Mobility, Migration and Insecurity

Abstract

In this study, conceptualisation of migration is approached and discussed from a perspective build on the concepts of conflict and insecurity. This approach focuses on the organic relationship between the migrants and non-migrants while proposing ‘mover’ and ‘mobility’ to be used instead of migrant and migration. At the same time it is argued that migration decisions are made by individuals embedded in families, households, and communities. Conflicts encountered at different levels affect the perception of insecurity and thus determine the changing dynamic nature of international human mobility.

Keywords

• Migration
• mobility
• insecurity
• migration theory
• conflict

Hareketlilik, Göç, Güvensizlik

Abstract

Bu çalışmada göç kuramsallaştırılmasına çatışma ve güvensizlik kavramları üzerinden bir yaklaşım sunulmakta ve tartışılmaktadır. Bu yaklaşım göçmen ve göç kavramları yerine ‘hareketli’ ve ‘hareketlilik’ kavramlarını kullanırken göçmen ile göçmen olmayanlar arasındaki organik ilişkiye işaret etmektedir. Aynı zamanda göç kararlarının bireyin aile, hane ve içinde yaşadığı topluluk ve cemaatler ile etkileşim halinde oluştuğunu ileri sürmektedir. Çeşitli düzeylerde görülen çatışmalar güvensizlik algısını etkileyerek uluslararası insan hareketliliğinde dinamik bir değişkenlik yaratırlar.  

Keywords

• Göç
• hareketlilik
• güvensizlik
• göç kuramı
• çatışma

References

1. Akkoyunlu, Şule (2012). “Forecasting Turkish Remittances from Germany during the Financial Crisis”, in I. Sirkeci, J. Cohen & D. Ratha (der.) Global Remittance Practices and Migration during the Financial Crisis and Beyond, Washington D.C.: The World Bank.
2. Arizpe, Lourdes (1981). The rural exodus in Mexico and Mexican migration to the United States. International Migration Review 15 (14): 626–49.
3. Basch, Linda, Nina Glick Shiller & Cristina Szanton Blanc (1994). Nations unbound: Transnational projects, postcolonial predicaments, and deterritorialized nation-states. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach.
4. Boccagni, Paolo (2013). Whom should we help first? Transnational helping practices in Ecuadorian migration. International Migration 51 (2): 191–208.
5. Cameron, Abigail E., Emily R. Cabaniss & Stephanie M. Teixeira-Poit (2012). Revisiting the underclass debate: Contemporary applications to immigrants and policy implications. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 34 (1): 23–42.
6. Carling, Jørgen & Kristian Hoelscher (2013). The capacity and desire to remit: Comparing local and transnational influences. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 39 (6): 1–20.
7. Cohen, Jeffrey H. & Ibrahim Sirkeci (2011). Cultures of migration: The global nature of contemporary mobility. Austin: University of Texas Press.
8. Cohen, Jeffrey H. & Nidia Merino Chavez (2013). Latino immigrants, discrimination and reception in Columbus, Ohio. International Migration 51 (2): 24–31.

