“Kentsel Dayanıklılığı” Anlamak ve “Kentsel Dayanıklılık Planlamasını” İrdelemek

Yıl 2019, , 882 - 906, 31.12.2019

Zeynep Deniz Yaman Galantini

https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.621492

Cited By: 3

Öz

21. yüzyıl, fiziksel çevrenin olumsuz etkilere ve kentsel sistemlerin beklenmedik değişimlere maruz kaldığı, buna bağlı olarak karmaşıklığın ve belirsizliklerin arttığı, nihayetinde de kent planlama sürecinin kaotik bir hal aldığı dönemdir. 2000’li yıllarda karmaşıklık biliminin gelişmesine ve kentsel sorunların gün geçtikçe büyümesine bağlı olarak, hem planlama ve yönetim kapasitesinin geliştirilmesi konusu, hem de belirsizliklerin ve karmaşıklığın neden olduğu kentsel kırılganlıkların çözümünde, kent planlama süreçlerinin nasıl bir katkı sağlayabileceğinin açıklanması ihtiyacı günümüzde önem kazanmıştır. Hızla artan karmaşıklık ve dünya dinamiklerindeki hızlı değişimler göz önüne alındığında, bütün bir toplumun geleceğinin planlanması ciddi bir mücadele olarak yorumlanabilir. Bu kapsamda, kent planlama yaklaşımlarının geleceğe ilişkin, yerinde ve sürdürülebilir seçimler içermesi, toplumları geleceğe hazırlanmak için mantıklı bir yol haritası çizmesi gerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda, "değişen koşullar karşısında sürekli gelişim ve uyumu" korumak, tüm kentler için hayati önem taşımaktadır. Bu perspektif, belirsiz dünyanın değişim ve zorluklarıyla nasıl başa çıkılabileceğini açıklamaya çalışan “dayanıklılık” kavramıyla örtüşmektedir. Bu açıdan, bu çalışma, şehir planlama paradigmalarında dayanıklılığın nasıl konumlandırılabileceğini netleştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Derinlemesine literatür taraması ve nitel analiz bu çalışmanın temelini oluşturmuştur. Ayrıca, 1950'lerden günümüze kentsel planlama paradigmalarının gelişimi ve kentsel dayanıklılığın kapsamı detaylı bir şekilde analiz edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kent planlama paradigmaları, karmaşıklıklar, belirsizlikler, kentsel dayanıklılık, kentsel dayanıklılık planlaması

Catching on “Urban Resilience” and Examining “Urban Resilience Planning”

Öz

21^st century is an era which environmental and urban systems triggered complexity and eventually urban planning processes started to be chaotic. Hence, 2000s can be described as a period in which complexity science developed and the capacity for planning and management needed to be improved to solve the rapidly changing urban problems. The main concern is finding out a principal contribution to urban planning processes to address this complexity dilemma and urban vulnerabilities. Since planning the future of an entire community may seem like a devastating challenge based on these challenges, urban planning should comprise conscious choices about the future and it has to be a rational way for getting prepared for the future. In this regard, “continual development and adjustment to the changing circumstances” is surely vital for all urban systems. This is parallel with resilience concept, which refers to understand addressing the uncertain changes and challenges. From this point of view, this paper aimed to clarify how resilience can be positioned in urban planning paradigms. In depth literature review and qualitative analysis were the base. Moreover, the development of urban planning paradigms from 1950s to today and the content of urban resilience were analyzed in details. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Urban planning paradigms, complexities, uncertainties, urban resilience, urban resilience planning

