Acil Servis Çalışanlarında Stres ve İş Tatmini: Temel Benlik Değerlendirmeleri ve Sosyal Desteğin Rolü

Öz

Amaç : Acil servisler; fiziksel ve duygusal iş talebinin yüksek, iş kaynaklarının ise sınırlı olduğu çalışma ortamlarıdır. Bu durum, acil servis çalışanlarının deneyimledikleri iş stresi ve tatminini olumsuz yönde etkileyebilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; acil servis çalışanlarında, temel benlik değerlendirmelerinin ve sosyal desteğin, iş stresi ve iş tatmini arasındaki ilişkiyi nasıl etkilediğini araştırmaktır. 

Tasarım/Yöntem: Araştırmaya İstanbul’da çeşitli hastanelerde görev yapan 267 acil servis çalışanı gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Veriler; İş Stresi Ölçeği, Minnesota İş Tatmini Ölçeği, Temel Benlik Değerlendirmeleri Ölçeği, Sosyal Destek Ölçeği ve Demografik Bilgi Formu kullanılarak toplanmıştır. 

Sonuçlar: Analiz sonuçları, iş stresi ve iş tatmini arasındaki ilişkide, temel benlik değerlendirmeleri ve sosyal destek değişkenlerinin biçimleyici bir etkisi olmadığını göstermiştir. İş stresinin; iş tatmini, temel benlik değerlendirmeleri ve sosyal destek ile negatif yönde ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Öte yandan, iş tatmininin ise temel benlik değerlendirmeleri ve sosyal destek ile pozitif yönde ilişkili olduğu saptanmıştır. 

Özgün Değer: Bu araştırmada ilk kez iş stresi ve iş tatmini ilişkisinde temel benlik değerlendirmeleri ve sosyal desteğin biçimleyici rolü incelenmiştir. Bu açıdan bu araştırma gelecekte yapılacak benzer araştırmalar için bir referans noktası olabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İş Stresi,İş Tatmini,Temel Benlik Değerlendirmeleri,Sosyal Destek

Kaynakça

1. AbuAlRub, R. F. (2004). Job stress, job performance, and social support among hospital nurses. Journal of nursing scholarship, 36(1), 73-78.
2. Acker, G. M. (2004). The effect of organizational conditions (role conflict, role ambiguity, opportunities for professional development, and social support) on job satisfaction and intention to leave among social workers in mental health care. Community mental health journal, 40(1), 65-73.
3. Adriaenssens, J., De Gucht, V. ve Maes, S. (2015). Causes and consequences of occupational stress in emergency nurses, a longitudinal study. Journal of nursing management, 23(3), 346-358.
4. Adriaenssens, J., De Gucht, V., Van Der Doef, M. ve Maes, S. (2011). Exploring the burden of emergency care: predictors of stress‐health outcomes in emergency nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(6), 1317-1328.
5. Aiken, L.S., ve West, S.G. (1991). Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. Newbury Park: CA: Sage
6. Ardakani, M. B., Zare, M., Mahdavi, S., Ghezavati, M., Fallah, H., Halvani, G., ... ve Bagheraat, A. (2013). Relation between job stress dimensions and job satisfaction in workers of a refinery control room. Journal of Community Health Research, 1(2), 198-208.
7. Baron, R.M., ve Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
8. Baruch-Feldman, C., Brondolo, E., Ben-Dayan, D. ve Schwartz, J. (2002). Sources of social support and burnout, job satisfaction, and productivity. Journal of occupational health psychology, 7(1), 84-93.

