5G Yüksek Frekanslı Algılama Uygulamaları için Esnek Ara Bağlantı ve Toprak Kusurlu Bölünmüş Halka Rezonatörün Sayısal Analizi

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 172 - 183, 30.09.2025

Ekrem Altınözen

https://doi.org/10.46578/humder.1741743

Abstract

Giyilebilir kablosuz iletişim ve biyomedikal uygulamaların artması, kullanıcıların sağlık ve zindelik takibini önemli ölçüde geliştirmek ve insan-makine arayüzlerinin etkileşim performansını artırmak için konformal elektroniklere olan ihtiyacı doğurmuştur. Bu makale, polimer kompozitler temel alınarak geliştirilen, toprak düzleminde kusur içeren bölünmüş halka rezonatörlü (Defected Ground Split Ring Resonator - DGS SRR) ve hafif, uyumlu Radyo Frekansı (RF) bağlantı elemanlarının sayısal karakterizasyonunu açıklamaktadır. Kullanılan malzeme, Polidimetilsiloksan (PDMS) adlı bir polimerdir. Konformal bükülmenin, RF bağlantı elemanlarının elektromanyetik performansı üzerindeki etkisi, frekans alanında Sonlu Elemanlar Yöntemi (FEM) ile analiz edilmiştir. Elektromanyetik performansın avantajları, yansıma katsayıları ile birlikte doğruluk ve çok yönlülük açısından tartışılmış ve sonuçlar karşılaştırılmıştır. Simülasyon modeliyle tasarlanan esneyebilir yüksek frekanslı mikroşerit bağlantı elemanları, maksimum -15 dB S11 büyüklüğüne ve minimum -0.62 dB S21 yansıma katsayısı büyüklüğüne sahiptir. Bölünmüş Halka Rezonatör (SRR), sub-milimetre 5G frekans bandı içerisinde 3.46 GHz'de rezonansa girerek, –24.45 dB'lik bir yansıma katsayısı (S₁₁) zirvesi sergilemektedir; bu da güçlü bir rezonans ve verimli enerji bağlantısını göstermektedir. Sunulan mikroşerit iletim hattı, giyilebilir mikroşerit sensörlerin besleme ağı için ve mekanik esnekliğin kaçınılmaz olduğu uygulamalarda, RF algılama sistemlerinin güvenilirliğini ve dayanıklılığını artırmak için faydalı bir örnektir.

Keywords

: Esnek Rezonatör , Bükülme Bozulması , 5G Uygulamaları

Numerical Analysis of a Flexible Interconnect and Ground-Defected Split Ring Resonator for High-Frequency 5G Sensing Applications

Abstract

The increasing number of wearable wireless communication and biomedical applications have led to need for conformal electronic to significantly enhance health and wellness monitoring of users and performance of improve interaction human-machine interfaces. This paper describes numerical characterization conformal and light-weight Radio Frequency (RF) interconnects with ground defected split ring resonator based upon polymer composites Polydimethylsiloxane, namely PDMS, is used. The impact of conformal bending on the electromagnetic performance of the RF interconnects was considered and analyzed both in frequency domain Finite Element Modelling method, (FEM). The merits of electromagnetic performance reflection coefficients, in conjunction with accuracy, and versatility are discussed, and results are compared. Simulated model the designed stretchable high-frequency microstrip interconnects has a maximum magnitude, S11 of -15 dB and a minimum magnitude of reflection coefficient, S21 of –0.62 dB . The Split Ring Resonator (SRR) exhibits resonance within the sub-millimeter 5G frequency band, achieving a resonant frequency at 3.456 GHz with a peak reflection coefficient (S₁₁) of –24.45 dB, indicating strong resonance and efficient energy coupling. The presented microstrip transmission line is a useful example for feeding network of wearable microstrip sensors and in applications where inevitable mechanical flexibility helps improve reliability and durability of RF sensing systems.

