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PİYASADA SATIŞA SUNULAN UHT SÜTLERDE ANTİBİYOTİK KALINTILARININ PREMİ® TEST İLE ARAŞTIRILMASI

Year 2023, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 1 - 8, 31.12.2023

Abstract

Amaç: Süt hayvancılığında, mikrobiyal enfeksiyonları önlemek ve tedavi etmek için çeşitli antibiyotiklerin yaygın kullanılması sütteki veteriner ilaç kalıntılarının potansiyel bir kaynağıdır. Antibiyotikler talimatlara uygun şekilde kullanılmazsa ve uygun arınma süresi beklenilmezse sütte antibiyotik kalıntıları bulunabilir. Antibiyotik kalıntıları, duyarlı kişilerde alerjik reaksiyonlara, mikroorganizmaların antibiyotiklere karşı direnç geliştirmesine, potansiyel kanserojen etkilere, çeşitli konjenital anomalilere ve normal bağırsak mikrobiyotasının bozulmasına neden olmaktadır. Antibiyotik kalıntıları çok düşük konsantrasyonlarda dahi sütte starter kültürleri inhibe ederek peynir ve yoğurt üretimi sırasında fermantasyon sürecini uzatıp veya engelleyerek çok miktarda sütün ziyanına neden olabilmektedir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada piyasada geniş çapta satışa sunulan farklı markalara ait toplam 100 adet Ultra High Temperature (UHT) süt numunesinde antibiyotik kalıntılarının varlığı araştırılmıştır. Kalıntı analizleri Premi®Test (R-Biopharm, Almanya, No. R3900) ile yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Analiz bulgularına göre incelenen numunelerin hiçbirinde herhangi bir antibiyotik kalıntısı tespit edilememiştir. Sonuç: Ülkemizde kayıt dışı üretilip satılan sütlerin varlığı da unutulmamalıdır. Bu sütlerde antibiyotik kalıntıları tespit edilememekte ve bu durum tüketiciler için önemli bir sağlık riski oluşturmaktadır.

