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GELİR DAĞILIMI ADALETSİZLİĞİ VE İSTİHDAM İLİŞKİSİ: SEÇİLİ ÜLKELER İÇİN PANEL TOBİT ANALİZİ

Year 2022, , 1 - 24, 31.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.928947

Abstract

Dünya ekonomilerinin zaman içerisinde geçirdiği dönüşüm ve meydana gelen ekonomik bunalımlar sebebiyle artan istikrarsızlıklar, gelir eşitsizliği ve istihdam oranları (işsizlik oranları) üzerinde önemli değişikliklere sebep olmaktadır. Bu değişikliklerin etkileri ülkeden ülkeye ve dönemsel olarak değişebilmektedir. Bu itibarla, çalışmada, literatürden farklı olarak işgücüne aktif olarak katılmayan emek kesimini ihtiva eden işsizlik oranı yerine, istihdam oranının gelir eşitsizliği ile ilişkisini ve bu ilişkinin yönünü tespit etmek amaçlanmıştır. 1996-2018 dönemi ile 60 gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülke için dengeli bir panel veri seti oluşturularak istihdam oranı, kentleşme, kadın başına doğum oranı, gayri safi sabit sermaye oluşumu (yatırım) ve insani gelişme değişkenlerinin gelir eşitsizliği üzerine etkisi panel Tobit analizi ile tahmin edilmiştir. Tesadüfi etkiler panel Tobit analizi kapsamında üç ayrı model oluşturulmuştur. Sansürlenmemiş, sağdan ve soldan sansürlenmiş tesadüfi etkiler panel Tobit analizi bulgularına göre, istihdam oranı, yatırım ve insani gelişme değişkenlerindeki %1’lik artış gelir eşitsizliğini azaltmaktadır. Buna karşın, kentleşme ve kadın başına doğum oranı değişkenlerindeki %1’lik artış gelir eşitsizliğini artırmaktadır.