9. Cohen, Jeffrey H. (2004). The culture of migration in Southern Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press.
10. Cohen, Jeffrey H. 2001. Transnational migration in rural Oaxaca, Mexico: Dependency, development, and the household. American Anthropologist 103 (4): 954–67.
11. Constant, Amelia & Douglas S. Massey (2002). Return migration by German guestworkers: Neoclassical versus new economic theories. International Migration 40 (4): 5–38.
12. Davin, Delia (1999). Internal migration in contemporary China. New York: St Martin’s Press.
13. Engbersen, Godfried, Arjen Leerkes, Izabela Grabowska-Lusinska, Erik Snel & Jack Burgers (2013). On the differential attachments of migrants from Central and Eastern Europe: A typology of labour migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 39 (6): 1–23.
14. Faist, Thomas (1997). The crucial meso-level. In International migration, immobility and development: Multidisciplinary perspectives (der.) Thomas Hammar, Grete Brochmann, Kristof Tamas and Thomas Faist, sf. 187–218. New York: Berg.
15. Faist, Thomas (2004). Towards a political sociology of transnationalization: The state of the art in migration research. European Journal of Sociology 45 (3): 331–66.
16. Fan, C. Cindy (1996). Economic opportunities and internal migration: A case study of Guangdong Province, China. The Professional Geographer 48 (1): 28–45.
17. Fields, Gary S. (1975). Rural–urban migration, urban unemployment and underemployment, and job-search activity in LDCs. Journal of Developmental Economics 2 (2): 165–87.
18. Goldring, Luin (2002). The Mexican state and transmigrant organizations: Negotiating the boundaries of membership and participation. Latin American Research Review 37 (3): 55–99.
19. Greiner, Clemens & Patrick Sakdapolrak (2013). Rural–urban migration, agrarian change, and the environment in Kenya: A critical review of the literature. Population and Environment 34 (4): 524–53.
20. Guarnizo, Luis Eduardo (1997). The emergence of a transnational social formation and the mirage of return migration among Dominican transmigrants. Identities 4 (2): 281–322.
21. Ha, Wei, Junjian Yi & Junsen Zhang (2009). Inequality and internal migration in China: Evidence from village panel data. Human development reports, Research paper 2009/27. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
22. Harney, Nicholas & Loretta Baldrassar (2007). Tracking transnationalism: Migrancy and its futures. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 33 (2): 189–98.
23. Itzigsohn, Jose, Carlos Dore Cabral, Esther Hernandez Medina & Obed Vazquez (1999). Mapping Dominican transnationalism: Narrow and broad transnational practices. Ethnic and Racial Studies 22 (2): 316–39.
24. Khattab, Nabil, Ron Johnston, Ibrahim Sirkeci & Tariq Modood (2010). The impact of spatial segregation on the employment outcomes amongst Bangladeshi men and women in England and Wales. Sociological Research Online 15(1)3. www.socresonline.org.uk/15/1/3.html
25. Kubal, Agnieszka & Rianne Dekker (2011). Contextualizing immigrant inter-wave dynamics and the consequences for migration processes: Ukrainians in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Working paper 49. Oxford: International Migration Institute, University of Oxford.
26. Levitt, Peggy (2002). The ties that change: Relations to the ancestral home over the life cycle. In The changing face of home: The transnational lives of the second generation (der) P. Levitt and Mary C. Waters, sf. 123–44. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
27. Lindstrom, David P. (1996). Economic opportunity in Mexico and return migration from the United States. Demography 33 (4): 357–74.
28. Louie, Vivian (2001). Parents’ aspirations and investment: The role of social class in the educational experiences of 1.5- and second-generation Chinese Americans. Harvard Educational Review 71 (3): 438–75.
29. Martin, Philip L. (1991). The unfinished story: Turkish labour migration to Western Europe. Geneva: International Labour Office.
30. Massey, Douglas S. vd. (2014). Göç kuramlarının bir değerlendirmesi. Göç Dergisi. Cilt 1, No 1, 11-46.
31. Menchaca, Martha (1995). The Mexican outsiders: A community history of marginalization and discrimination in California. Austin: University of Texas Press.
32. Mendola, Mariapia (2012). Rural out-migration and economic development at origin: A review of the evidence. Journal of International Development 24 (1): 102–22.
33. Moberg, Mark (1996). Myths that divide: Immigrant labor and class segmentation in the Belizian banana industry. American Ethnologist 23 (2): 311–30.
