Using the panel data, this study was conducted to analyse the impact of energy
consumption on carbon dioxide emissions for low-income, middle-income and high-income
countries from 1971 to 2011. The results indicate that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship
between variables for middle-income and high-income countries. Additionally, causality running
from energy consumption to carbon dioxide emissions was observed for these countries. Parameter
estimations show that the energy elasticity of carbon dioxide emissions in middle-income countires
is higher than that of high-income countries. These empirical findings present some important
policy implications.
ANG, J. B. (2007). CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and output in France, Energy
Policy, 35, 4772-4778.
ANG, J. B. (2008). Economic development, pollutant emissions and energy consumption in
Malaysia, Journal of Policy Modeling, 30, 271-278.
APERGIS, N. and PAYNE, J. (2009). CO2 emissions, energy usage and output in Central
America, Energy Policy, 37, 3282-3286.
APERGIS, N. and PAYNE, J. E. (2010). The emissions, energy consumption, and growth
nexus: Evidence from the Commonwealth of Independent States, Energy Policy, 38, 650-655.
BAEK, J. (2011). Trade liberalization, economic growth, energy consumption and the
environment: Time series evidence from G-20 economies, Journal of East Asian Economic
Integration, 15(1), 1-32.
BREITUNG, J. (2000). The local power of some unit root tests for panel data. In: Baltagi,
B.H. (Ed.), Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration and Dynamic Panels, Advances in
Econometrics, JAI Press, Amsterdam, 161-178.
CHOI, I. (2001). Unit root tests for panel data, Journal of International Money and
Finance, 20, 249-272.
DINCER, I. and ZAMFIRESCU, C. (2011). Sustainable energy systems and applications,
Springer Science and Business Media, LLC.
GRANGER, C. W. J. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and
cross spectral methods, Econometrica, 37, 424-438.
GUTIERREZ, M.J. (2003). Dynamic inefficiency in an overlapping generation economy
with pollution and health costs, Mimeo, Universidad del Pais Vasco.
HARRY, B., SHUDDHASATTWA, R. and RUHUL, S. (2012). Coal consumption, CO2
emissions and economic growth in China: Empirical evidence and policy responses, Energy
Economics, 34, 518-528.
HOSSAIN, S. (2011). Panel estimation for CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic
growth, trade openness and urbanization of Newly Industrialized Countries, Energy Policy, 39,
6991-6999.
IM, K.S. PESARAN, M. H. and SHIN, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous
panels, Journal of Econometrics, 115, 53-74.
IM, K.S., PESARAN, M. H. and SHIN, Y. (1997). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous
panels, Journal of Economics, 115(1), 53-74.
JALIL, A. and MAHMUD, S. F. (2009). Environment Kuznets Curve for CO2 emissions:
A cointegration analysis, Energy Policy, 37, 5167-5172.
JALIL, A. and FERİDUN, M. (2011). The impact of growth, energy and financial
development on the environment in China: A cointegration analysis, Energy Economics, 33, 284-
291.
JORGENSON, D. W. and WILCOXEN, P. J. (1993). Reducing U.S. carbon dioxide
emissions: An assessment of different instruments, Journal of Policy Modeling, 15, 491-520.
KAO, C. (1999). Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel
data, Journal of Econometrics, 90, 1-44.
KAO, C. and CHIANG, M. (1997). On the estimation and inference of a cointegrated
regression in panel data, Working paper, Department of Economics, Syracuse University.
LIMING, X., YUNBING, H., GUANG, H., XIANFENG, C. and FENGHUA, Q. (2011).
Relationship between primary energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in China, Energy
Procedia, 13, 4353-4360.
MADDALA, G.S. and WU, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel
data and a new simple test, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, 631-52.
MAHAMAT, H. H. (2012). Greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption and economic
growth: A panel cointegration analysis from Canadian industrial sector perspective, Energy
Economics, 34, 358-364.
MARK, N. and SUL, D. (1999). A computationally simple cointegration vector estimator
for panel data, Manuscript. Ohio State University.
MASIH, A.M.M. and MASIH, R. (1997). On temporal causal relationship between energy
consumption, real income and prices; Some new evidence from Asian energy dependent NICs
based on a multivariate cointegration/vector error correction approach, Journal of Policy
Modeling, 19(4), 417-440.
MENYAH, K. and WOLFE-RUFAEL, Y. (2010). Energy consumption, pollutant
emissions and economic growth in South Africa, Energy Economics, 32, 1374-1382.
MICHAELIDES, E.E. (2012). Alternative energy sources, green energy and technology,
Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg.
MORSHED, H.A.S. (2010). A panel cointegration analysis of the Euro Area money
demand, Lund University.
NIU, S., DING, Y., NIU, Y. and LUO, G. (2011). Economic growth, energy conservation
and emissions reduction: A comparative analysis based on panel data for 8 Asian-Pacific
Countries, Energy Policy, 39, 2121-2131.
