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Child Labor in Turkey via Symmetric and Asymmetric Models: Logit, Probit, Log-log, and Clog-log

Year 2022, Volume: 40 Issue: 4, 776 - 798, 27.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1069864

Abstract

Child labor is still an important social and economic issue despite the efforts to reduce and prevent child labor around the world. Although the child labor rate in Turkey is below the world average, it is almost two times higher than in European and North American countries. This study aims to examine the factors affecting child labor in Turkey by taking into account the asymmetric structure that may exist in the national level micro-data. To achieve this aim, the Child Labor Force Survey data of 2019 are employed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to analyze child labor via the asymmetric log-log and complementary log-log models besides the frequently used symmetric logit and probit models. The findings point out an asymmetric structure in child labor data and the log-log model based on the Gumbel distribution is a more convenient model for modeling child labor in Turkey. The estimation results reveal that the social, economic, and demographic characteristics of the child, parents, and household are significant determinants of child labor. More specifically, the results indicate that the policy and legislative proposals to prevent child labor should target boys between the ages of 15-17, especially those who have younger siblings and live in crowded households.

References

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TÜRKİYE’DE ÇOCUK İŞÇİLİĞİNİN SİMETRİK VE ASİMETRİK MODELLER İLE ANALİZİ: LOGİT, PROBİT, LOG-LOG VE CLOG-LOG

Year 2022, Volume: 40 Issue: 4, 776 - 798, 27.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1069864

Abstract

Çocuk işçiliği, dünya genelinde yürütülen çocuk işçiliğini azaltma ve önleme çalışmalarına karşın önemli bir sosyal ve ekonomik sorun olarak varlığını sürdürmeye devam etmektedir. Türkiye’de çocuk işçiliği oranı, dünya ortalamasının altında olmasına rağmen Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika ülkelerine göre neredeyse iki kat daha fazladır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de çocuk işçiliği üzerinde etkili olan faktörleri ulusal düzey mikro veride mevcut olabilecek asimetrik yapıyı dikkate alarak analiz etmektir. Bu amaçla, 2019 yılına ait Çocuk İşgücü Araştırması verilerinden yararlanılmıştır. Bilgimiz dahilinde bu çalışma çocuk işçiliğini araştırmalarda sıklıkla kullanılan simetrik logit ve probit modellerinin yanı sıra asimetrik log-log ve tamamlayıcı log-log modelleri ile analiz eden ilk çalışmadır. Bulgular, çocuk işçiliği verisinde asimetrik yapı olduğuna dair kanıtlar sunmaktadır. Çocuk işçiliğinin modellenmesinde, Gumbel dağılımından hareketle tahmin yapan log-log modelinin daha uygun olduğu belirlenmiştir. Analizler ışığında, çocuğun, ebeveynin ve hanehalkının sosyal, ekonomik ve demografik özelliklerinin çocuk işçiliği üzerinde önemli etkilere sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Sonuçlar, çocuk işçiliğini önlemeye yönelik program, politika ve kanun önerilerinin, 15-17 yaş aralığında, özellikle kendinden küçük kardeşi bulunan ve kalabalık hanelerde ikamet eden erkek çocukları hedef alması gerektiğini ifade etmektedir.

References

  • Abraham, R. (2000). The role of job control as a moderator of emotional dissonance and emotional intelligence-outcome relationships. The Journal of Psychology, 134(2), 169-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980009600860
  • Abraham, R. (1998). Emotional dissonance in organizations: A conceptualization of consequences, mediators and moderators. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 19(3), 137-146. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437739810210185
  • Aiken, L., & West, S. (1991). Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. California: Sage Publications Inc.
  • Albayrak, A. S. (2006). Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım Ltd. Şti.
  • Ashforth, B., & Humphrey, R. (1993). Emotional labor in service roles: The influence of identitiy. Academy of Management Review, 88-115. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1993.3997508
  • Bailey, C., Madden, A., Alfes, K., & Fletcher, L. (2017). The meaning, antecedents and outcomes of employee engagement: A narrative synthesis. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19, 31-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12077
  • Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., de Boer, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2003). Job demands and job resources as predictors of absence duration and frequency. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62, 341-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00030-1
  • Bakker, A., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209-223. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430810870476
  • Bakker, A., & Demerouti, E. (2014). Job Demands - Resources Theory. In P. Chen, & C. Cooper (Eds.), Work and Wellbeing: A Complete Reference Guide, Volume III. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Bakker, A., Demerouti, E., & Verbeke, W. (2004). Using the job demands-resources model to predict burnout and performance. Human Resources Management, 43(1), 83-104. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20004
  • Bakker, A., Hakanen, J., Demerouti, E., & Xahthopoulou, D. (2007). Job resources boost work engagement, particularly when job demands are high. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(2), 274-284. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.99.2.274
  • Baron , R., & Kenny, D. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173
  • Basım, H. N., & Beğenirbaş, M. (2012). Çalışma yaşamında duygusal emek: Bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 19(1), 77-90.
  • Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Breevaart, K., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & van den Heuvel, M. (2015). Leader-member exchange, work engagement, and job performance. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(7), 754-770. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-03-2013-0088
  • Caesens, G., & Stinglhamber, F. (2014). The relationship between perceived organizational support and work engagement: The role of self-efficacy and its outcomes. Revue Europeenne de Psychologie Appliquee, 64, 259-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2014.08.002
  • Chang, H.-Y. (2011). Restaurant service providers' emotional labor: The antecedents and effects on employees' intention to leave. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • Chu, K. H., Baker, M. A., & Murrmann, S. K. (2012). When we are on stage, we smile: The effects of emotional labor on employee work outcomes. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31, 906-915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.10.009
  • Chu, K. H.L. (2002). The Effects of Emotional Labor on Employee Work Outcomes. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • Chu, K. H.-L., & Murrmann, S. K. (2006). Development and validation of the hospitality emotional labor scale. Tourism Management, 1181-1191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.12.011
  • de Jonge, J., Dormann, C., & van den Tooren, M. (2008). The Demand-Induced Strain Compensation Model: Renewed Theoretical Considerations and Emperical Evidence. In K. Naswall, J. Hellgren, & M. Sverke (Eds.), The Individual in the Changing Working Life (pp. 67-87). Cambridge University Press.
  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
  • Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2011). The job demands-resources model: Challenges for future research. Journal of Industrial Psychology, 37(2). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v37i2.974
  • Demerouti, E., Bakker, A., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
  • Diefendorff, J. M., & Richard, E. M. (2003). Antecedents and consequences of emotional display rule perceptions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 284-294. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.284
  • Diefendorff, J., & Gosserand, R. (2003). Understanding the emotional labor process: a control theory perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 945-959. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.230
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There are 79 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Fulden Kömüryakan 0000-0002-4034-513X