References

  • Alp, A. (2007). İstatistiksel çalışmalarda probit analizi ve uygulama alanları [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Dicle Üniversitesi.
  • Alvan, A. (2007). Forging a link between human development and income inequality: Cross-country evidence. Review of Social, Economic & Business Studies, 7(8), 31-43.
  • Amiti, M., & Davis, D. (2012). Trade, firms, and wages: Theory and evidence. Review of Economic Studies, 79(1), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdr016
  • Anwar, A., Uz Zaman, Q., Amir, M., & Amin, W. (2017). The Relationship between poverty, income inequality and unemployment: Evidence from ARDL and Bound Testing Approach. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(1), 42-53.
  • Bassanini, A., & Duval, R. (2006). Employment patterns in oecd countries: Reassessing the role of policies and institutions (No. 486). OECD Economics Department Working Paper. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/employment-patterns-in-oecd-countries_702031136412
  • Björklund, A. (1991). Unemployment and income distribution: Time-series evidence from Sweden. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 93(3), 457-465. https://doi.org/10.2307/3440187
  • Blakely T. A., & Kawachi, I. (2001). What is the difference between controlling for mean versus median income in analyses of income inequality? Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 55(5), 352-353. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.55.5.352
  • Boor, M. (1980). Relationship between unemployment rates and suicide rates in eight countries 1962-1979. Psychological Reports, 47(3), 1095-1101. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1980.47.3f.1095 Cardoso, E. (1993). Cyclical variation of earnings inequality in Brazil. Revista de Economia Politica, 13(4), 112-123.
  • Cardoso, E., de Barros, R. P. , & Urani, A. (1995). Inflation and unemployment as determinants of inequality in Brazil: The 1980s. In R. Dornbusch and S. Edwards (Eds.), Reform, recovery and growth: Latin America and Middle East (s. 151-176). University of Chicago Press.
  • Carriero, R., & Filandri, M. (2019). Support for conditional unemployment benefit in European countries: The role of income inequality. Journal of European Social Policy, 29(4), 498-514. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928718815624
  • Checchi, D., & García-Peñalosa, C. (2008). Labour market institutions and income inequality. Economic Policy, 23(56), 602-649. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0327.2008.00209.x
  • Checchi, D., & García-Peñalosa, C. (2010). Labour market institutions and the personal distribution of income in the OECD. Economica, 77(307), 413-450. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0335.2009.00776.x
  • Cysne, R. P. (2009). On the positive correlation between income inequality and unemployment. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 91(1), 218-226. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.91.1.218
  • Darity, W. Jr., & Goldsmith, A. H. (1993). Unemployment, social psychology, and unemployment hysteresis. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 16(1), 55-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.1993.11489969
  • Davis, D. R., & Harrigan, J. (2007). Good jobs, bad jobs, and trade liberalization (No. 13139). National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w13139/revisions/w13139.rev0.pdf
  • Egger, H., & Kreickemeier, U. (2008). Fairness, trade, and inequality (No. 2344). Center for Economic Studies (CESifo) Working Papers. https://www.cesifo.org/en/publikationen/2008/working-paper/fairness-trade-and-inequality
  • Egger, H., & U. Kreickemeier (2009). Firm heterogeneity and the labor market effects of trade liberalization. International Economic Review, 50(1), 187-216.
  • Eurostat (2019). Income inequality in EU member states 02.02.2022 tarihinde https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20190718-1 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Eurostat (2022). People at risk of poverty or social exclusion 02.02.2022 tarihinde https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/sdg_01_10 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Galor, O., & Weil, D. N. (1996). The gender gap, fertility, and growth. The American Economic Review, 86(3), 374-387.
  • Goldberger, A. S. (1964). Econometric theory. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Gordon, R. J. (1984). Unemployment and potential output in the 1980s. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 15(2), 537-564. https://doi.org/10.2307/2534438
  • Helpman, E., Itskhoki, O., & Reddding, S. (2010). Inequality and unemployment in a global economy. Econometrica, 78(4), 1239-1283. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA8640
  • Hill, J. M. (1977). The social and psychological impact of unemployment: A pilot study. Tavistock Institute of Human Relations Printing.
  • Hsiao, C. (2004). Analysis of panel data. Second Edition, Cambridge University Press.
  • International Monetary Fund-IMF (2021). Links between growth, inequality, and poverty: A survey (No. 2168). International Monetary Fund (IMF) Working Paper. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2021/03/12/Links-Between-Growth-Inequality-and-Poverty-A-Survey-50161
  • Jantti, M. (1994). A more efficient estimate of the effects of macroeconomic activity on the distribution of income. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 76(2), 372-378. https://doi.org/10.2307/2109895
  • Jenkins, S. P. (1995). Accounting for inequality trends: Decomposition analyses for the UK, 1971-86. Economica, 62(245), 29-63. https://doi.org/10.2307/2554775
  • Mocan, N. H. (1999). Structural unemployment, cyclical unemployment, and income inequality. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 81(1), 122-134. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465399767923872
  • Monfort, M., J. Ordóñez, & Sala H. (2018). Inequality and unemployment patterns in Europe: Does integration lead to (real) convergence? Open Economies Review, 29(4), 703-724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11079-018-9488-x
  • Nolan, B. (1986). Unemployment and the size distribution of income. Economica, 53(212), 421-445. https://doi.org/10.2307/2554095
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development-OECD (2018). Inequalities in emerging economies: Informing the policy dialogue on inclusive growth (No. 100). OECD Statistics and Data Directorate Working Paper. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/inequalities-in-emerging-economies_6c0db7fb-en#page1
  • Okun, A. M. (1983). Potential GNP: Its measurement and significance. In Economics for Policymaking. MIT Press.
  • Oktay, D. S. (2019, Haziran 11-13). Enflasyon ve işsizliğin gelir eşitsizliği üzerine asimetrik etkisi: Türkiye örneği. [Konferans sunumu]. International Conference on Eurasian Economies, Famagusta, Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti. https://www.avekon.org/papers/2309.pdf Platt, S. (1984). Unemployment and suicidal behavior: A review of the literature. Social Science and Medicine, 19(2), 93-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(84)90276-4
  • Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development and death. W. H. Freeman.
  • Sen, A. (1997). Inequality, unemployment and contemporary Europe. International Labour Review, 136(2), 155-171.
  • Smith, R. (1987). Unemployment and health. Oxford University Press.
  • Solt, F. (2020). Measuring income Inequality across countries and over time: The standardized world income inequality database. Social Science Quarterly, 101(3), 1183-1189. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12795
  • Standardized World Inequality Database (2022). Gini gelir eşitsizliği göstergesi. 11.03.2021 tarihinde https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/LM4OWF adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Stewart, C. T. (1998). Inequality and equity: Economics of greed, politics of envy, ethics of equality. Greenwood Press.
  • Tahsin, E., & Börü, F. (2020). Türkiye bölgelerinde yapısal dönüşüm, gelir eşitsizliği ve istihdam bağlantıları. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 62(1), 91-121. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0020
  • Tiggemann, M., & Winefield A. H. (1984). The effects of unemployment on the mood, selfesteem, locus of control, and depressive affect of school-leavers. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 57(1), 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1984.tb00145.x
  • Tobin, J. (1958). Estimation of relationships for limited dependent variables. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 26(1), 24-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1907382 Warr, P. (1987). Work, unemployment, and mental health. Clarendon Press.
  • Winefield, A. H., Tiggemann, M., & Goldney, R. D. (1988). Psychological concomitants of satisfactory employment and unemployment in young people. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 23(3), 149-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01794781
  • Zorlutuna, Ş., Erilli, N. A., & Yücel, B. (2016). Lung cancer study with Tobit regression analysis: Sivas case. Eurasian Econometrics, Statistics & Emprical Economics Journal, 1(3), 13-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17740/eas.stat.2016‐V3‐02