NASIR, M. and UR REHMAN, F. (2011). Environmental Kuznets Curve for carbon
emissions in Pakistan:An empirical investigation, Energy Policy, 39, 1857-1864.
PEDRONI, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with
multiple regressors, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, 653-670.
PEDRONI, P. (2001). Purchasing power parity tests in cointegrated panels, Review of
Economics and Statistics, 83, 1371-1375.
PEDRONI, P. (2004). Panel cointegration, asymptotic and finite sample properties of
pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis, Econometric Theory, 20, 597-
625.
SAIKKONEN, P. (1991). Asymptotically efficient estimation of cointegrating regressions,
Econometric Theory, 7, 1-21.
SAY, N. P. and YUCEL, M. (2006). Energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Turkey:
Empirical analysis and future projection based on an economic growth, Energy Economics, 34,
3870-3876.
SHAHBAZ, M., HOOI, L. and SHABBIR, M.S. (2011). Environmental Kuznets Curve and
the role of energy consumption in Pakistan, MPRA Paper No. 34929, 1-32.
SIMS, C. A. (1972). Money, income and causality, American Economic Review, 62, 540-
542.
SOYTAŞ, U., SARI, U. and EWING, B. T. (2007). Energy consumption, income and
carbon emissions in the United States, Ecological Economics, 62, 482-489.
SOYTAŞ, U. and SARI, R. (2009). Energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon
emissions: Challenges faced by an EU Candidate Member, Ecological Economics, 68, 1667-1675.
STOCK, J. and WATSON, M. W. (1993). A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in
higher-order integrated systems, Econometrica, 61(4), 783-820.
XEPAPADEAS, A. (2005). Regulation and evolution of compliance in common pool
resources, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 107, 583-599.
WANG, S.S., ZHOU, D.Q., ZHOU, P. and WANG, Q.W. (2011). CO2 emissions, energy
consumption and economic growth in China: A panel data analysis”, Energy Policy, 39, 4870-
4875.
ZHANG, X. P. and CHENG, X.M. (2009). Energy consumption, carbon emissions, and
economic growth in China, Ecological Economics, 68, 2706-2712.
ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN ÇEVRE KİRLİLİĞİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: BİR PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ
Bu çalışma, 1971-2011 döneminde panel veri metodolojisini kullanarak düşük, orta ve
yüksek gelirli ülkeler grubu için enerji tüketiminin karbon dioksit salınımı üzerindeki etkisini
analiz etme amacını taşır. Sonuçlar, orta ve yüksek gelirli ülkeler grubu için değişkenler arasında
bir uzun dönem denge ilişkisinin varlığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca, bu iki ülke grubu için enerji
tüketiminden karbon dioksit salınımına doğru işleyen bir nedensellik tespit edilmiştir. Parametre
tahminleri, karbon dioksit salınımının enerji elastikiyetinin orta gelirli ülke grubunda yüksek gelirli
ülke grubuna göre daha yüksek olduğunu kanıtlamaktadır. Söz konusu ampirik bulgular, önemli
politika çıkarımları sunmaktadır.
ANG, J. B. (2007). CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and output in France, Energy
Policy, 35, 4772-4778.
ANG, J. B. (2008). Economic development, pollutant emissions and energy consumption in
Malaysia, Journal of Policy Modeling, 30, 271-278.
APERGIS, N. and PAYNE, J. (2009). CO2 emissions, energy usage and output in Central
America, Energy Policy, 37, 3282-3286.
APERGIS, N. and PAYNE, J. E. (2010). The emissions, energy consumption, and growth
nexus: Evidence from the Commonwealth of Independent States, Energy Policy, 38, 650-655.
BAEK, J. (2011). Trade liberalization, economic growth, energy consumption and the
environment: Time series evidence from G-20 economies, Journal of East Asian Economic
Integration, 15(1), 1-32.
BREITUNG, J. (2000). The local power of some unit root tests for panel data. In: Baltagi,
B.H. (Ed.), Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration and Dynamic Panels, Advances in
Econometrics, JAI Press, Amsterdam, 161-178.
CHOI, I. (2001). Unit root tests for panel data, Journal of International Money and
Finance, 20, 249-272.
DINCER, I. and ZAMFIRESCU, C. (2011). Sustainable energy systems and applications,
Springer Science and Business Media, LLC.
GRANGER, C. W. J. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and
cross spectral methods, Econometrica, 37, 424-438.
GUTIERREZ, M.J. (2003). Dynamic inefficiency in an overlapping generation economy
with pollution and health costs, Mimeo, Universidad del Pais Vasco.
HARRY, B., SHUDDHASATTWA, R. and RUHUL, S. (2012). Coal consumption, CO2
emissions and economic growth in China: Empirical evidence and policy responses, Energy
Economics, 34, 518-528.
HOSSAIN, S. (2011). Panel estimation for CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic
growth, trade openness and urbanization of Newly Industrialized Countries, Energy Policy, 39,
6991-6999.
