Bursa Topraklarında Kış Mevsiminde Polihalkalı Aromatik Hidrokarbon (PAH) Kaynaklı Kirlilik Seviyesinin Belirlenmesi

Abstract

Toprak, polihalkalı aromatik hidrokarbon (PAH) bileşikleri gibi yarı uçucu organik kirleticiler için karasal çevredeki en önemli rezerv alanıdır. Toprağın PAH’lara ilgisi büyüktür ve bu kirleticiler için doğal bir alıcı ortam gibi davranır. Bu çalışmada, sanayi ve tarım kenti olan Bursa’da topraklardaki PAH kirliliğinin bölgesel değişiminin kış mevsimi için belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, 20 farklı noktadan yüzeysel toprak örnekleri alınmıştır. ∑12 PAH konsantrasyonları trafik+mangal+yerleşim bölgesi toprağında 4970 ng/g KM, çimento ve demir-çelik fabrikalarının bulunduğu bölge topraklarında ise sırasıyla 4382 ng/g KM ve 4000 ng/g KM olarak belirlenmiştir. Demir-çelik ve çimento fabrikalarının önemli birer PAH kaynağı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Kirliliğin en az olduğu toprakların ise kırsal alanlarda yer aldığı görülmüştür. Toksisite değerlendirmelerini yapabilmek için her bir PAH türüne ait TEF değerleri kullanılarak PAH türlerine ait konsantrasyonlar BaP eşdeğer konsantrasyonuna (BaPeq) çevrilmiştir. Örnekleme noktalarında  ∑12 BaPeq değerleri 0,1 ile 381,8 ng/g KM arasında değişim göstermiştir. 

Keywords

• Bursa,Toprak Kirliliği,PAH

References

1. ATSDR-Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), (1995), “Toxicological Profile For Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)”, Atlanta (GA): Department Of Health And Human Services, Public Health Service, USA
2. Bae, S.Y., Yi, S.M., Kim, Y.P. (2002), Temporal and spatial variations of the particle size distribution of PAHs and their dry deposition fluxes in Korea, Atmospheric Environment, 36, 5491-5500.
3. Bortey-Sam, N., Ikenaka, Y., Nakayama, S.M.M., Akoto, O., Yohannes, Y.B., Baidoo E, Mizukawa, H., Ishizuka, M. (2014), Occurrence, distribution, sources and toxic potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface soils from the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Science of the Total Environment, 496, 471-478.
4. Bozlaker, A., Muezzinoglu, A., Odabasi, M. (2008), Atmospheric concentrations, dry deposition and air-soil exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an industrial region in Turkey, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 153,1093-1102.
5. CCME-Canadian Council Of Minister of the Environment, (2010), “Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines For The Protection Of Environmental And Human Health:Carcinogenic And Other PAHs, In: In Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines”, Canadian Coucil Of Ministers Of The Environment, Winnipeg.
6. Chen, Y.J., Feng, Y.L., Xiong, S.C., Liu, D.Y., Wang, G., Sheng, G.Y., Fu, J.M. (2011), Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Shanghai, China, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 172, 235-247.
7. Cho, Y., Kim, G.B., Cho, Y.S., Choi, M.S., Ryu, S.H., Choi, S.H., Park, Y.K., Choi, J.W. (2014), Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure in residents living near a cement factory with kilns, International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 87, 889-896.
8. Collins, J.F., Brown, J.P., Alexeeff, G.V., Salmon, A.G. (1998), Potency equivalency factors for some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 28, 45-54.