References

  • Acar, J., and B. Röstel. 2001. “Antimicrobial Resistance: An Overview.” Revue scientifique et technique international Office of Epizootics) 20(3): 797–810.
  • Akhan M, Turgay S.İ., Ergün Ö. (2019). Süt ve süt ürünlerinde sık rastlanan hileler. Atasever M, editör. Süt ve Süt Ürünleri. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri. s.201-4.
  • Aycan, E. (2016). Afyonkarahisar Bölgesinden Toplanan Çiğ Sütlerde Beta-Laktam Grubu Antibiyotik Kalıntı Varlığının Araştırılması. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Farmakoloji ve Toksikoloji Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye, 19 s.
  • Aydemir, M.E., Altun, S.K., Durmaz, H. (2019). Şanlıurfa İlinde Satışa Sunulan Kıymalarda Premi®Test ile Antibiyotik İlaç Kalıntılarının Tespiti. Harran Üniv. Vet. Fak Derg, 8 (2): 128-131
  • Bacanlı, Merve, and Nurşen Başaran. 2019. “Importance of Antibiotic Residues in Animal Food.” Food and Chemical Toxicology 125: 462–66.
  • Beyene T. (2016). Veterinary drug residues in food-animal products: its risk factors and potential effects on public health. J. Vet. Sci. Technol. 7(1):1–7.
  • Boireau, Clémence et al. 2018. “Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria Isolated from Mastitis in Dairy Cattle in France, 2006–2016.” Journal of Dairy Science 101(10): 9451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018- 14835.
  • Burke, Niamh, and Catherine C. Adley. 2021. “Prevalence of Intramammary Antibiotic Usage in Dairy Farming.” Journal of Dairy Research 88(2): 176–78.
  • Conzuelo, F., Ruiz-Valdepeñas Montiel, V., Campuzano, S., Gamella, M., Torrente-Rodríguez, R.M, Reviejo A.J, et al. (2014). Rapid screening of multiple antibiotic residues in milk using disposable amperometric magnetosensors. Analytica Chimica Acta, 820:32–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2014.03.005
  • Erol, İ., 2007. Gıda Hijyeni ve Mikrobiyolojisi. Pozitif Matbaacılık Ltd.Şti. Ankara. 299p. Founou, Luria Leslie, Raspail Carrel Founou, and Sabiha Yusuf Essack. 2016. “Antibiotic Resistance in the Food Chain: A Developing Country-Perspective.” Frontiers in Microbiology 7(NOV): 1–19.
  • Friedman D.B., Kanwat, C.P., Headrick, M.L., Patterson, N.J., Neely, J.C., Smith, L.U. (2007). Importance of prudent antibiotic use on dairy farms in South Carolina: a pilot project on farmers' knowledge, attitudes and practices. Zoonoses Public Health, 54 (9-10): 366-75. doi: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2007.01077.x.
  • Hassani, Sima et al. 2022. “High Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance in Pathogenic Foodborne Bacteria Isolated from Bovine Milk.” Scientific Reports 12(1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598 022-07845-6.
  • İnal T, Ergün Ö. 1996.Sütün Besin Maddesi Olarak Önemi. Süt ve Süt Ürünleri Teknolojisi. 1. Baskı. İstanbul. p.2, 40.
  • Karaçal, F. (2004). Ankara piyasasında satılan sütlerde bazı antibiyotik kalıntıları. Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Farmakoloji ve Toksikoloji Anabilim Dalı Doktora Tezi, Ankara, Türkiye, 36,44 s.
  • Kaya, S. (2018). Hayvansal Gıdalarda İlaç Kalıntıları ve Tüketici Sağlığı. International Journal of Scientific and Technological Research, 4(8): 28-37.
  • Kebede, G., Zenebe, T., Disassa, H., Tolosa, T. (2014). Review on detection of antimicrobial residues in raw bulk milk in dairy farms. Afr. J. Basic Appl. Sci., 6(4):87–97.
  • Koesukwiwat, Urairat, Siripastr Jayanta, and Natchanun Leepipatpiboon. 2007. “Validation of a Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Multi-Residue Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Sulfonamides, Tetracyclines, and Pyrimethamine in Milk.” Journal of Chromatography A 1140: 147–56.
  • Küçük, S.C., Yıbar, A. (2019). Çiğ süt ve pastörize süt tüketiminin halk sağlığı üzerine etkileri. Food and Health, 5(3), 197-204. Krishnamoorthy, Paramanandham et al. 2021. “An Understanding of the Global Status of Major Bacterial
  • Pathogens of Milk Concerning Bovine Mastitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Scientometrics).” Pathogens 10(5): 545. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/5/545/htm (October 14, 2023).
  • Kümmerer, K. (2008). Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Sources, Fate, Effects and Risks. 3rd Edn. 75p. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-74664-5.
