Research Article
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Evaluation of Patients Referred to the Infant Mental Health Polyclinic for Further Evaluation

Year 2024, Volume: 21 Issue: 2, 246 - 252, 29.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.35440/hutfd.1487144

Abstract

Background: Studies on brain development show that the first years of life are significantly more important than all other times of life. The first symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders that affect speech, learning and social communication skills are seen in infancy and early childhood and are often diagnosed in the preschool period.The early period of life is a period in which there is a great deal of dependence on the external environment compared to other periods of life. It is stated that the experiences and developing psychiatric disorders during this period shape the brain and affect lifelong mental health, behavior, and learning. It is stated that since the brains of young children are extremely resilient to envi-ronmental stress, interventions made during this period are more effective than later interventions, and the return is highest in the early years. This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the clinical, sociodemographic and daily screen media use characteristics of infants and young children who were referred to the infant mental health clinic for further, detailed evaluation.
Materials and Methods: Our study included 175 infants and young children between the ages of 0-6 who were referred to the infant mental health clinic for detailed evaluation. Clinical files of the patients, including their sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and psychiatric disorder diagnoses according to DSM-5, were evaluated retrospectively.
Results: 80% (n=140) of the evaluated patients were diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder. The average age of patients at diagnosis was 32.06 months (SD = 10.66). 49.7% (n=87) of the patients had Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), 12% (n=21) had Intellectual Disability (ID), 8.6% (n=15) had Communication Disorder (CD), %5.1 (n=9) of the patients were diagnosed with ID+ASD, 4.6% (n=8) were diagnosed with ID+CD, and 5.1% (n=9) of the patients were found to have autistic trait even though they were not diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder. The average daily screen exposure time of the patients was found to be 4.28 (SD = 2.64) hours.
Conclusions: The period of infancy and early childhood is the most fundamental and critical period in terms of brain deve-lopment. Early detection and intervention of psychiatric disorders seen in this period is very important for both the progno-sis of the disorders and the reduction of risk factors that may negatively affect brain development. It is thought that our study will contribute to the development of studies and intervention methods in the field of infant and young child mental health.