9. Gaga, E.O., Tuncel, S.G. (2001), The Occurence And Distribution Of Trace Organic Compounds in Ankara Precipitation, Second International Symposium on Air Quality Management at Urban, Regional and Global Scales, İstanbul/Turkey.
10. Garcia, R., Diaz-Somoano, M., Calvo, M., Lopez-Anton, M.A., Suarez, S., Ruiz, I.S., Martinez-Tarazona, M.R. (2012), Impact of a semi-industrial coke processing plant in the surrounding surface soil part ii: PAH content, Fuel Processing Technology, 104, 245-252.
11. Hu, Y.D., Bai, ZP.., Zhang, L.W., Wang, X., Zhang, L., Yu, Q.C., Zhu, T. (2007), Health risk assessment for traffic policemen exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Tianjin, China, Science of the Total Environment, 382, 240-250.
12. IARC-International Agency For Research On Cancer (1986), PAH As Occupational Carcinogens, In: Bjorseth, A., Becker, G. (Eds.), PAH Work Atmosphere Occurrence And Determination, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL..
13. Jiao, W.T., Lu, Y.L., Wang, T.Y., Li, J., Han, J.Y., Wang, G., Hu, W.Y. (2009), Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils around guanting reservoir, Beijing, China, Chemistry and Ecology, 25, 39-48.
14. Jones, K.C., Stratford, J.A., Waterhouse, K.S., Vogt, N.B. (1989), Organic contaminants in welsh soils - polynuclear aromatic-hydrocarbons, Environmental Science and Technology, 23, 540-550.
15. Karaca, G., Tasdemir, Y. (2011), Effect of diethylamine on PAH removal from municipal sludge under UV light, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 20, 1777-1784.
16. Karaca, G., Tasdemir, Y. (2013), Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from industrial sludges in the ambient air conditions: automotive industry, Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 48, 855-861.
17. Karaca, G., Tasdemir, Y. (2014), Migration of PAHs in food industry sludge to the air during removal by UV and TiO2, Science of the Total Environment, 488, 358-363.
18. Karacik, B., Okay, O.S., Henkelmann, B., Bernhoft, S., Schramm, K.W. (2009), Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and effects on marine organisms in the Istanbul strait, Environment International, 35, 599-606.
19. Kaya, E., Dumanoglu, Y., Kara M., Altiok, H., Bayram, A., Elbir, T., Odabasi, M. (2012), Spatial and temporal variation and air-soil exchange of atmospheric PAHs and PCBs in an industrial region, Atmospheric Pollution Research, 3, 435-449.
20. Latimer, L.S., Zheng, J. (2003), The sources, transport and fate of PAHs in marine environment an exotoxicological perspective wiley, Chichester. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, USA.
21. Lee, S.C., Ho, K.F., Chan, L.Y., Zielinska, B., Chow, J.C. (2001), Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbonyl compounds in urban atmosphere of Hong Kong, Atmospheric Environment, 35, 5949-5960.
22. Man, Y.B., Kang, Y., Wang, H.S., Lau, W., Li, H., Sun, X.L., Giesy, J.P., Chow, K.L., Wong, M.H. (2013), Cancer risk assessments of hong kong soils contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 261, 770-776.
23. Mosca, S., Torelli, G., Tramontana, G., Guerriero, E., Rotatori, M., Bianchini, M. (2012), Concentration of organic micropollutants in the atmosphere of Trieste, Italy, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 19,1927-1935.
24. Nadal, M., Schuhmacher, M., Domingo, J.L. (2004), Levels of PAHs in soil and vegetation samples from tarragona county, Spain, Environmental Pollution, 132, 1-11. Odabasi, M., Bayram, A., Elbir, T., Seyfioglu, R., Dumanoglu, Y., Bozlaker, A., Demircioglu, H., Altiok, H., Yatkin, S., Cetin, B. (2009), Electric arc furnaces for steel-making: hot spots for persistent organic pollutants, Environmental Science and Technology, 43, 5205-5211.
25. Odabasi, M., Falay, E.O., Tuna, G., Altiok, H., Kara, M., Dumanoglu, Y., Bayram, A., Tolunay, D., Elbir, T. (2015), Biomonitoring the spatial and historical variations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in an industrial region, Environmental Science and Technology, 49, 2105-2114.
26. Orecchio, S. (2010), Assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil of a natural reserve (isola delle femmine) (Italy) located in front of a plant for the production of cement, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173, 358-368.