  • Li, Shuling et al. 2020. “Determination of Veterinary Drug Residues in Food of Animal Origin: Sample Preparation Methods and Analytical Techniques.” Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 43(17–18): 701–24.
  • Manyi-Loh, C., Mamphweli, S., Meyer, E., Okoh, A. (2018). Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and Its Consequential Resistance in Environmental Sources: Potential Public Health Implications. Molecules, 23 (4): 795. doi: 10.3390 / molecules23040795.
  • Mitchell, Marisa E.V. et al. 2020. “The Challenges of Investigating Antimicrobial Resistance in Vietnam - What Benefits Does a One Health Approach Offer the Animal and Human Health Sectors?” BMC Public Health 20(1): 1–12.
  • Obaidat, Mohammad M., and Andrew P. Stringer. 2019. “Prevalence, Molecular Characterization, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Listeria Monocytogenes, Salmonella Enterica, and Escherichia Coli O157:H7 on Dairy Cattle Farms in Jordan.” Journal of Dairy Science 102(10): 8710–20.
  • Olatoye, I.O., Daniel, O.F., Ishola, S.A. (2016). Screening of antibiotics and chemical analysis of penicillin residue in fresh milk and traditional dairy products in Oyo state, Nigeria. Vet. World, 9(9):948-954. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.948-954.
  • Özdemir, Z., Traş, B. (2018). Sütte Antibiyotik Kalıntılarının Belirlenmesinde Kullanılan Hızlı Test Kitleri ve Güvenilirlikleri. Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1):48-54.
  • Pereira, P.C. (2014). Milk Nutritional Composition and its role in human health. Nutrition, 30: 619 627.
  • Rossi, R., Saluti, G., Moretti, S., Diamanti, I., Giusepponi, D., Galarini, R. (2018).Multiclass methods for the analysis of antibiotic residuesin milk by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry: a review. Food additives and contaminants. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 35(2):242–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2017.1393107.
  • Sachi, S., Ferdous, J., Sikder, M.H., Hussani, S.M.A.K. (2019). Antibiotic residues in milk: Past, present, and future. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 6(3): 315–332. doi: 10.5455/javar.2019.f350
  • Samanidou, V., Nisyriou, S. (2008). Multi-residue methods for confirmatory determination of antibiotics in milk. J Sep Sci, 31(11):2068-90. doi: 10.1002/jssc.200700647.
  • Sarmah, A.K., Meyer M.T., Boxall A.B. (2006). A global perspective on the use, sales, exposure pathways, occurrence, fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics (VAs) in the environment. Chemosphere, 65(5):725– 59. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.026.
  • Seğmenoğlu, M.S. (2014). Makrolit Grubu Bazı Antibiyotiklerin Sütte Varlığının Belirlenmesi. AVKAE Derg., 4: 9-13 Siddique, I.H., Loken, K.I., Hoyt, H.H. (1965). Antibiotic residues in milk transferred from treated to untreated quarters in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 146:589–93.
  • Sharma, Chetan et al. 2018. “Antimicrobial Resistance: Its Surveillance, Impact, and Alternative Management Strategies in Dairy Animals.” Frontiers in Veterinary Science 4(JAN): 1–27.
  • Spera, A.M, Esposito, S., Pagliano, P. (2019). Emerging antibiotic resistance: carbapenemase-producing enterobacteria. Bad new bugs, still no new drugs. Infez Med., 27(4):357-364.
  • Tadesse, Haftay Abraha et al. 2018. “Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of E. Coli Isolated from Raw Cow Milk and Fresh Fruit Juice in Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia.” Veterinary Medicine International 2018.
  • Tekinşen O.C., Tekinşen K.K. 2005. Sütün Bileşimi. Süt ve Süt Ürünleri. 1. Baskı. Konya. p.10. Weaver L. (1992). Antibiotic residues in milk and meat: perceptions and realities. Vet. Med., 12:1222–8.
  • Virolainen, Nina E., Mariël G. Pikkemaat, J. W.Alexander Elferink, and Matti T. Karp. 2008. “Rapid Detection of Tetracyclines and Their 4-Epimer Derivatives from Poultry Meat with Bioluminescent Biosensor Bacteria.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56(23): 11065–70.
  • Yıldız, T. 2014. Tavuk Etinde Antibiyotik Kalıntılarının Hplc Yöntemiyle Belirlenmesi. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul, Türkiye.
  • Zheng, N., Wang, J., Han, R., Xu, X., Zhen, Y., Qu, X., Sun, P., Li, S., Yu, Z. (2013). Occurrence of several main antibiotic residues in raw milk in 10 provinces of China. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill, 6(2):84- 9. doi: 10.1080/19393210.2012.727189