References

  • 1. Frankel K, Gleason M-M, Lieberman A, Egger HL, Zeanah CH. DC:0-5TM Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Child-hood: An Overview. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018;57:S333.
  • 2. Clinton J, Feller AF, Facpm F, Williams RC, Frcpc MD, Cm F, et al. The importance of infant mental health. Paediatr Child Health. 2016;21(5):239-41.
  • 3. Lewis AJ, Galbally M, Gannon T, Symeonides C. Early life programming as a target for prevention of child and ado-lescent mental disorders. BMC Med. 2014; 12:1-15.
  • 4. Klitzing K von, Döhnert M, Kroll M, Grube M. Mental Disor-ders in Early Childhood. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2015;112(21-22):375-86.
  • 5. Horwitz SMC, Hurlburt MS, Heneghan A, Zhang J, Rolls-Reutz J, Landsverk J, et al. Persistence of mental health problems in very young children investigated by US child welfare agencies. Acad Pediatr.2013;13(6):524–30.
  • 6. Skovgaard AM, Houmann T, Christiansen E, Landorph S, Jørgensen T, Olsen EM, et al. The prevalence of mental he-alth problems in children 1(1/2) years of age - the Copen-hagen Child Cohort 2000. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007;48(1):62–70.
  • 7. Zablotsky B, Black LI, Maenner MJ, Schieve LA, Danielson ML, Bitsko RH, et al. Prevalence and trends of developmen-tal disabilities among children in the United States: 2009–2017. Pediatrics. 2019;144(4).
  • 8. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2013.
  • 9. Trauner DA. Editorial: Neurodevelopmental disabilities. Curr Opin Neurol. 2019;32(4):610.
  • 10. Inguaggiato E, Sgandurra G, Cioni G. Brain plasticity and early development: Implications for early intervention in neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuropsychiatrie de l’Enfance et de l’Adolescence. 2017;65(5):299–06.
  • 11. Cioni G, Inguaggiato E, Sgandurra G. Early intervention in neurodevelopmental disorders: underlying neural mecha-nisms. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016; 58:61–66.
  • 12. Scattolin MA de A, Resegue RM, Rosário MC do. The im-pact of the environment on neurodevelopmental disorders in early childhood. J Pediatr. 2022; 98:66–72.
  • 13. Gwynette MF, Sidhu SS, Ceranoglu TA. Electronic Screen Media Use in Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. W.B. Saunders. 2018;27(2):203–19.
  • 14. Savaşır I, Erol N, Sezgin N. Ankara gelişim tarama envante-ri el kitabı. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Birliği. 1994.
  • 15. Crowell JA, Feldman SS. Mothers’ Internal Models of Rela-tionships and Children’s Behavioral and Developmental Status: A Study of Mother-Child Interaction. Child Dev JSTOR. 1988;59:1273-85.
  • 16. Zeanah CH, Boris NW, Heller SS, Hinshaw-Fuselier S, Larrieu JA, Lewis M et al. Relationship Assessment in In-fant Mental Health. 1997;18(2):182–97.
  • 17. Çıkılı Uytun M, Yüksel AMG, Yürümez E, Öztop DB. Bebek Ruh Sağlığı Ünitesinde Takip Edilen Hastaların DC: 0-5 Ta-nıları ve Psikososyal Zorluklarının Değerlendirilmesi. Tur-kish Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. 2021;28(3):182–90.
  • 18. Keren M, Feldman R, Tyano S. A five-year Israeli experien-ce with the DC: 0–3 classification system. Infant Ment He-alth J. 2003;24(4):337–48.
  • 19. Mothander PR, Grette Moe R. Infant Mental Health As-sessment: The use of DC 0-3 in an outpatient child psychi-atric clinic in Scandinavia. Scand J Psychol. 2008;49(3):259–67.
  • 20. Uslu R, Özalp O, Bilgiç A, Erdoğan G. Bebek Ruh Sağlığı Polikliniğine Başvuran Hastalarda TS:-3YB Tanı Dağılı-mı’na İlişkin Bir Ön-Çalışma. Türkiye Klinikleri Pediatrik Bilimler Özel Dergisi. 2007; 3:8–13.
  • 21. Cordeiro MJ, Caldeira Da Silva P, Goldschmidt T, Egger H, Gleason MM, Keren M et al. Diagnostic classification: Re-sults from a clinical experience of three years with DC: 0–3. Infant Ment Health J. 2003; 24(4):349–64.