IM, K.S. PESARAN, M. H. and SHIN, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous
panels, Journal of Econometrics, 115, 53-74.
IM, K.S., PESARAN, M. H. and SHIN, Y. (1997). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous
panels, Journal of Economics, 115(1), 53-74.
JALIL, A. and MAHMUD, S. F. (2009). Environment Kuznets Curve for CO2 emissions:
A cointegration analysis, Energy Policy, 37, 5167-5172.
JALIL, A. and FERİDUN, M. (2011). The impact of growth, energy and financial
development on the environment in China: A cointegration analysis, Energy Economics, 33, 284-
291.
JORGENSON, D. W. and WILCOXEN, P. J. (1993). Reducing U.S. carbon dioxide
emissions: An assessment of different instruments, Journal of Policy Modeling, 15, 491-520.
KAO, C. (1999). Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel
data, Journal of Econometrics, 90, 1-44.
KAO, C. and CHIANG, M. (1997). On the estimation and inference of a cointegrated
regression in panel data, Working paper, Department of Economics, Syracuse University.
LIMING, X., YUNBING, H., GUANG, H., XIANFENG, C. and FENGHUA, Q. (2011).
Relationship between primary energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in China, Energy
Procedia, 13, 4353-4360.
MADDALA, G.S. and WU, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel
data and a new simple test, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, 631-52.
MAHAMAT, H. H. (2012). Greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption and economic
growth: A panel cointegration analysis from Canadian industrial sector perspective, Energy
Economics, 34, 358-364.
MARK, N. and SUL, D. (1999). A computationally simple cointegration vector estimator
for panel data, Manuscript. Ohio State University.
MASIH, A.M.M. and MASIH, R. (1997). On temporal causal relationship between energy
consumption, real income and prices; Some new evidence from Asian energy dependent NICs
based on a multivariate cointegration/vector error correction approach, Journal of Policy
Modeling, 19(4), 417-440.
MENYAH, K. and WOLFE-RUFAEL, Y. (2010). Energy consumption, pollutant
emissions and economic growth in South Africa, Energy Economics, 32, 1374-1382.
MICHAELIDES, E.E. (2012). Alternative energy sources, green energy and technology,
Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg.
MORSHED, H.A.S. (2010). A panel cointegration analysis of the Euro Area money
demand, Lund University.
NIU, S., DING, Y., NIU, Y. and LUO, G. (2011). Economic growth, energy conservation
and emissions reduction: A comparative analysis based on panel data for 8 Asian-Pacific
Countries, Energy Policy, 39, 2121-2131.
NASIR, M. and UR REHMAN, F. (2011). Environmental Kuznets Curve for carbon
emissions in Pakistan:An empirical investigation, Energy Policy, 39, 1857-1864.
PEDRONI, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with
multiple regressors, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, 653-670.
PEDRONI, P. (2001). Purchasing power parity tests in cointegrated panels, Review of
Economics and Statistics, 83, 1371-1375.
PEDRONI, P. (2004). Panel cointegration, asymptotic and finite sample properties of
pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis, Econometric Theory, 20, 597-
625.
SAIKKONEN, P. (1991). Asymptotically efficient estimation of cointegrating regressions,
Econometric Theory, 7, 1-21.
SAY, N. P. and YUCEL, M. (2006). Energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Turkey:
Empirical analysis and future projection based on an economic growth, Energy Economics, 34,
3870-3876.
SHAHBAZ, M., HOOI, L. and SHABBIR, M.S. (2011). Environmental Kuznets Curve and
the role of energy consumption in Pakistan, MPRA Paper No. 34929, 1-32.
SIMS, C. A. (1972). Money, income and causality, American Economic Review, 62, 540-
542.
SOYTAŞ, U., SARI, U. and EWING, B. T. (2007). Energy consumption, income and
carbon emissions in the United States, Ecological Economics, 62, 482-489.
SOYTAŞ, U. and SARI, R. (2009). Energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon
emissions: Challenges faced by an EU Candidate Member, Ecological Economics, 68, 1667-1675.
STOCK, J. and WATSON, M. W. (1993). A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in
higher-order integrated systems, Econometrica, 61(4), 783-820.
XEPAPADEAS, A. (2005). Regulation and evolution of compliance in common pool
resources, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 107, 583-599.
WANG, S.S., ZHOU, D.Q., ZHOU, P. and WANG, Q.W. (2011). CO2 emissions, energy
consumption and economic growth in China: A panel data analysis”, Energy Policy, 39, 4870-
4875.
ZHANG, X. P. and CHENG, X.M. (2009). Energy consumption, carbon emissions, and
economic growth in China, Ecological Economics, 68, 2706-2712.
Çetin, M., Doğan, İ., & Işık, H. (2014). ENERJİ TÜKETİMİNİN ÇEVRE KİRLİLİĞİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: BİR PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ. International Anatolia Academic Online Journal Social Sciences Journal, 2(1), 15-29.