermal hydrolysis of secondary sewage sludge: a nove lprocess combining thermal hydrolysis and hydrogen peroxide addition." Resour.Conserv.Recycl., 59,52–57., 2012.
• Turovskiy, I.S., Mathai, P.K., "Wastewater sludge processing." Wiley- Interscience. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey., 2006.
• Kaya, A., An Inventory Study For Municipal Sludge Production In Aegean Region-Turkey, MSc Thesis, Dokuz Eylül University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, İzmir, 2012.
• [Wang, Lawrence K.; Hung, Yung-Tse; Shammas, Nazih K., Physical Chemical Treatment Procesess 2nd edition,2004, Sludge Reduction Technologies in Wastewater Treatment Plants, IWA Publishing,2010, from http://www.iwapublishing.com/template.cfm?name=isbn9781843392781.
• Foladori, P., Andreottola, G., Ziglio, G., Sludge Reduction Technologies in Wastewater Treatment Plants, IWA Publishing, pp. 26, 2010.
• Demir, Ö., An Inventory Study For Municipal Sludge Production In Aegean Region-Turkey, Phd Thesis, Dokuz Eylül University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, İzmir, 2012.
• Erden, G., Demir, Ö.,A. Filibeli A.," Disintegration of biological sludge: Effect of ozone oxidation and ultrasonic treatment on aerobic digestibility," Bioresource Technology, 101, 8093-8098, 2010.
• Liu, Y., " Chemically reduced excess sludge production in the activated sludge process," Chemosphere, 50, 1–7, 2003.
• Egemen, E., Corpening, J., Nirmalakhandan, N., "Evaluation of an ozonation system for reduced waste sludge generation," Water Science & Technology, 44 (2–3), 445–452, 2001.
• Erden, G., The Investigation of Sludge Disintegration Using Oxidation Process, Phd Thesis, Dokuz Eylül University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, İzmir, 2010.
• Bougrier, C., Albasi, C., Delgenés, J. P., Carrére, H., “Effect of ultrasonic, thermal, and ozone pre-treatments on waste activated sludge solubilisation and anaerobic biodegradability,” Chemical Engineering and Processing, 45, 711–718, 2006.
• Filibeli, A., Kaynak, G. E., “Arıtma çamuru miktarının azaltılması ve özelliklerinin iyilestirilmesi amacıyla yapılan ön islemler,” Itu Dergisi e/ Su Kirlenmesi Kontrolü, 16 (1-3), 3-12, 2006.
• Nickel, K., Neis, U., “Ultrasonic disintegration of biosolids for improved biodegradation,” Ultra. Sonochem. 14, 450–455, 2007.
• Pham, T.T.H., Brar, S.K., Tyagi, R.D., Surampalli, R.Y., “Ultrasonication of wastewater sludge – Consequences on biodegradability and flowability,” J. Haz. Mater. 163, 891–898,2009.
• Xie, B., Liu, H., Yan, Y., “Improvement of the activity of anaerobic sludge by low-intensity ultrasound,” J. Environ. Manage. 90, 260–264, 2009.
• Magdalena, A., Dytczak, K.L., Londry, H.S., Oleszkiewicz, J.A., “Ozonation reduces sludge production and improves denitrification,” Water Res., 41, 543–550, 2007.
• Weemaes, M., Grootaerd, H., Sımoens, F., Verstraete, W., “Anaerobic digestion of ozonized biosolids,” Water Res. 34 (8), 2330–2336, 2000.
• Lehne, G.A., Müller, J.A., Schwedes, J., “ Mechanical disintegration of sewage sludge.,” Water Sci. Technol. 43 (1), 19–26, 2001.
• Lin, J.G., Chang, C.N., Chang, S.C., “Enhancement of anaerobic digestion of wasteactivated sludge by alkaline solubilization,” Bioresour. Technol. 62, 85–90, 2007.
• Barjenbruch, M., Kopplow, O., “Enzymatic, mechanical and thermal pretreatment of surplus sludge,” Adv. Environ. Res. 7, 715–720, 2003.
• Kaynak, G.E., Filibeli, A., “Assessment of Fenton process as a minimization technique for biological sludge: effects on anaerobic sludge bioprocessing,” J. Residuals Sci. Tech. 5 (3), 151–160, 2008.
• Ayol, A., Filibeli, A., Sir, D., Kuzyaka, E., “Aerobic and anaerobic bioprocessing of activated sludge: floc disintegration by enzymes,” J. Environ. Sci. Heal. C 43 (13), 1528–1535, 2008.
• Yoshida, H., Christensen, H.T., Scheutz, C., “Life cycle assessment of sewage sludge management: A review,” Waste Management & Research, 31(11) 1083–1101, 2013.