  • 22. Zeanah CH, Carter AS, Cohen J et al. Dıagnostıc Classıfıca-tıon Of Mental Health And Developmental Dısorders Of In-fancy And Early Chıldhood Dc:0–5: Selectıve Revıews From A New Nosology For Early Chıldhood Psychopathology. In-fant Ment Health. 2016;37(5):471–75.
  • 23. Glynn LM, Davis EP, Luby JL, Baram TZ, Sandman CA. A predictable home environment may protect child mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Neurobiol Stress. 2021;14:100291.
  • 24. Liu Z, Tang H, Jin Q, Wang G, Yang Z, Chen H, et al. Sleep of preschoolers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. J Sleep Res. 2020;30(1):e13142.
  • 25. Kılıçaslan F, Bakırcı B, Ayaydın H, Kütük MÖ. The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Pre-School Age Children: A Ret-rospective Study. Neuropsychiatr Invest. 2022;60(2):32-37.
  • 26. Zero-to-Three/National Center for Clinical Infant Programs. Diagnostic classification of mentaland developmental di-sorders of infancy and early childhood. DC: 0–3. 1994. Ar-lington, VA: Author.
  • 27. Alabaf S, Gillberg C, Lundström S, Lichtenstein P, Kerekes N, Råstam M, et al. Physical health in children with neuro-developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2019; 49:83–95.
  • 28. Schieve LA, Gonzalez V, Boulet SL, Visser SN, Rice CE, Braun KVN et al. Concurrent medical conditions and health care use and needs among children with learning and be-havioral developmental disabilities, National Health Inter-view Survey, 2006–2010. Res Dev Disabil Pergamon; 2012; 33(2):467–76.
  • 29. Zerbo O, Leong A, Barcellos L, Bernal P, Fireman B, Croen LA. Immune mediated conditions in autism spectrum di-sorders. Brain Behav Immun Academic Press; 2015; 46:232–36.
  • 30. Kotey S, Ertel K, Whitcomb B. Co-occurrence of Autism and Asthma in a Nationally-Representative Sample of Children in the United States. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014; 44:3083–88.
  • 31. Chaidez V, Hansen RL, Hertz-Picciotto I. Gastrointestinal problems in children with autism, developmental delays or typical development. J Autism Dev Disord.2014;44:1117–27.
  • 32. Reilly C, Atkinson P, Das KB, Chin RFMC, Aylett SE, Burch V, et al. Neurobehavioral Comorbidities in Children With Acti-ve Epilepsy: A Population-Based Study. Pediatrics. 2014;133(6): e1586–93.
  • 33. Kilicaslan F, Tufan AE. Autism spectrum disorder: Comorbi-dity and demographics in a clinical sample, International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2024;70:2, 241-250.
  • 34. Sevgen FH, Altun H. Presenting complaints and psychiatric diagnoses in children aged 0-5 years presented to a child psychiatry and adolescent clinic. J Mood Disord. 2017;7(4): 205-211.
  • 35. Lin J, Magiati I, Chiong SHR, Singhal S, Riard N, Ng IHX, et al. The Relationship among Screen Use, Sleep, and Emoti-onal/Behavioral Difficulties in Preschool Children with Neu-rodevelopmental Disorders. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. 2019;40(7):519–29.
  • 36. Coutinho F, Saxena G, Shah A, Tilak S, Desai N, Udani V. Mobile media exposure and use in children aged zero to fi-ve years with diagnosed neurodevelopmental disability. Di-sabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2022;17(6):645–51.
  • 37. Madigan S, Browne D, Racine N, Mori C, Tough S. Associa-tion Between Screen Time and Children’s Performance on a Developmental Screening Test. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(3):244–50.
  • 38. Maguire A, Tseliou F, O’Reilly D. Consanguineous Marriage and the Psychopathology of Progeny: A Population-wide Data Linkage Study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75(5):438–46.
  • 39. Kahraman ÖG, Ceylan Ş, Korkmaz E. 0-3 yaş arası çocukla-rın gelişimsel değerlendirmelerinin bazı değişkenler açısın-dan incelenmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Der-gisi. 2016;9(2):60-9.