Kaynakça

• Abukhater, A. (2009). Rethinking planning theory and practice: A glimmer of light for prospects of integrated planning to combat complex urban reali-ties, Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management 2 (11), 64-79.
• Adger, W.N. (2000). Social and ecological resilience: Are they related, Progress in Human Geography 24 (3), 347–364.
• Ahsan, M.M. (2013). Resilient cities for the poor or by the poor? A case study from Bangkok Shaikh. Master of Science Thesis. University of Technology, BER-LIN
• Alberti, M. (2013). Planning under uncertainty: Regime shifts, resilience, and inno-vation in urban ecosystems. Retrieved, http://www.thenatureofcities.com/2013/01/22/planning-under-uncertainty-regime-shifts-resilience-and-innovation-in-urban-ecosystems/
• Albrechts, L. (2004). Strategic (spatial) planning reexamined, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 31 (5), 743 – 758.
• Albrechts, L. (2010). More of the same is not enough! How could strategic spa-tial planning be instrumental in dealing with the challenges ahead?, Envi-ronment and Planning B: Planning and Design 37, 1115-1127.
• Albrechts, L. (2012). Reframing strategic spatial planning by using a copro-duction perspective, Planning Theory, 1–18.
• Arefi, M. (2011). Design for Resilient Cities, reflections from a studio. In (B. Tridib, A. Loukaitou-Sideris Eds.), Companion to Urban Design (p. 674-685). Abingdon: Routledge.
• Arnaud, J.P., Toubin, M., Come, C. and Serre, D. (2013). The resilience engi-neering offer for municipalities. In (R. Laganier Eds.), Resilience and Urban Risk Management (p. 49-56). London: CRC Press.
• Balducci, A., Boelens, L., Hillier, J., Nyseth, T. and Wilkinson, C. (2011). Intro-duction, Strategic spatial planning in uncertainty: theory and exploratory practice. Town Planning Review 82 (5), DOI: 10.3828/tpr.2011.29.
• Beal, J. and Fox, S. (2009). Cities and Development. New York: Routledge.
• Berke, P.R. and Campanella, T. (2006). Planning for Postdisaster Resiliency. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 604, 192-207, doi: 10.1177/0002716205285533.
• Berry, B.J.L. (1964). Cities as Systems within Systems of Cities, Regional Science 13(1), 147–163.
• Bogunovich, D. (2009). From planning sustainable cities to designing resilient urban regions, Sustainable Development and Planning IV 1, 87-96.
• Bosher, L., Carrillo, P., Dainty, A., Glass, J. and Price, A. (2007). Realising a resilient and sustainable built environment: towards a strategic agenda for the United Kingdom. Disasters, 31 (3), 236−255.
• Briguglio, L., Cordina, G., Farrugia, N. and Vella, S. (2008). Economic Vulner-ability and Resilience: Concepts and Measurements, Oxford Development Studies 37 (3).
• Chadwick, G.F. (1971). A systems view of planning: towards a theory of the urban and regional planning process. Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press.
• Christensen, K. (1985). Coping with uncertainty in planning. The American Planning Association 51 (1), 63-73.
• Coaffee, J. (2007), The everyday resilience of the city: How provincial cities respond to threat (ESRC End of Award Report RES-228-25-0034). Swindon: ESRC.
• Collier, M.J., Nedović-Budić, Z., Aerts, J., Connop, S., Foley, D., Foley, K., New-port, D., McQuaid, S., Slaev A. and Verburg, P. (2013). Transitioning to re-silience and sustainability in urban communities, Cities 32, 21–28.
• Colucci, A. (2012). Resilient cities: Approaches/strategies comparison towards resilient cities. In AESOP. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Congress, METU, Ankara, 11-15 July (CD-ROM).
• Cork, S. (Eds.) (2010). Resilience and transformation-preparing Australia for uncer-tain futures. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing. Costanza, R., Graumlich, L., Steffen, W., Crumley, C., Dearing, J., Hibbard, K., Leemans, R., Redman, C. and Schimel, D. (2007). Sustainability or collapse: What can we learn from integrating the history of humans and the rest of nature?, Ambio 36 (7), 522-527.
• CSIRO. (2007). Urban Resilience: Research Prospectus a Resilience Alliance Initiative for Transmitting Urban Systems towards Sustainable Futures, accessed on http://citiesforpeople.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/urbanresilienceresearchprospectusv7feb07.pdf.
• Derwent. (t.y). Thomson Reuters Web of Science, https://science.thomsonreuters.com accessed on.
• Desouza, K.C. and Flanery, T.H. (2013), Designing, planning, and managing resilient cities: A conceptual framework, Cities 35, 89–99.