34. Naber, Nadine (2012). The rules of forced engagement: Race, gender, and the culture of fear among Arab immigrants in San Francisco post-9/11. Cultural Dynamics 24 (1): 235–67.
35. Narayan, Anjana, Bandana Purkayastha & Sudipto Banerjee (2011). Constructing transnational and virtual ethnic identities: A study of the discourse and networks of ethnic student organisations in the USA and UK. Journal of Intercultural Studies 32 (5): 515–37.
36. Oliver, Caroline & Karen O’Reilly (2010). A Bourdieusian analysis of class and migration. Sociology 44 (1): 49–66.
37. Paerregaard, Karsten 2008. Peruvians dispersed: A global ethnography of migration. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
38. Parrado, Emilio A. (2006). Economic restructuring and intra-generational class mobility in Mexico. Social Forces 84 (2): 733–57.
39. Portes, Alejandro & Patricia Landolt (1996). The downside of social capital. The American Prospect (May–June): 18–21, 94.
40. Portes, Alejandro, Luis E. Guarnizo & Patricia Landolt (1999). The study of transnationalism: Pitfalls and promise of an emergent research field. Ethnic and Racial Studies 22 (2): 217–37.
41. Ravenstein, E.G. (1889). The laws of migration. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 52 (2): 241–301.
42. Rozelle, Scott, Li Guo, Minggao Shen, Amelia Hughart & John Giles (1999). Leaving China’s farms: Survey results of new paths and remaining hurdles to rural migration. The China Quarterly 158: 367–93.
43. Schmalzbauer, Leah (2008). Family divided: The class formation of Honduran transnational families. Global Networks 8 (3): 329–46.
44. Semyonov, Moshe & Anastasia Gorodzeisky (2008). Labor migration, remittances and economic well-being of households in the Philippines. Population Research and Policy Review 27 (5): 619–37.
45. Sezgin, Zeynep (2008). Turkish migrants’ organizations: Promoting tolerance toward the diversity of Turkish migrants in Germany. International Journal of Sociology 38 (2): 78–95.
46. Sirkeci, Ibrahim & Cohen, Jeffrey H. (2013, 31 July). OpEd. “Not migrants and immigration, but mobility and movement”, Cities of Migration, Thought Leadership, http://citiesofmigration.ca/ezine_stories/not-migrants-and-immigration-but-mobility-and-movement/
47. Sirkeci, Ibrahim & Martin, Philip L. (2014). “Sources of Irregularity and Managing Migration: The Case of Turkey”. Border Crossing: Transnational Working Papers, No. 1401, sf.1-16. http://tplondon.com/journal/index.php/bc/article/view/373.
48. Sirkeci, Ibrahim & Zeyneloglu, Sinan (2014). Abwanderung aus Deutschland in die Türkei: Eine Trendwende im Migrationsgeschehen? [Migration from Germany to Turkey: reversal of fortunes]. In: Alscher, S. & Krienbriek, A. (der.) Abwanderung von Türkeistämmigen: Wer verlässt Deutschland und warum?. Germany: BAMF, sf. 30-85.
49. Sirkeci, Ibrahim (2003). Migration, Ethnicity, Conflict: The Environment of Insecurity and Turkish Kurdish International Migration. PhD Thesis, University of Sheffield.
50. Sirkeci, Ibrahim (2005). “War in Iraq: environment of insecurity and international migration”, International Migration, 43(4): 197-214.
51. Sirkeci, Ibrahim (2006a). The environment of insecurity in Turkey and the emigration of Turkish Kurds to Germany. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.
52. Sirkeci, Ibrahim (2006b). Ethnic conflict, wars and international migration of Turkmen: Evidence from Iraq. Migration Letters 3 (1): 31–42.
53. Sirkeci, Ibrahim (2009). Transnational mobility and conflict. Migration Letters 6 (1): 3–14.
54. Sirkeci, Ibrahim, Jeffrey Cohen & Dilip Ratha (der.) (2012a). Migration and remittances during the global financial crisis and beyond. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
55. Sirkeci, Ibrahim, Jeffrey Cohen & Pinar Yazgan (2012b). Turkish culture of migration: Flows between Turkey and Germany, socio-economic development and conflict. Migration Letters 9 (1): 33–46.
56. Van Hear, Nicholas (2006). ‘I went as far as my money would take me’: Conflict, forced migration and class. In Forced migration and global processes: A view from forced migration studies (der.) Francois Crepeau, Delphine Nakache, Michael Collyer, Nathaniel H. Goetz & Art Hansen, sf. 125–58. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
57. Vertovec, Steven (2009). Transnationalism. London: Routledge.
58. Wilk, Richard (2006). But the young men don’t want to farm any more: Political ecology and consumer culture in Belize. In Reimagining political ecology (der.) Aletta Biersack & James B. Greenberg, sf. 149–170. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
59. Zhu, Nong (2002). The impacts of income gaps on migration decisions in China. China Economic Review 13 (2–3): 213–30.