9. Baycan, A. (1985). An Analysis of Several Aspects of Job Satisfaction Between Different Occupational Groups (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Türkiye.
10. Blegen, M. A. (1993). Nurses' job satisfaction: a meta-analysis of related variables. Nursing Research, 42(1), 36-41.
11. Bono, J. E. ve Judge, T. A. (2003). Core self‐evaluations: A review of the trait and its role in job satisfaction and job performance. European Journal of Personality, 17(1), 5-18.
12. Boyar, S. L. ve Mosley, D. C. (2007). The relationship between core self-evaluations and work and family satisfaction: The mediating role of work–family conflict and facilitation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71(2), 265-281.
13. Bradley, J. R. ve Cartwright, S. (2002). Social support, job stress, health, and job satisfaction among nurses in the United Kingdom. International Journal of Stress Management, 9(3), 163-182.
14. Browning, L., Ryan, C. S., Thomas, S., Greenberg, M. ve Rolniak, S. (2007). Nursing specialty and burnout. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 12(2), 148-154.
15. Burbeck, R., Coomber, S., Robinson, S. M. ve Todd, C. (2002). Occupational stress in consultants in accident and emergency medicine: a national survey of levels of stress at work. Emergency Medicine Journal, 19(3), 234-238.
16. Chang, C. H., Ferris, D. L., Johnson, R. E., Rosen, C. C. ve Tan, J. A. (2012). Core self-evaluations: A review and evaluation of the literature. Journal of management, 38(1), 81-128.
17. Chiang, Y. M. ve Chang, Y. (2012). Stress, depression, and intention to leave among nurses in different medical units: Implications for healthcare management/nursing practice. Health Policy, 108(2), 149-157.
18. Cohen, S. ve Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological bulletin, 98(2), 310-357.
19. Efeoğlu, I. F. (2006). İş-Aile Yaşam Çatişmasinin İş Stresi, İş Doyumu ve Örgütsel Bağlılık Üzerindeki Etkileri: İlaç Sektöründe Bir Araştırma (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Adana, Türkiye.
20. Erez, A. ve Judge, T. A. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluations to goal setting, motivation, and performance. Journal of applied psychology, 86(6), 1270-1279.
21. Erşan, E. E., Yıldırım, G., Doğan, O. ve Doğan, S. (2013). Sağlık çalışanlarının iş doyumu ve algılanan iş stresi ile aralarındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 14, 115-121.
22. Flanagan, N. A. ve Flanagan, T. J. (2002). An analysis of the relationship between job satisfaction and job stress in correctional nurses. Research in nursing & health, 25(4), 282-294.
23. Gregov, L., Kovačević, A. ve Slišković, A. (2011). Stress among Croatian physicians: comparison between physicians working in emergency medical service and health centers: pilot study. Croatian medical journal, 52(1), 8-15.
24. Harris, K. J., Harvey, P. ve Kacmar, K. M. (2009). Do social stressors impact everyone equally? An examination of the moderating impact of core self-evaluations. Journal of Business and Psychology, 24(2), 153-164.
25. Healy C. ve McKay M.F. (2000) Nursing stress: the effect of coping strategies and job satisfaction in a sample of Australian nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing 31(3), 681–688.
26. House, R. J. ve Rizzo, J. R. (1972). Role conflict and ambiguity as critical variables in a model of organizational behavior. Organizational behavior and human performance, 7(3), 467-505.
27. Hunsaker, S., Chen, H. C., Maughan, D. ve Heaston, S. (2015). Factors that influence the development of compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction in emergency department nurses. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 47(2), 186-194.
28. Judge, T. A. ve Bono, J. E. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluations traits—self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability—with job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of applied Psychology, 86(1), 80-92.
29. Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Erez, A. ve Locke, E. A. (2005). Core self-evaluations and job and life satisfaction: the role of self-concordance and goal attainment. Journal of applied psychology, 90(2), 257-268.
30. Judge, T. A., Erez, A., Bono, J. E. ve Thoresen, C. J. (2002). Are measures of self-esteem, neuroticism, locus of control, and generalized self-efficacy indicators of a common core construct?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(83), 693-710.
31. Judge, T. A., Erez, A., Bono, J. E. ve Thoresen, C. J. (2003). The core self‐evaluations scale: Development of a measure. Personnel psychology, 56(2), 303-331.
32. Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A. ve Durham, C. C. (1997). The dispositional causes of job satisfaction: A core evaluations approach. Research in Organizational Behavior, 19, 151–188.
33. Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., Durham, C. C. ve Kluger, A. N. (1998). Dispositional effects on job and life satisfaction: the role of core evaluations. Journal of applied psychology, 83(1), 17-34.
34. Karasek, R. ve Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy work: Stress, productivity and the reconstruction of working life. New York: Basic Books.
35. Kilcoyne, M. ve Dowling, M. (2007). Working in an overcrowded accident and emergency department: nurses' narratives. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25(2), 21-27.