27. Ortiz, R., Vega, S., Gutierrez, R., Gibson, R., Schettino, B., Ramirez, M.D. (2012), Presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in top soils from rural terrains in Mexico City, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 88, 428-432.
28. Papageorgopoulou, A., Manoli, E., Touloumi, E., Samara, C. (1999), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air of greek towns in relation to other atmospheric pollutants, Chemosphere, 39, 2183-2199.
29. Salihoglu, G., Salihoglu, N.K., Aksoy, E., Tasdemir, Y. (2011), Spatial and temporal distribution of polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) concentrations in soils of an industrialized city İn Turkey”, Journal of Environmental Management, 92, 724-732.
30. Smith, D.J.T., Harrison, R.M. (1996), concentrations, trends and vehicle source profile of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the UK atmosphere, Atmospheric Environment, 30, 2513-2525.
31. Stankovic, D., Krstic, B., Nikolic, N. (2008), Effect of traffic on the soil contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 22, 736-741.
32. Stevens, J.L., Northcott, G.L., Stern, G.A., Tomy, G.T., Jones, K.C. (2003), “PAHs, PCBs, PCNs, Organochlorine Pesticides, Synthetic Musks, And Polychlorinated N-Alkanes İn UK Sewage Sludge: Survey Results and Implications”, Environmental Science and Technology, 37, pp.462-467.
33. Tasdemir Y, Esen F (2007a), Urban air PAHs: concentrations, temporal changes and gas/particle partitioning at a traffic site In Turkey, Atmospheric Research, 84, 1-12.
34. Tasdemir, Y., Esen, F. (2007b), Dry deposition fluxes and deposition velocities of PAHs at an urban site In Turkey, Atmospheric Environment, 41, 1288-1301.
35. Tasdemir, Y., Odabasi, M., Vardar, N., Sofuoglu, A., Murphy, T.J., Holsen, T.M. (2004), Dry deposition fluxes and velocities of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) associated with particles, Atmospheric Environment, 38, 2447-2456.
36. Telli-Karakoc, F., Tolun, L., Henkelmann, B., Klimm, C., Okay, O., Schramm, K.W. (2002), Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) distributions in the bay of Marmara sea: Izmit bay, Environmental Pollution, 119, 383-397.
37. Tsai, P.J., Shih, T.S., Chen, H.L., Lee, W.J., Lai, C.H., Liou, S.H. (2004), Assessing and predicting the exposures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their carcinogenic potencies from vehicle engine exhausts to highway toll station workers, Atmospheric Environment, 38, 333-343.
38. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1999), Compendium Method TO-13A, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
39. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1993), United States Environmental Protection Agency, Provisional Guidance for Quantitative Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Vol EPA/600/R/089. Washington, DC: Office of Research and Development, USA.
40. Wang, X.T., Miao, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, Y.C., Wu, M.H., Yu, G. (2013), Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils of the megacity Shanghai: occurrence, source apportionment and potential human health risk, Science of the Total Environment, 447, 80-89.
41. Wang, Y.W., Zhang, Q.H., Lv, J.X., Li, A., Liu, H.X., Li, G.G., Jiang, G.B. (2007), Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in sewage sludge of wastewater treatment plants In China, Chemosphere, 68, 1683-1691.
42. Weiss, P., Riss, A., Gschmeidler, E., Schentz, H. (1994), Investigation of heavy-metal, PAH, PCB patterns and PCDD/F profiles of soil samples from an industrialized urban area, (linz, upper austria) with multivariate statistical-methods, Chemosphere, 29, 2223-2236.
43. Wilcke, W. (2007), Global patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil, Geoderma, 141,157-166.
44. Wilcke, W., Amelung, W., Krauss, M., Martius, C., Bandeira, A., Garcia, M. (2003), Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) patterns in climatically different ecological zones Of Brazil” Organic Geochemistry, 34, 1405-1417.
45. Zhang, H.B., Luo, Y.M., Wong, M.H., Zhao, Q.G., Zhang, G.L. (2006), Distributions and concentrations of PAHs in Hong Kong soils”, Environmental Pollution, 141, 107-114.