THE NEXUS BETWEEN INCOME INEQUALITY AND EMPLOYMENT: PANEL TOBİT ANALYSIS FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES

Year 2022, , 1 - 24, 31.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.928947

Abstract

Increasing instability due to the crises and the transformation of the world economies over time causes significant changes in income inequality and employment rates (unemployment rates). The effects of these changes may vary from country to country and periodically. In this respect, unlike the literature, it is aimed to detect the nexus between the employment rate and income inequality and the aspect of the nexus, instead of the unemployment rate, which includes the labor segment that does not actively participate in the labor force. For the period 1996-2018 and 60 developed and developing countries, a balanced panel data set is generated and the effect of employment rate, urbanization, the birth rate per woman, gross fixed capital formation (investment), and human development variables on income inequality is estimated by random effects panel Tobit analysis. Three different models are set up within the scope of random effects panel Tobit analysis. According to uncensored, censored from left and right random effects panel Tobit analysis findings, 1% increase in employment rate, investment, and human development variables reduces income inequality. On the other hand, a 1% increase in urban population and birth rate per woman variables increases income inequality.

References

  • Alp, A. (2007). İstatistiksel çalışmalarda probit analizi ve uygulama alanları [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Dicle Üniversitesi.
  • Alvan, A. (2007). Forging a link between human development and income inequality: Cross-country evidence. Review of Social, Economic & Business Studies, 7(8), 31-43.
  • Amiti, M., & Davis, D. (2012). Trade, firms, and wages: Theory and evidence. Review of Economic Studies, 79(1), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdr016
  • Anwar, A., Uz Zaman, Q., Amir, M., & Amin, W. (2017). The Relationship between poverty, income inequality and unemployment: Evidence from ARDL and Bound Testing Approach. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(1), 42-53.
  • Bassanini, A., & Duval, R. (2006). Employment patterns in oecd countries: Reassessing the role of policies and institutions (No. 486). OECD Economics Department Working Paper. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/employment-patterns-in-oecd-countries_702031136412
  • Björklund, A. (1991). Unemployment and income distribution: Time-series evidence from Sweden. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 93(3), 457-465. https://doi.org/10.2307/3440187
  • Blakely T. A., & Kawachi, I. (2001). What is the difference between controlling for mean versus median income in analyses of income inequality? Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 55(5), 352-353. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.55.5.352
  • Boor, M. (1980). Relationship between unemployment rates and suicide rates in eight countries 1962-1979. Psychological Reports, 47(3), 1095-1101. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1980.47.3f.1095 Cardoso, E. (1993). Cyclical variation of earnings inequality in Brazil. Revista de Economia Politica, 13(4), 112-123.
  • Cardoso, E., de Barros, R. P. , & Urani, A. (1995). Inflation and unemployment as determinants of inequality in Brazil: The 1980s. In R. Dornbusch and S. Edwards (Eds.), Reform, recovery and growth: Latin America and Middle East (s. 151-176). University of Chicago Press.
  • Carriero, R., & Filandri, M. (2019). Support for conditional unemployment benefit in European countries: The role of income inequality. Journal of European Social Policy, 29(4), 498-514. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928718815624
  • Checchi, D., & García-Peñalosa, C. (2008). Labour market institutions and income inequality. Economic Policy, 23(56), 602-649. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0327.2008.00209.x
  • Checchi, D., & García-Peñalosa, C. (2010). Labour market institutions and the personal distribution of income in the OECD. Economica, 77(307), 413-450. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0335.2009.00776.x
  • Cysne, R. P. (2009). On the positive correlation between income inequality and unemployment. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 91(1), 218-226. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.91.1.218
  • Darity, W. Jr., & Goldsmith, A. H. (1993). Unemployment, social psychology, and unemployment hysteresis. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 16(1), 55-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.1993.11489969
  • Davis, D. R., & Harrigan, J. (2007). Good jobs, bad jobs, and trade liberalization (No. 13139). National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w13139/revisions/w13139.rev0.pdf
  • Egger, H., & Kreickemeier, U. (2008). Fairness, trade, and inequality (No. 2344). Center for Economic Studies (CESifo) Working Papers. https://www.cesifo.org/en/publikationen/2008/working-paper/fairness-trade-and-inequality
  • Egger, H., & U. Kreickemeier (2009). Firm heterogeneity and the labor market effects of trade liberalization. International Economic Review, 50(1), 187-216.