Bebek Ruh Sağlığı Polikliniğine İleri Değerlendirme Amacıyla Yönlendirilen Hastaların Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 21 Issue: 2, 246 - 252, 29.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.35440/hutfd.1487144

Abstract

Amaç: Beyin gelişimiyle ilgili yapılan çalışmalar yaşamın ilk yıllarının yaşamın diğer tüm zamanlarından anlamlı derecede önemli olduğunu göstermektedir. Konuşma, öğrenme ve sosyal iletişim becerilerini etkileyen nörogelişimsel bozuklukların ilk belirtileri bebeklik ve erken çocukluk döneminde görülmekte ve sıklıkla okul öncesi dönemde tanı konmaktadır. Yaşamın erken dönemi, yaşamın diğer dönemlerine göre dış çevreye oldukça bağımlı olunan bir dönemdir. Bu dönemdeki deneyim-ler ve gelişen psikiyatrik bozuklukların beyni şekillendirerek yaşam boyu ruh sağlığını, davranışları ve öğrenmeyi etkilediği belirtilmektedir. Küçük çocukların beyinleri çevresel strese karşı son derece esnek olduğu için daha sonraki müdahalelere göre, bu dönemde yapılan müdahalelerin daha etkili olduğu ve geri dönüşün ilk yıllarda en yüksek olduğu belirtilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, bebek ruh sağlığı polikliniğine ileri, ayrıntılı değerlendirme için yönlendirilen bebek ve küçük çocukların, klinik, sosyodemografik ve günlük ekran kullanım özelliklerinin geriye dönük olarak değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Materyal ve metod: Çalışmamıza bebek ruh sağlığı polikliniğine ayrıntılı değerlendirme amacıyla yönlendirilen 0-6 yaş arası 175 bebek ve küçük çocuk dahil edilmiştir. Hastaların sosyodemografik, klinik özellikleri ve DSM-5’e göre psikiyatrik bozukluk tanılarını içeren klinik dosyaları geriye dönük olarak değerlendirilmiştir.
Bulgular: Değerlendirilen hastaların %80’i (n=140) psikiyatrik bozukluk tanısı almıştır. Hastaların ortalama tanı alma yaşı 32,06 ay (SS=10,66) olarak bulunmuştur. Hastaların %49,7’si (n=87) Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu (OSB), %12’si (n=21) Entelektüel Yeti Yitimi (EYY), %8,6’sı (n=15) İletişim Bozukluğu (İB), %5,1’i (n=9) EYY+OSB, %4,6’sı (n=8) EYY+İB tanısı almış ve hastaların %5,1’inde (n=9) psikiyatrik bozukluk tanısı almasa da silik otizm belirtileri olduğu saptanmıştır. Hastaların ortalama günlük ekran maruziyet sürelerinin 4,28 (SS=2,64) saat olduğu bulunmuştur.
Sonuç: Bebek ve küçük çocukluk dönemi beyin gelişimi açısından en temel ve en kritik dönemdir. Bu dönemde görülen psikiyatrik bozuklukların erken dönemde saptanması ve müdahale edilmesi hem bozuklukların prognozu hem de beyin gelişimini olumsuz etkileyebilecek risk faktörlerinin azaltılması için çok önemlidir. Çalışmamızın bebek ve küçük çocuk ruh sağlığı alanında yapılacak çalışmalar ve müdahale yöntemlerinin geliştirilmesi konusunda katkı sunacağı düşünülmektedir.

Ethical Statement

Çalışma prosedürleri Helsinki Bildirgesi'ne uygun olarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırma için etik onayı Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi İlaç ve Tıbbi Cihaz Dışı Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu’ndan 10/02/2023-2023/4193:(12917) numarasıyla alınmıştır.

Supporting Institution

Bu araştırma, kamu, ticari veya kar amacı gütmeyen sektörlerdeki finansman kuruluşlarından herhangi bir finansal destek almamıştır.