ANTIBIOTIC IN UHT MILK OFFERED FOR SALE IN THE MARKET INVESTIGATION OF REMAINS USING PREMİ® TEST

Year 2023, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 1 - 8, 31.12.2023

Abstract

Objective: In dairy farming, the widespread use of various antibiotics to prevent and treat microbial infections is a potential source of veterinary drug residues in milk. If antibiotics are not used in accordance with the instructions and the appropriate withdrawal period is not followed, antibiotic residues may be present in the milk. Antibiotic residues cause allergic reactions in susceptible individuals, resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics, potential carcinogenic effects, various congenital anomalies, and disruption of intestinal flora. Antibiotic residues inhibit starter cultures in milk, even at very low concentrations, prolonging or preventing the fermentation process during cheese and yoghurt production, thus causing waste of large amounts of milk. Material and Methods: In this study, the presence of antibiotic residues in a total of 100 Ultra High Temperature (UHT) milk samples belonging to different brands that are widely available in the market were investigated. Residue analyzes were performed with Premi®Test (R-Biopharm, Germany, No. R3900). Results: According to the findings, no antibiotic residue was detected in any of the samples examined. Conclusion: However, the existence of unregistered production and sale of milk in our country should
not be ignored. Antibiotic residues cannot be detected in unregistered raw milk, and this poses a significant health risk for consumers.

