CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND TOLERATION IN THE NATION-STATE

Abstract

Bu makale, “ulus-devlet ve liberal bir siyasal düzen arasındaki ilişki nedir?” sorusuna cevap aramaktadır. Bu soruyu cevaplamak üzere ilk olarak, ulus, milliyetçilik, ulus-devlet; ikinci olarak, genel olarak çeşitlilik, özel olarak da kültürel çeşitlilik; üçüncü olarak, kültürel çeşitlilikten kaynaklanan çatışmaya bir cevap olarak iki farklı liberal politika, yani çokkültürcülük ve hoşgörü kavramları sunulmaktadır. Çalışmada, etnik ve kültürel farklılıklardan kaynaklı çatışma ile en iyi liberal hoşgörü kavramı ile başedilebileceği ileri sürülmektedir. Liberal bir perspektiften, etno-kültürel unsurlardan ziyade sivik unsurlara dayanan bir ulus anlayışının liberal bir siyasal düzenle uyumlu olacaktır. Böyle bir sivik/siyasi ulus kavramsallaştırması kültürel farklılıklara karşı, etnik/kültürel ulus kavramsallaştırmasından çok daha fazla çözüm odaklı olacak ve bu çalışmada savunulan hoşgörü kavramı ile uyum arz edecektir.  

Keywords

• Çeşitlilik,milliyetçilik,ulus-devlet,hoşgörü,liberalizm

CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND TOLERATION IN THE NATION-STATE

Abstract

This article attempts to answer a particular question: “what is the relationship between the nation-state and a liberal polity?” To answer this question it first presents the concepts of nation, nationalism, and nation-state; second, diversity in general and cultural diversity in particular; third, two different liberal approaches to cultural diversity, namely, multiculturalism and toleration as a response to conflict that is caused by cultural diversity. It is argued that the conflict that is caused by ethnic and cultural differences is best accommodated by the liberal concept of toleration. Normatively speaking, from a liberal perspective, an understanding of nation with more civic elements than ethnocultural elements seems to be much more appropriate for a liberal polity. Such a civic/political conception is much more accommodating towards cultural differences than ethnic/cultural conception and in line with the view of toleration defended in this paper.

Keywords

• Diversity,nationalism,nation-state,toleration,liberalism

References

1. Acton, L. (1985), (John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton), “Nationality,” in J. Rufus Fears (ed.) Selected Writings of Lord Acton, vol. I, Indianapolis: Liberty Classics.
2. Anderson, B. (1991), Imagined Communities, London and New York: Verso.
3. Barry, N.P. (1999), “Civil Society, Religion and Islam”, in Atilla Yayla (ed.), Islam, Civil Society, and Market Economy, Ankara: Liberte Books, 1-22.
4. Cohen, A.J. (2004), “What Toleration Is,” Ethics, 115, 68-95.
5. Hobsbawm, E. (1991), Nations and Nationalism since 1780, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Holden, B. (1988), Understanding Liberal Democracy, 1st Edition, London: Philip Allan Pub.
6. Horton, J. (2000), “Toleration”, in Craig, E. (ed.), Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, London: Routledge. Friedman, M. (1962), Capitalism and Freedom, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
7. Gellner, E. (1983), Nations and Nationalism, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
8. Gaus, G.F. (2004), “The Diversity of Comprehensive Liberalisms”, in Kukathas, C. and Gaus, Gerald F. (eds.), Handbook of Political Theory, London: Sage Publications.

9. Keating, M. (2001), Nations Against the State The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland, 2nd Ed., Houndsmill, Basingstoke, Hampshire and New York: Palgrave.
10. Kelly, P. (ed.) (2002), Multiculturalism Reconsidered, Cambridge: Polity Press.
11. Kohn, H. (1955), Nationalism, New York: D. van Nostrand Co.
12. Kukathas, C. (1992) “Are There Any Cultural Rights?”, Political Theory, 20: 105-39. Reprinted in Will Kymlicka, ed. (1995), The Rights of Minority Cultures, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 228-56.
13. Kukathas, C. (2001a), “Can a Liberal Society Tolerate Illiberal Elements?”, Policy, 17(2), 39-44.
14. Kukathas, C. (2001b), “Two Constructions of Libertarianism”, The F.A. Hayek Memorial Lecture, Austrian Scholars Conference, Auburn, Alabama.
15. Kukathas, C. (2003), The Liberal Archipelago: A Theory of Diversity and Freedom, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16. Kymlicka, W. (1995), Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights, Oxford: Oxfod University Press.
17. Kymlicka, W. (2002), Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
18. Kymlicka, W., N. Wayne. (eds.) (2000), Citizenship in Diverse Societies, Clarendon: Oxford University Press.
19. Langerak, E. (1997), “Disagreement: Appreciating the Dark Side of Tolerance.” in Mehdi Amin Razavi and David Ambuel (eds.), Philosophy, Religion, and the Question of Intolerance, Albany: State University of New York Press, 111-124.
20. MacIver, D. (ed.) (1999), The Politics of Multinational States, Houndsmill, Basingstoke, Hampshire and London: Macmillan.
21. Mack, E., G. F. Gaus (2004), “Classical Liberalism and Libertarianism the Liberty Tradition”, in Gaus, G.F., C. Kukathas (eds.), Handbook of Political Theory, London: Sage Publications, 115-129.
22. Mendus, S. (1989), Toleration and the Limits of Liberalism, Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press International, Inc. Mill, J. S. (1977), The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volume XIX - Essays on Politics and Society Part II, in J.M. Robson (ed.), Introduction by Alexander Brady, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
23. Minogue, K. R. (1967), Nationalism, New York: Basic Books.
24. Meinecke, F. (1970), Cosmopolitanism and the National State, Robert B. Kimber, trans., Princeton University Press. Nozick, R. (1974), Anarchy, State and Utopia, New York: Basic Books.
25. Oberdiek, H. (2001), Tolerance: Between Forbearance and Acceptance, Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Pub.. Palmer, T. G. (ed.), (2011), The Morality of Capitalism, Ottowa, Illinois: Jameson Books Inc..
26. Parekh, B. (2000), Rethinking Multiculturalism Cultural Diversity and Political Theory, London: Macmillan.
27. Ratnapala, S. (2005), “Cultural Diversity and Liberal Society A Case for Reprivatizing Culture,” The Independent Review, X(2), 249-271.
28. Renan, E. (1996), "What is a Nation?" in G. Eley and G. Suny (ed.), Becoming National: A Reader, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
29. Şahin, B. (2010), Toleration: The Liberal Virtue, Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books.
30. Seton-Watson, H. (1977), Nations and States, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
31. Shulman, S. (2002), “Challenging the Civic/Ethnic and West/East Dichotomies in the Study of Nationalism,” Comparative Political Studies, 35(5), 554-585.
32. Watson, C.W. (2000), Multiculturalism, Buckingham and Philadelphia: Open University Press.
33. Weale, A. (1985), “Toleration, Individual Differences and Respect for Persons” in John Horton and Susan Mendus (eds.), Aspects of Toleration, London: Methuen, 16-35.