  • Eurostat (2019). Income inequality in EU member states 02.02.2022 tarihinde https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20190718-1 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Eurostat (2022). People at risk of poverty or social exclusion 02.02.2022 tarihinde https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/sdg_01_10 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Galor, O., & Weil, D. N. (1996). The gender gap, fertility, and growth. The American Economic Review, 86(3), 374-387.
  • Goldberger, A. S. (1964). Econometric theory. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Gordon, R. J. (1984). Unemployment and potential output in the 1980s. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 15(2), 537-564. https://doi.org/10.2307/2534438
  • Helpman, E., Itskhoki, O., & Reddding, S. (2010). Inequality and unemployment in a global economy. Econometrica, 78(4), 1239-1283. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA8640
  • Hill, J. M. (1977). The social and psychological impact of unemployment: A pilot study. Tavistock Institute of Human Relations Printing.
  • Hsiao, C. (2004). Analysis of panel data. Second Edition, Cambridge University Press.
  • International Monetary Fund-IMF (2021). Links between growth, inequality, and poverty: A survey (No. 2168). International Monetary Fund (IMF) Working Paper. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2021/03/12/Links-Between-Growth-Inequality-and-Poverty-A-Survey-50161
  • Jantti, M. (1994). A more efficient estimate of the effects of macroeconomic activity on the distribution of income. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 76(2), 372-378. https://doi.org/10.2307/2109895
  • Jenkins, S. P. (1995). Accounting for inequality trends: Decomposition analyses for the UK, 1971-86. Economica, 62(245), 29-63. https://doi.org/10.2307/2554775
  • Mocan, N. H. (1999). Structural unemployment, cyclical unemployment, and income inequality. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 81(1), 122-134. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465399767923872
  • Monfort, M., J. Ordóñez, & Sala H. (2018). Inequality and unemployment patterns in Europe: Does integration lead to (real) convergence? Open Economies Review, 29(4), 703-724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11079-018-9488-x
  • Nolan, B. (1986). Unemployment and the size distribution of income. Economica, 53(212), 421-445. https://doi.org/10.2307/2554095
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development-OECD (2018). Inequalities in emerging economies: Informing the policy dialogue on inclusive growth (No. 100). OECD Statistics and Data Directorate Working Paper. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/inequalities-in-emerging-economies_6c0db7fb-en#page1
  • Okun, A. M. (1983). Potential GNP: Its measurement and significance. In Economics for Policymaking. MIT Press.
  • Oktay, D. S. (2019, Haziran 11-13). Enflasyon ve işsizliğin gelir eşitsizliği üzerine asimetrik etkisi: Türkiye örneği. [Konferans sunumu]. International Conference on Eurasian Economies, Famagusta, Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti. https://www.avekon.org/papers/2309.pdf Platt, S. (1984). Unemployment and suicidal behavior: A review of the literature. Social Science and Medicine, 19(2), 93-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(84)90276-4
  • Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development and death. W. H. Freeman.
  • Sen, A. (1997). Inequality, unemployment and contemporary Europe. International Labour Review, 136(2), 155-171.
  • Smith, R. (1987). Unemployment and health. Oxford University Press.
  • Solt, F. (2020). Measuring income Inequality across countries and over time: The standardized world income inequality database. Social Science Quarterly, 101(3), 1183-1189. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12795
  • Standardized World Inequality Database (2022). Gini gelir eşitsizliği göstergesi. 11.03.2021 tarihinde https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/LM4OWF adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Stewart, C. T. (1998). Inequality and equity: Economics of greed, politics of envy, ethics of equality. Greenwood Press.
  • Tahsin, E., & Börü, F. (2020). Türkiye bölgelerinde yapısal dönüşüm, gelir eşitsizliği ve istihdam bağlantıları. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 62(1), 91-121. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0020
  • Tiggemann, M., & Winefield A. H. (1984). The effects of unemployment on the mood, selfesteem, locus of control, and depressive affect of school-leavers. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 57(1), 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1984.tb00145.x
  • Tobin, J. (1958). Estimation of relationships for limited dependent variables. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 26(1), 24-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1907382 Warr, P. (1987). Work, unemployment, and mental health. Clarendon Press.
  • Winefield, A. H., Tiggemann, M., & Goldney, R. D. (1988). Psychological concomitants of satisfactory employment and unemployment in young people. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 23(3), 149-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01794781
  • Zorlutuna, Ş., Erilli, N. A., & Yücel, B. (2016). Lung cancer study with Tobit regression analysis: Sivas case. Eurasian Econometrics, Statistics & Emprical Economics Journal, 1(3), 13-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17740/eas.stat.2016‐V3‐02
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Emin Efecan Aktaş 0000-0001-7751-3275