References

  • 1. Frankel K, Gleason M-M, Lieberman A, Egger HL, Zeanah CH. DC:0-5TM Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Child-hood: An Overview. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018;57:S333.
  • 2. Clinton J, Feller AF, Facpm F, Williams RC, Frcpc MD, Cm F, et al. The importance of infant mental health. Paediatr Child Health. 2016;21(5):239-41.
  • 3. Lewis AJ, Galbally M, Gannon T, Symeonides C. Early life programming as a target for prevention of child and ado-lescent mental disorders. BMC Med. 2014; 12:1-15.
  • 4. Klitzing K von, Döhnert M, Kroll M, Grube M. Mental Disor-ders in Early Childhood. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2015;112(21-22):375-86.
  • 5. Horwitz SMC, Hurlburt MS, Heneghan A, Zhang J, Rolls-Reutz J, Landsverk J, et al. Persistence of mental health problems in very young children investigated by US child welfare agencies. Acad Pediatr.2013;13(6):524–30.
  • 6. Skovgaard AM, Houmann T, Christiansen E, Landorph S, Jørgensen T, Olsen EM, et al. The prevalence of mental he-alth problems in children 1(1/2) years of age - the Copen-hagen Child Cohort 2000. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007;48(1):62–70.
  • 7. Zablotsky B, Black LI, Maenner MJ, Schieve LA, Danielson ML, Bitsko RH, et al. Prevalence and trends of developmen-tal disabilities among children in the United States: 2009–2017. Pediatrics. 2019;144(4).
  • 8. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2013.
  • 9. Trauner DA. Editorial: Neurodevelopmental disabilities. Curr Opin Neurol. 2019;32(4):610.
  • 10. Inguaggiato E, Sgandurra G, Cioni G. Brain plasticity and early development: Implications for early intervention in neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuropsychiatrie de l’Enfance et de l’Adolescence. 2017;65(5):299–06.
  • 11. Cioni G, Inguaggiato E, Sgandurra G. Early intervention in neurodevelopmental disorders: underlying neural mecha-nisms. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016; 58:61–66.
  • 12. Scattolin MA de A, Resegue RM, Rosário MC do. The im-pact of the environment on neurodevelopmental disorders in early childhood. J Pediatr. 2022; 98:66–72.
  • 13. Gwynette MF, Sidhu SS, Ceranoglu TA. Electronic Screen Media Use in Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. W.B. Saunders. 2018;27(2):203–19.
  • 14. Savaşır I, Erol N, Sezgin N. Ankara gelişim tarama envante-ri el kitabı. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Birliği. 1994.
  • 15. Crowell JA, Feldman SS. Mothers’ Internal Models of Rela-tionships and Children’s Behavioral and Developmental Status: A Study of Mother-Child Interaction. Child Dev JSTOR. 1988;59:1273-85.
  • 16. Zeanah CH, Boris NW, Heller SS, Hinshaw-Fuselier S, Larrieu JA, Lewis M et al. Relationship Assessment in In-fant Mental Health. 1997;18(2):182–97.
  • 17. Çıkılı Uytun M, Yüksel AMG, Yürümez E, Öztop DB. Bebek Ruh Sağlığı Ünitesinde Takip Edilen Hastaların DC: 0-5 Ta-nıları ve Psikososyal Zorluklarının Değerlendirilmesi. Tur-kish Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. 2021;28(3):182–90.
  • 18. Keren M, Feldman R, Tyano S. A five-year Israeli experien-ce with the DC: 0–3 classification system. Infant Ment He-alth J. 2003;24(4):337–48.
  • 19. Mothander PR, Grette Moe R. Infant Mental Health As-sessment: The use of DC 0-3 in an outpatient child psychi-atric clinic in Scandinavia. Scand J Psychol. 2008;49(3):259–67.
  • 20. Uslu R, Özalp O, Bilgiç A, Erdoğan G. Bebek Ruh Sağlığı Polikliniğine Başvuran Hastalarda TS:-3YB Tanı Dağılı-mı’na İlişkin Bir Ön-Çalışma. Türkiye Klinikleri Pediatrik Bilimler Özel Dergisi. 2007; 3:8–13.
  • 21. Cordeiro MJ, Caldeira Da Silva P, Goldschmidt T, Egger H, Gleason MM, Keren M et al. Diagnostic classification: Re-sults from a clinical experience of three years with DC: 0–3. Infant Ment Health J. 2003; 24(4):349–64.
  • 22. Zeanah CH, Carter AS, Cohen J et al. Dıagnostıc Classıfıca-tıon Of Mental Health And Developmental Dısorders Of In-fancy And Early Chıldhood Dc:0–5: Selectıve Revıews From A New Nosology For Early Chıldhood Psychopathology. In-fant Ment Health. 2016;37(5):471–75.