36. Kippling, C. (1998). Mental health nurses’ strategies for coping with stress. Mental Health Nursing, 17, 18–22.
37. Kisbu, Y. (2006). Influences of regulatory focus, core self-evaluations and age on biases in perception and choice (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Koç Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Türkiye.
38. Kovacs, G. ve Croskerry, P. (1999). Clinical decision making: an emergency medicine perspective. Academic emergency medicine, 6(9), 947-952.
39. Krespi, M. (1993). An investigation of the relationship of life events and social support with depression in dialysis patients (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Türkiye.
40. Lazarus, R. S. (2001). Relational meaning and discrete emotions. In K. Scherer, A. Schorr ve T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 37–67). New York: Oxford University Press.
41. Lazarus, R. S. ve Folkman, S. (1984b). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
42. Lazarus, R. S. ve Launier, R. (1978). Stress–related transactions between personand environment. In L. A. Pervin ve M. Lewis (Eds.), Perspectives in interactional psychology (pp. 287–327). New York: Plenum.
43. Levin, I. ve Stokes, J. P. (1989), Disposition Approach to Job Satisfaction: Role of Negative Affectivity, Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 752-758.
44. Li, J. ve Lambert, V. A. (2008). Job satisfaction among intensive care nurses from the People's Republic of China. International Nursing Review, 55(1), 34-39.
45. Lin, N., Dean, A. ve Ensel, W. M. (1981). Social support scales: A methodological note. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 7(1), 73-89.
46. Mansour, S. ve Tremblay, D. G. (2016). Workload, generic and work–family specific social supports and job stress: Mediating role of work–family and family–work conflict. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(8), 1778-1804.
47. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological review, 50(4), 370-396.
48. Mayo, M., Sanchez, J. I., Pastor, J. C. ve Rodriguez, A. (2012). Supervisor and coworker support: a source congruence approach to buffering role conflict and physical stressors. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(18), 3872-3889.
49. McClelland, D. C. (1971). Assessing human motivation. New York: General Learning Press.
50. McFarlane, D., Duff, E. M. ve Bailey, E. Y. (2004). Coping with occupational stress in an accident and emergency department. The West Indian medical journal, 53(4), 242-247.
51. Potter, C. (2006). To what extent do nurses and physicians working within the emergency department experience burnout: A review of the literature. Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal, 9(2), 57-64.
52. Puttonen, S., Härmä, M. ve Hublin, C. (2010). Shift work and cardiovascular disease —pathways from circadian stress to morbidity. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health, 36(2), 96-108.
53. Ramirez, A. J., Graham, J., Richards, M. A., Gregory, W. M. ve Cull, A. (1996). Mental health of hospital consultants: the effects of stress and satisfaction at work. The Lancet, 347(9003), 724-728.
54. Singh, A. P. ve Singhi, N. (2015). Organizational Role Stress and Social Support as Predictors of Job Satisfaction among Managerial Personnel. Journal of Psychosocial Research, 10(1), 1-10.
55. Skipper, J. K., Jung, F. D. ve Coffey, L. C. (1990). Nurses and shiftwork: effects on physical health and mental depression. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 15(7), 835-842.
56. Sparks, K. ve Cooper, C. L. (1999). Occupational differences in the work‐strain relationship: Towards the use of situation‐specific models. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72(2), 219-229.
57. Spector, P. E. (1997). Job satisfaction: Application, assessment, cause, and consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
58. Stein-Parbury, J. ve Liaschenko, J. (2007). Understanding collaboration between nurses and physicians as knowledge at work. American Journal of Critical Care, 16(5), 470-477.
59. Torun, A. (1995). Tükenmişlik, aile yapısı ve sosyal destek ilişkileri üzerine bir inceleme (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Türkiye.
60. Trivellas, P., Reklitis, P. ve Platis, C. (2013). The effect of job related stress on employees’ satisfaction: A survey in health care. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 73, 718-726.
61. Uchino, B. N., Cacioppo, J. T. ve Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (1996). The relationship between social support and physiological processes: a review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for health. Psychological bulletin, 119(3), 488-531.
62. Weiss, D. J., Dawis, R. V., England, G. W. ve Lofquist, L. H. (1967). Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Industrial Relation Center
63. Wu, H., Sun, W. ve Wang, L. (2011). Factors associated with occupational stress among Chinese female emergency nurses. Emerg Med J, 29(7), 554-558.
64. Xiao, Y., Wang, J., Chen, S., Wu, Z., Cai, J., Weng, Z., ... ve Zhang, X. (2014). Psychological distress, burnout level and job satisfaction in emergency medicine: a cross‐sectional study of physicians in China. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 26(6), 538-542.