Ebru Çağlayan 0000-0002-9998-5334

Publication Date December 27, 2022
Submission Date February 8, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 40 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Kömüryakan, F., & Çağlayan, E. (2022). TÜRKİYE’DE ÇOCUK İŞÇİLİĞİNİN SİMETRİK VE ASİMETRİK MODELLER İLE ANALİZİ: LOGİT, PROBİT, LOG-LOG VE CLOG-LOG. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(4), 776-798. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1069864
AMA Kömüryakan F, Çağlayan E. TÜRKİYE’DE ÇOCUK İŞÇİLİĞİNİN SİMETRİK VE ASİMETRİK MODELLER İLE ANALİZİ: LOGİT, PROBİT, LOG-LOG VE CLOG-LOG. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. December 2022;40(4):776-798. doi:10.17065/huniibf.1069864
Chicago Kömüryakan, Fulden, and Ebru Çağlayan. “TÜRKİYE’DE ÇOCUK İŞÇİLİĞİNİN SİMETRİK VE ASİMETRİK MODELLER İLE ANALİZİ: LOGİT, PROBİT, LOG-LOG VE CLOG-LOG”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 40, no. 4 (December 2022): 776-98. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1069864.
EndNote Kömüryakan F, Çağlayan E (December 1, 2022) TÜRKİYE’DE ÇOCUK İŞÇİLİĞİNİN SİMETRİK VE ASİMETRİK MODELLER İLE ANALİZİ: LOGİT, PROBİT, LOG-LOG VE CLOG-LOG. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 40 4 776–798.
IEEE F. Kömüryakan and E. Çağlayan, “TÜRKİYE’DE ÇOCUK İŞÇİLİĞİNİN SİMETRİK VE ASİMETRİK MODELLER İLE ANALİZİ: LOGİT, PROBİT, LOG-LOG VE CLOG-LOG”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 776–798, 2022, doi: 10.17065/huniibf.1069864.
ISNAD Kömüryakan, Fulden - Çağlayan, Ebru. “TÜRKİYE’DE ÇOCUK İŞÇİLİĞİNİN SİMETRİK VE ASİMETRİK MODELLER İLE ANALİZİ: LOGİT, PROBİT, LOG-LOG VE CLOG-LOG”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 40/4 (December 2022), 776-798. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1069864.
JAMA Kömüryakan F, Çağlayan E. TÜRKİYE’DE ÇOCUK İŞÇİLİĞİNİN SİMETRİK VE ASİMETRİK MODELLER İLE ANALİZİ: LOGİT, PROBİT, LOG-LOG VE CLOG-LOG. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022;40:776–798.
MLA Kömüryakan, Fulden and Ebru Çağlayan. “TÜRKİYE’DE ÇOCUK İŞÇİLİĞİNİN SİMETRİK VE ASİMETRİK MODELLER İLE ANALİZİ: LOGİT, PROBİT, LOG-LOG VE CLOG-LOG”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 40, no. 4, 2022, pp. 776-98, doi:10.17065/huniibf.1069864.
Vancouver Kömüryakan F, Çağlayan E. TÜRKİYE’DE ÇOCUK İŞÇİLİĞİNİN SİMETRİK VE ASİMETRİK MODELLER İLE ANALİZİ: LOGİT, PROBİT, LOG-LOG VE CLOG-LOG. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022;40(4):776-98.

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