Publication Date March 31, 2022
Submission Date April 27, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Aktaş, E. E. (2022). GELİR DAĞILIMI ADALETSİZLİĞİ VE İSTİHDAM İLİŞKİSİ: SEÇİLİ ÜLKELER İÇİN PANEL TOBİT ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.928947
AMA Aktaş EE. GELİR DAĞILIMI ADALETSİZLİĞİ VE İSTİHDAM İLİŞKİSİ: SEÇİLİ ÜLKELER İÇİN PANEL TOBİT ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. March 2022;40(1):1-24. doi:10.17065/huniibf.928947
Chicago Aktaş, Emin Efecan. “GELİR DAĞILIMI ADALETSİZLİĞİ VE İSTİHDAM İLİŞKİSİ: SEÇİLİ ÜLKELER İÇİN PANEL TOBİT ANALİZİ”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 40, no. 1 (March 2022): 1-24. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.928947.
EndNote Aktaş EE (March 1, 2022) GELİR DAĞILIMI ADALETSİZLİĞİ VE İSTİHDAM İLİŞKİSİ: SEÇİLİ ÜLKELER İÇİN PANEL TOBİT ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 40 1 1–24.
IEEE E. E. Aktaş, “GELİR DAĞILIMI ADALETSİZLİĞİ VE İSTİHDAM İLİŞKİSİ: SEÇİLİ ÜLKELER İÇİN PANEL TOBİT ANALİZİ”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 1–24, 2022, doi: 10.17065/huniibf.928947.
ISNAD Aktaş, Emin Efecan. “GELİR DAĞILIMI ADALETSİZLİĞİ VE İSTİHDAM İLİŞKİSİ: SEÇİLİ ÜLKELER İÇİN PANEL TOBİT ANALİZİ”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 40/1 (March 2022), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.928947.
JAMA Aktaş EE. GELİR DAĞILIMI ADALETSİZLİĞİ VE İSTİHDAM İLİŞKİSİ: SEÇİLİ ÜLKELER İÇİN PANEL TOBİT ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022;40:1–24.
MLA Aktaş, Emin Efecan. “GELİR DAĞILIMI ADALETSİZLİĞİ VE İSTİHDAM İLİŞKİSİ: SEÇİLİ ÜLKELER İÇİN PANEL TOBİT ANALİZİ”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 40, no. 1, 2022, pp. 1-24, doi:10.17065/huniibf.928947.
Vancouver Aktaş EE. GELİR DAĞILIMI ADALETSİZLİĞİ VE İSTİHDAM İLİŞKİSİ: SEÇİLİ ÜLKELER İÇİN PANEL TOBİT ANALİZİ. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022;40(1):1-24.

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