• Dos Santos, F.T. and Partidário, M.R. (2010). SPARK: Strategic planning ap-proach for resilience keeping, European Planning Studies 19 (8), 1517-1536.
• Egger, S. (2006). Determining a sustainable city model. Environmental Modelling & Software 21, 1235-1246.
• Ernstson, H., van der Leeuw, S.E., Redman, C.L., Meffert, D.J., Davis, G., Alfsen, C. and Elmqvist, T. (2010). Urban transitions: on urban resilience and human-dominated ecosystems, Ambio 39 (8), 531-545.
• Ferreira, A., Sykes, O. and Batey, P. (2009). Planning theory or planning theo-ries? The Hydra model and its implications for planning education. Journal for Education in the Built Environment 4 (2), 29-54.
• Fiksel, J. (2006). Sustainability and resilience: toward a systems approach. Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy 2 (2), 14–21.
• Fleischhauer, M. (2008). The role of spatial planning in strengthening urban resilience. In (H.J. Pasman and I.A. KirillovEds.), Resilience of Cities to Ter-rorist and other Threats (p. 273-298), Netherlands: Springer.
• Folke, C., Carpenter, S.R., Walker, B., Scheffer, M., Chapin, T. and Rockström, J. (2010). Resilience thinking integrating resilience, adaptability and trans-formability, Ecology and Society 15 (4), 20.
• Gibberd, J.T. (2011). Assessing and Intervening: Urban Resilience Indicators, Academia, accessed on, https://www.academia.edu/4400216/Assessing_and_Intervening_Urban_Resilience_Indicators
• Gleeson, B.J. (2008). Waking from the dream: towards urban resilience in the face of sudden threat, Urban Studies, 45 (13), 2653-2668.
• Godschalk, D.R. (2003). Urban Hazard mitigation: Creating resilient cities, the Natural Hazards Review 4 (3), 136-143.
• Gotham, K.F. and Campanella, R. (2010). Toward a research agenda on trans-formative resilience: Challenges and opportunities for post-trauma urban ecosystems. Critical Planning Summer 2010, 9-23.
• Hall, P. (2005). Urban and regional planning. London and New York: Routledge.
• Healey, P. (2008). Editorial, Planning theory and practice, 9 (4), 431-434.
• Healey, P. (2009). In search of the “strategic” in spatial strategy making. Plan-ning Theory & Practice 10 (4), 439-457.
• Hillier, J. (2003). ‘Agon’ izing over consensus: Why Habermasian ideals can-not be ‘real’, Planning Theory 2 (1), 37–59.
• Hordijk, M. and Baud, I. (2011). Inclusive adaptation: Linking participatory learning and knowledge management to urban resilience. In (K. Otto-Zimmermann Eds.), Resilient Cities: Cities and Adaptation to Climate Change, Proceedings of the Global Forum 2010 (Chapter 11, p.111-121), Netherlands: Springer.
• Jabareen, Y. (2012). Planning the resilient city: Concepts and strategies for coping with climate change and environmental risk. Cities, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.05.004
• Jacobs, J. (1961). The death and life of Great American cities. New York: Random House. Kinzig, A.P., Ryan, P., Etienne, M., Allison, H., Elmqvist, T. and Walker, B.H. (2006). Resilience and regime shifts: assessing cascading effects, Ecology and Society 11 (1), 20.
• Kowalik, M. and Guaralda, M. (2011). Mapping resilience: A framework for changing cities. In (S. HoekwaterEds.), Proceedings of 4th international urban design conference (p. 102-113), Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
• Lang, T. (2011). Urban resilience and new institutional theory- A happy cou-ple for urban and regional studies. (In B. Müller Eds.), Urban Regional Resil-ience: How do Cities and Regions Deal with Change? (German Annual of Spa-tial Research and Policy). Berlin: Springer.
• Lu, P. and Stead, D. (2013). Understanding the notion of resilience in spatial planning: A case study of Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Cities, 35, 200–212.
• Neuman, M. (1998). Does planning need the plan?, Journal of the American Planning Association 64 (2), 208-220.
• Newman, P., Beatley T., Boyer H. (2009). Resilient cities responding to peak oil and climate change. USA: Island Press.
• Normandin, J.M., Therrien, M.C. and Tanguay, G.A. (2009). City strength in times of turbulence: Strategic resilience indicators In Proceedings of joint conference on city futures, Madrid, Spain, 4-6 June.
• Novotny, V., Ahern, J. and Brown, P. (2010). Water centric sustainable communi-ties: Planning, retrofitting and building the next urban environment. Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley.