• ISO 14040: Environmental management -- Life cycle assessment -- Principles and framework,2006. Available: https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html
• B Resource Guide: Conducting a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), 2008. Available: http://nbis.org/nbisresources/life_cycle_assessment_thinking/guide_life_cycle_assessment_bcorp.pdf
• Williams, A. S., "Life Cycle Analysis: A Step by Step Approach," ISTC Reports, 2009. Available: http://www.istc.illinois.edu/info/library_docs/TR/TR040.pdf
• Jolliet, O., Margni, M. Charles, R., Humbert, S., Payet, J., Rebitzer, G., Rosenbaum, R., "A New Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methodology," International Journal of LCA, 8 ,6, 324-330, 2003.
• Beaufort-Langeveld, D., Van Den Berg, N., Christiansen, K., Haydock, R., Ten Houten, M. and Kotaji, S., "Simplifying LCA: just a cut?": Final report of the SETAC Europe Screening and Streamlining Working Group. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: SETAC; 1997.
• Rebitzer, G., Ekvallb, T., Frischknecht, R., Hunkelerd, D., Norris, G., Rydbergf, T., Schmidtg, W.P., Suhh, S. B., Weidemai, P. D., Penningtonf, W., "Life cycle assessment Part 1: Framework, goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, and applications," Environment International, 30, 701 – 720, 2004.
• Ayol, A., Determinations of rheological properties of sludges produced at different treatment stages,Phd Thesis, Dokuz Eylül University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, İzmir, 2005.
• Tillman, A.M., Svngby, M. and Lundstrom, H., “Life cycle assessment of municipal waste water systems,” International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 3, 145–157, 1998.
• Bridle, T. and Skrypski-Mantle, S., “Assessment of sludge reuse options: a life-cycle approach,” Water Science and Technology 41, 131–135, 2000.
• Lundin, M., Bengtsson, M. and Molander, S., “Life cycle assessment of wastewater systems: Influence of system boundaries and scale on calculated environmental loads,” Environmental Science and Technology 34: 180–186, 2000.
• Suh, Y.J. and Rousseaux P., “An LCA of alternative wastewater sludge treatment scenarios, ”Resources Conservation & Recycling, 35: 191–200, 2002.
• Hospido, A., Moreira, M.T., Fernandez-Couto, M., et al. , “Environmental performance of a municipal wastewater treatment plant,” International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 9: 261–271, 2004.
• Lundin, M., Olofsson, M., Pettersson, G.J., et al. , “Environmental and economic assessment of sewage sludge handling options,” Resources Conservation and Recycling, 41: 255–278, 2004.
• Poulsen, T.G. and Hansen, J.A., “Strategic environmental assessment of alternative sewage sludge management scenarios,” Waste Management and Research, 21: 19–28, 2003.
• Hospido, A., Moreira, M.T., Martin, M., et al. , “Environmental evaluation of different treatment processes for sludge from urban wastewater treatments: Anaerobic digestion versus thermal processes,” International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 10: 336–345,
• Svanstrom, M., Froling, M., Olofsson, M., et al., “Environmental assessment of supercritical water oxidation and other sewage sludge handling options,” Waste Management & Research, 23, 356–366, 2005.
• Houillon, G. and Jolliet, O., “Life cycle assessment of processes for the treatment of wastewater urban sludge: energy and global warming analysis,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 13, 287–299, 2005.
• Cartmell, E., Gostelow, P., Riddell-Black, D., et al. , “Biosolids – A fuel or a waste? An integrated appraisal of five co-cornhustion scenarios with policy analysis,” Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 649–658, 2006.
• Tarantini, M., Butol, P., and Marorino, L., “An environmental LCA of alternative scenarios of urban sewage sludge treatment and disposal,” Thermal Science, 11: 153–164, 2007.
• Gallego, A., Hospido, A., Moreira, M.T., et al., “Environmental performance of wastewater treatment plants for small populations,” Resources Conservation and Recycling, 52, 931–940, 2008.
• Remy, C. and Jekel, M., “Sustainable wastewater management: life cycle assessment of conventional and source-separating urban sanitation systems,” Water Science and Technology 58,1555–1562, 2008.
• Murray, A., Horvath, A. and Nelson, K.L. , “Hybrid life-cycle environmental and cost inventory of sewage sludge treatment and end-use scenarios: A case study from China,” Environmental Science and Technologies, 42: 3163–3169,2008.
• Johansson, K., Perzon, M., Froling, M., et al., “Sewage sludge handling with phosphorus utilization - life cycle assessment of four alternatives,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 16, 135–151, 2008.
• Hospido, A., Moreira, M.T. and Feijoo, G., “A comparison of municipal wastewater treatment plants for big centres of population in Galicia (Spain),” International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 13, 57–64, 2008.