  • 23. Glynn LM, Davis EP, Luby JL, Baram TZ, Sandman CA. A predictable home environment may protect child mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Neurobiol Stress. 2021;14:100291.
  • 24. Liu Z, Tang H, Jin Q, Wang G, Yang Z, Chen H, et al. Sleep of preschoolers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. J Sleep Res. 2020;30(1):e13142.
  • 25. Kılıçaslan F, Bakırcı B, Ayaydın H, Kütük MÖ. The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Pre-School Age Children: A Ret-rospective Study. Neuropsychiatr Invest. 2022;60(2):32-37.
  • 26. Zero-to-Three/National Center for Clinical Infant Programs. Diagnostic classification of mentaland developmental di-sorders of infancy and early childhood. DC: 0–3. 1994. Ar-lington, VA: Author.
  • 27. Alabaf S, Gillberg C, Lundström S, Lichtenstein P, Kerekes N, Råstam M, et al. Physical health in children with neuro-developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2019; 49:83–95.
  • 28. Schieve LA, Gonzalez V, Boulet SL, Visser SN, Rice CE, Braun KVN et al. Concurrent medical conditions and health care use and needs among children with learning and be-havioral developmental disabilities, National Health Inter-view Survey, 2006–2010. Res Dev Disabil Pergamon; 2012; 33(2):467–76.
  • 29. Zerbo O, Leong A, Barcellos L, Bernal P, Fireman B, Croen LA. Immune mediated conditions in autism spectrum di-sorders. Brain Behav Immun Academic Press; 2015; 46:232–36.
  • 30. Kotey S, Ertel K, Whitcomb B. Co-occurrence of Autism and Asthma in a Nationally-Representative Sample of Children in the United States. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014; 44:3083–88.
  • 31. Chaidez V, Hansen RL, Hertz-Picciotto I. Gastrointestinal problems in children with autism, developmental delays or typical development. J Autism Dev Disord.2014;44:1117–27.
  • 32. Reilly C, Atkinson P, Das KB, Chin RFMC, Aylett SE, Burch V, et al. Neurobehavioral Comorbidities in Children With Acti-ve Epilepsy: A Population-Based Study. Pediatrics. 2014;133(6): e1586–93.
  • 33. Kilicaslan F, Tufan AE. Autism spectrum disorder: Comorbi-dity and demographics in a clinical sample, International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2024;70:2, 241-250.
  • 34. Sevgen FH, Altun H. Presenting complaints and psychiatric diagnoses in children aged 0-5 years presented to a child psychiatry and adolescent clinic. J Mood Disord. 2017;7(4): 205-211.
  • 35. Lin J, Magiati I, Chiong SHR, Singhal S, Riard N, Ng IHX, et al. The Relationship among Screen Use, Sleep, and Emoti-onal/Behavioral Difficulties in Preschool Children with Neu-rodevelopmental Disorders. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. 2019;40(7):519–29.
  • 36. Coutinho F, Saxena G, Shah A, Tilak S, Desai N, Udani V. Mobile media exposure and use in children aged zero to fi-ve years with diagnosed neurodevelopmental disability. Di-sabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2022;17(6):645–51.
  • 37. Madigan S, Browne D, Racine N, Mori C, Tough S. Associa-tion Between Screen Time and Children’s Performance on a Developmental Screening Test. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(3):244–50.
  • 38. Maguire A, Tseliou F, O’Reilly D. Consanguineous Marriage and the Psychopathology of Progeny: A Population-wide Data Linkage Study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75(5):438–46.
  • 39. Kahraman ÖG, Ceylan Ş, Korkmaz E. 0-3 yaş arası çocukla-rın gelişimsel değerlendirmelerinin bazı değişkenler açısın-dan incelenmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Der-gisi. 2016;9(2):60-9.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Fatma Coşkun 0000-0001-6917-2327

Mustafa Kubilay Kaya 0009-0006-8626-9482

Early Pub Date August 9, 2024
Publication Date August 29, 2024
Submission Date May 20, 2024
Acceptance Date August 7, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 21 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Coşkun F, Kaya MK. Bebek Ruh Sağlığı Polikliniğine İleri Değerlendirme Amacıyla Yönlendirilen Hastaların Değerlendirilmesi. Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2024;21(2):246-52.

Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi  / Journal of Harran University Medical Faculty