• Oliveira, V. and Pinho, P. (2010), Evaluation in urban planning: Advances and prospects. Journal of Planning Literature 24 (4), 343 –361.
• Pike, A., Dawley, S. and Tomaney, J. (2010). Resilience, adaptation and adapt-ability, Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 3 (1), 59–70.
• Pizzo, B. (2015). Problematizing Resilience: Implications for planning theory and practice, Cities, 43, 133-140.
• Plodinec, J.M. (2009). Definitions of resilience-An analysis. Community and Re-gional Resilience Institute. Accessed on http://www.resilientus.org/about-us/definition-of-community-resilience.html
• Porter, L. and Davoudi, S. (2012). The politics of resilience for planning: A cautionary note. Planning Theory & Practice 13 (2), 299-333.
• Renschler, C.S., Frazier, A.E., Arendt, L.A., Cimellaro, G.P., Reinhorn, A.M. and Bruneau, M. (2010). Developing the PEOPLES resilience framework for defining and measuring disaster resilience at the community scale. In Pro-ceedings of the 9th U.S. National and 10th Canadian Conference on Earthquake Engineering (Paper No 1827), Toronto, Ontario, Canada, July 25-29.
• Rhiney, K. (2012). Planning theory and process, Lecture Notes GG3302: Urban & Regional Planning, February 15, The University of the West Indies, Mo-na, Jamaica.
• Rose, A. (2009). Economic resilience to disasters (CARRI Research Report 8). Oak Ridge: Community and Regional Resilience Institute.
• Servillo, L. and Reimer, M. (2013). Strategic spatial planning and institutional resilience: Theoretical thoughts and some empirical devices. In Proceedings of AESOP -ACSP 5th Joint Congress, Dublin, Ireland, 15-19 July.
• Sessa, C. (2009). Applying the resilience assessing and managing approach as benchmark methodology in the AWARE pilot experiments. Accessed on www.aware-eu.net.
• Shaw, K. (2012). Reframing resilience: Challenges for Planning Theory and Practice, Planning Theory & Practice, 13 (2), 308-312.
• Surjan, A., Sharma, A., Shaw, R. (2011). Understanding Urban Resilience. In (R. Shaw and A. Sharma Eds.), Climate and disaster resilience in cities (Com-munity, Environment and Disaster Risk Management, (Vol. 6, p.17-45). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
• Taylor, N. (1998). Urban planning theory since 1945. Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage Publications.
• Todes, A. (2012). New directions in spatial planning? Linking strategic spatial planning and infrastructure development. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 1–15.
• United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) (2009), Plan-ning sustainable cities: Global report on human settlements. UK: Earthscan.
• Vale, L.J. and Campanella, T.J. (2005). Resilient City: How modern cities recover from disaster. USA: Oxford University Press.
• Walker, B., Carpenter, S., Anderies, J., Abel, N., Cumming, G., Janssen, M., Lebel, L., Norberg, J., Peterson G.D. and Pritchard, R. (2002). Resilience management in social-ecological systems: a working hypothesis for a par-ticipatory approach, Conservation Ecology, 6 (1), 14.
• Walkers, D. (2007). Designing community, charrettes, masterplans and form-based codes, Burlington: Elsevier Ltd.
• Wikström, A. (2013). The challenge of change: Planning for social urban resilience: An analysis of contemporary planning aims and practices. Master Thesis, Stockholm University, Urban and Regional Planning, Department of Hu-man Geography, STOCKHOLM.
• Wilkinson, C. (2011). Social-ecological resilience: Insights and issues for plan-ning theory, Planning Theory, 1–22.
• World Commission on Environment and Development (1987). Brundtland Report, Our Common Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Yaman, Z.D., Tezer, A. (2012). Urban Resilience as a New Policy Paradigm for Achieving Sustainability in Istanbul. In Proceedings of the 26th AESOP An-nual Congress, Ankara, Turkey, 11-15 July.
• Yaman-Galantini, Z.D. (2018a). Urban Resilience as a Policy Paradigm for Sus-tainable Urban Planning and Urban Development: The case of Istanbul. PhD Thesis, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey.
• Yaman-Galantini, Z.D. and Tezer, A. (2016). Urban planning for urban resili-ence as component of Istanbul’s resilient urban development. In Proceed-ings of 41st IAHS World Congress, Algarve, Portugal, 13-16 September.
• Yaman-Galantini, Z.D. and Tezer, A. (2018b). Review: In the complex epoch is sustainability “out” resilience “in”?, ITU AZ Journal, 15(3), 41-59. doi: 10.5505/itujfa.2018.77598.