• Renou, S., Thomas, J.S., Aoustin, E., et al., “Influence of impact assessment methods in wastewater treatment LCA,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 16, 1098–1105, 2008.
• Hong, J., Hong, J., Otaki, M., et al., “Environmental and economic life cycle assessment for sewage sludge treatment processes in Japan,” Waste Management 29, 696–703, 2009.
• Pasqualino, J.C., Meneses, M., Abella, M., et al., “LCA as a decision support tool for the environmental improvement of the operation of a municipal wastewater treatment plant,” Environmental Science and Technology 43, 3300–3307, 2009.
• Peters, G.M. and Rowley, H.V., “Environmental comparison of biosolids management systems using life cycle assessment,” Environmental Scienceand Technologies, 43, 2674–2679, 2009.
• Foley, J., de Haas, D., Hartley, K., et al., “Comprehensive life cycle inventories of alternative wastewater treatment systems,” Water Research, 44, 1654–1666, 2010.
• Lederer, J. and Rechberger, H., “Comparative goal-oriented assessment of conventional and alternative sewage sludge treatment options,” Waste Management, 30, 1043–1056, 2010.
• Sablayrolles, C., Gabrielle, B. and Montrejaud-Vignoles, M., “Life cycle assessment of biosolids land application and evaluation of the factors impactin human toxicity through plant uptake,” Journal of Industrial Ecology, 14, 231–241, 2010.
• Hospido, A., Carballa, M., Moreira, M., et al., “Environmental assessment of anaerobically digested sludge reuse in agriculture: Potential impacts of emerging micropollutants,” Water Research, 44, 3225–3233, 2010.
• Stokes, J.R., and Horvath, A., “Supply-chain environmental effects of wastewater utilities,” Environmental Research Letters, 5, 1–7, 2010.
• Soda, S., Iwai, Y., Sei, K., et al., “Model analysis of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of sewage sludge treatment system with different processes and scales,” Water Science and Technology, 61(2), 365–373, 2010.
• Brown, S., Beecher, N. and Carpenter, A., “Calculator tool for determining greenhouse gas emissions for biosolid processing and end use,” Environmental Science and Technology, 44, 9509–9515, 2010.
• Uggetti, E., Ferrer, I., Molist, J., et al., “Technical, economic and environmental assessment of sludge treatment wetlands,” Water Research 45, 573–582, 2011.
• Hong, J. and Li, X., “Environmental assessment of sewage sludge as secondary raw material in cement production- A case study in China,” Waste Management, 31, 1364–1371, 2011.
• Liu, Q., Jiang, P., Zhao, J., Zhang, B., Bian, H. and Qian, G., “Life cycle assessment of an industrial symbiosys based on energy recovery from dried sludge and used oil,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 19,1700–1708, 2011. [76] Carballa, M., Duran, C. and Hospido, A.,”Should we pretreat solid waste prior to anaerobic digestion? An assessmnet of its environmental cost,” Environmental Science and Technology, 45(24), 10306–10314, 2011.
• Bravo, L. and Ferrer, I., “Life Cycle Assessment of an intensive sewage treatment plant in Barcelona (Spain) with focus on energy aspects,” Water Science and Technology 64(2), 440–447, 2011.
• Linderholm, K., Tillman, A-M. and Mattsson, J.E. “Life cycle assessment of phosphorus alternative for Swedish agriculture,” Resource Conservation and Recycling, 66, 27–39, 2012.
• Nakakubo, T., Tokai, A. and Ohno, K., “Comperative assessment of tehnological systems for recycling sludge and food waste at greenhouse gas emissions reduction and phosphorus recovery,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 32, 157–172, 2012.
• Alyaseri, I., Zhou, J., “Towards better environmental performance of wastewater sludge treatment using endpoint approach in LCA methodology,” Heliyon, 3, 2-24, 2017.
• Abuşoglu, A., Ozahi, E., Kutlar A.İ., Al-jaf H., “Life cycle assessment (LCA) of digested sewage sludge incineration for heat and power production,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 142, 1684-1692, 2017.
• Heimersson, S., Svanstrom, M., Cederberg, C., Peters G., “Improved life cycle modelling of benefits from sewage sludge anaerobic digestion and land application,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 122, 126–134, 2017.
• McNamara, Greg and Horrigan,Matthew and Phelan, Thomas and Fitzsimons,Lorna and Delaure,Yan and Corcoran, Brian and Doherty, Edelle and Clifford, Eoghan “Life Cycle Assessment of Waste Water Treatment Plants in Ireland”, South East European Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems, Ohrid, Macedonia, 29 June - 3 July 2014.