Keywords

Flexible Resonator , Bending Deformation , 5G Applications

References

• J. Chen et al., "Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-Based Flexible Resistive Strain Sensors for Wearable Applications," Applied Sciences, vol. 8, no. 3, 2018.
• M. Amjadi, K.-U. Kyung, I. Park, and M. Sitti, "Stretchable, Skin-Mountable, and Wearable Strain Sensors and Their Potential Applications: A Review," Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 1678-1698, 2016.
• C. Pang et al., "A flexible and highly sensitive strain-gauge sensor using reversible interlocking of nanofibres," Nat Mater, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 795-801, Sep 2012.
• C. M. Lochner, Y. Khan, A. Pierre, and A. C. Arias, "All-organic optoelectronic sensor for pulse oximetry," Nat Commun, vol. 5, p. 5745, Dec 10 2014.
• Z. Chen, J. Xi, W. Huang, and M. M. F. Yuen, "Stretchable Conductive Elastomer for Wireless Wearable Communication Applications," Sci Rep, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 10958, Sep 8 2017
• S. C. Mukhopadhyay, Wearable electronics sensors: For safe and healthy living. Springer, 2015.
• B. Yan, F. Zhang, M. Wang, Y. Zhang, and S. Fu, "Flexible wearable sensors for crop monitoring: a review," Front Plant Sci, vol. 15, p. 1406074, 2024.
• A. Mostaccio, G. Antonelli, R. Capuano, C. D. Natale, E. Martinelli, and G. Marrocco, "Full-LIG Wireless Batteryless Flexible Sensor for the Detection of Triethylamine," IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 90-99, 2024
• J. H. Lee, K. Cho, and J. K. Kim, "Age of Flexible Electronics: Emerging Trends in Soft Multifunctional Sensors," Adv Mater, vol. 36, no. 16, p. e2310505, Apr 2024
• L. Kong et al., "Wireless Technologies in Flexible and Wearable Sensing: From Materials Design, System Integration to Applications," Adv Mater, vol. 36, no. 27, p. e2400333, Jul 2024
• E. Altinozen, I. Harrison, A. Vukovic, and P. Sewell, "Systematic generation of arbitrary antenna geometries," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/7022934.
• E. Altinozen, A. Vukovic, and P. Sewell, "Impact of Torsion on Flexible Interconnects," in 2022 IEEE International Conference on Flexible and Printable Sensors and Systems (FLEPS), 10-13 July 2022 2022, pp. 1-4,
• J. Suikkola et al., "Screen-Printing Fabrication and Characterization of Stretchable Electronics," Sci Rep, vol. 6, p. 25784, May 13 2016
• D. Brosteaux, A. Fabrice, M. Gonzalez, and J. Vanfleteren, "Design and Fabrication of Elastic Interconnections for Stretchable Electronic Circuits," IEEE Electron Device Letters, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 552-554, 2007.
• D. M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 4th ed. Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley, 2012.
• T. Dimitrijevic, A. Vukovic, A. Atanaskovic, J. Jokovic, P. Sewell, and N. S. Dončov, "Holistic Analysis of Conformal Antennas Using the Cylindrical TLM Method," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 4028-4035, 2023.
• A. Vukovic, P. Sewell, and T. M. Benson, "Holistic Appraisal of Modeling Installed Antennas for Aerospace Applications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 1396-1409, 2019.
• E. Altinozen, I. Harrison, A. Vukovic, and P. D. Sewell, "Green Coordinates for Generation of Conformal Antenna Geometries," in 2020 14th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 15-20 March 2020 2020, pp. 1-5,
• E. Altinozen, A. Vukovic, and P. Sewell, "Characterization of Flexible Interconnects," in 2022 Microwave Mediterranean Symposium (MMS), 9-13 May 2022 2022, pp. 1-4
• E. Altinozen, A. Vukovic, and P. Sewell, "Assessment of the Robustness of Flexible Antennas to Complex Deformations," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 4714-4723, 2023.
• E. Altinozen, A. Vukovic, and P. Sewell, "Assessing the Impact of Twisting and Bending Deformations on Flexible Interconnect Performance," IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 233-239, 2023
• P. Sewell, J. G. Wykes, T. M. Benson, C. Christopoulos, D. W. P. Thomas, and A. Vukovic, "Transmission-line modeling using unstructured triangular meshes," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1490-1497, 2004
• P. Sewell, T. M. Benson, C. Christopoulos, D. W. P. Thomas, A. Vukovic, and J. G. Wykes, "Transmission-line Modeling (TLM) Based upon Unstructured Tetrahedral Meshes," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 1919-1928, 2005
• J.-M. Jin, The finite element method in electromagnetics / Jian-Ming Jin, 3rd ed. ed. Hoboken. N.J.: Hoboken. N.J. : Wiley, 2014.
• A. Taflove, Computational electrodynamics : the finite-difference time-domain method / Allen Taflove, Susan C. Hagness, 3rd ed. ed. Boston [Mass.] London: Boston Mass. London : Artech House, 2005.
• R. A. Liyakath, A. Takshi, and G. Mumcu, "Multilayer Stretchable Conductors on Polymer Substrates for Conformal and Reconfigurable Antennas," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 12, pp. 603-606, 2013.
• N. J. Farcich, J. Salonen, and P. M. Asbeck, "Single-Length Method Used to Determine the Dielectric Constant of Polydimethylsiloxane," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 56, no. 12, pp. 2963-2971, 2008.
• A. S. M. Alqadami, M. F. Jamlos, P. J. Soh, and G. A. E. Vandenbosch, "Assessment of PDMS Technology in a MIMO Antenna Array," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 15, pp. 1939-1942, 2016.
• Ekmekçi E. and E. Z., "Mikrodalga ve terahertz bölgelerinde metamalzeme tabanlı özgün sensörler: tasarım, üretim ve çeşitli sensör uygulamalarında kullanılması," in "Tübitak 3501," TRDizin, 2016.