References

  • Acar, J., and B. Röstel. 2001. “Antimicrobial Resistance: An Overview.” Revue scientifique et technique international Office of Epizootics) 20(3): 797–810.
  • Akhan M, Turgay S.İ., Ergün Ö. (2019). Süt ve süt ürünlerinde sık rastlanan hileler. Atasever M, editör. Süt ve Süt Ürünleri. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri. s.201-4.
  • Aycan, E. (2016). Afyonkarahisar Bölgesinden Toplanan Çiğ Sütlerde Beta-Laktam Grubu Antibiyotik Kalıntı Varlığının Araştırılması. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Farmakoloji ve Toksikoloji Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye, 19 s.
  • Aydemir, M.E., Altun, S.K., Durmaz, H. (2019). Şanlıurfa İlinde Satışa Sunulan Kıymalarda Premi®Test ile Antibiyotik İlaç Kalıntılarının Tespiti. Harran Üniv. Vet. Fak Derg, 8 (2): 128-131
  • Bacanlı, Merve, and Nurşen Başaran. 2019. “Importance of Antibiotic Residues in Animal Food.” Food and Chemical Toxicology 125: 462–66.
  • Beyene T. (2016). Veterinary drug residues in food-animal products: its risk factors and potential effects on public health. J. Vet. Sci. Technol. 7(1):1–7.
  • Boireau, Clémence et al. 2018. “Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria Isolated from Mastitis in Dairy Cattle in France, 2006–2016.” Journal of Dairy Science 101(10): 9451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018- 14835.
  • Burke, Niamh, and Catherine C. Adley. 2021. “Prevalence of Intramammary Antibiotic Usage in Dairy Farming.” Journal of Dairy Research 88(2): 176–78.
  • Conzuelo, F., Ruiz-Valdepeñas Montiel, V., Campuzano, S., Gamella, M., Torrente-Rodríguez, R.M, Reviejo A.J, et al. (2014). Rapid screening of multiple antibiotic residues in milk using disposable amperometric magnetosensors. Analytica Chimica Acta, 820:32–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2014.03.005
  • Erol, İ., 2007. Gıda Hijyeni ve Mikrobiyolojisi. Pozitif Matbaacılık Ltd.Şti. Ankara. 299p. Founou, Luria Leslie, Raspail Carrel Founou, and Sabiha Yusuf Essack. 2016. “Antibiotic Resistance in the Food Chain: A Developing Country-Perspective.” Frontiers in Microbiology 7(NOV): 1–19.
  • Friedman D.B., Kanwat, C.P., Headrick, M.L., Patterson, N.J., Neely, J.C., Smith, L.U. (2007). Importance of prudent antibiotic use on dairy farms in South Carolina: a pilot project on farmers' knowledge, attitudes and practices. Zoonoses Public Health, 54 (9-10): 366-75. doi: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2007.01077.x.
  • Hassani, Sima et al. 2022. “High Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance in Pathogenic Foodborne Bacteria Isolated from Bovine Milk.” Scientific Reports 12(1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598 022-07845-6.
  • İnal T, Ergün Ö. 1996.Sütün Besin Maddesi Olarak Önemi. Süt ve Süt Ürünleri Teknolojisi. 1. Baskı. İstanbul. p.2, 40.
  • Karaçal, F. (2004). Ankara piyasasında satılan sütlerde bazı antibiyotik kalıntıları. Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Farmakoloji ve Toksikoloji Anabilim Dalı Doktora Tezi, Ankara, Türkiye, 36,44 s.
  • Kaya, S. (2018). Hayvansal Gıdalarda İlaç Kalıntıları ve Tüketici Sağlığı. International Journal of Scientific and Technological Research, 4(8): 28-37.
  • Kebede, G., Zenebe, T., Disassa, H., Tolosa, T. (2014). Review on detection of antimicrobial residues in raw bulk milk in dairy farms. Afr. J. Basic Appl. Sci., 6(4):87–97.
  • Koesukwiwat, Urairat, Siripastr Jayanta, and Natchanun Leepipatpiboon. 2007. “Validation of a Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Multi-Residue Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Sulfonamides, Tetracyclines, and Pyrimethamine in Milk.” Journal of Chromatography A 1140: 147–56.
  • Küçük, S.C., Yıbar, A. (2019). Çiğ süt ve pastörize süt tüketiminin halk sağlığı üzerine etkileri. Food and Health, 5(3), 197-204. Krishnamoorthy, Paramanandham et al. 2021. “An Understanding of the Global Status of Major Bacterial
  • Pathogens of Milk Concerning Bovine Mastitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Scientometrics).” Pathogens 10(5): 545. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/5/545/htm (October 14, 2023).
  • Kümmerer, K. (2008). Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Sources, Fate, Effects and Risks. 3rd Edn. 75p. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-74664-5.
  • Li, Shuling et al. 2020. “Determination of Veterinary Drug Residues in Food of Animal Origin: Sample Preparation Methods and Analytical Techniques.” Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 43(17–18): 701–24.
  • Manyi-Loh, C., Mamphweli, S., Meyer, E., Okoh, A. (2018). Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and Its Consequential Resistance in Environmental Sources: Potential Public Health Implications. Molecules, 23 (4): 795. doi: 10.3390 / molecules23040795.
  • Mitchell, Marisa E.V. et al. 2020. “The Challenges of Investigating Antimicrobial Resistance in Vietnam - What Benefits Does a One Health Approach Offer the Animal and Human Health Sectors?” BMC Public Health 20(1): 1–12.
  • Obaidat, Mohammad M., and Andrew P. Stringer. 2019. “Prevalence, Molecular Characterization, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Listeria Monocytogenes, Salmonella Enterica, and Escherichia Coli O157:H7 on Dairy Cattle Farms in Jordan.” Journal of Dairy Science 102(10): 8710–20.
  • Olatoye, I.O., Daniel, O.F., Ishola, S.A. (2016). Screening of antibiotics and chemical analysis of penicillin residue in fresh milk and traditional dairy products in Oyo state, Nigeria. Vet. World, 9(9):948-954. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.948-954.
  • Özdemir, Z., Traş, B. (2018). Sütte Antibiyotik Kalıntılarının Belirlenmesinde Kullanılan Hızlı Test Kitleri ve Güvenilirlikleri. Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1):48-54.
  • Pereira, P.C. (2014). Milk Nutritional Composition and its role in human health. Nutrition, 30: 619 627.
  • Rossi, R., Saluti, G., Moretti, S., Diamanti, I., Giusepponi, D., Galarini, R. (2018).Multiclass methods for the analysis of antibiotic residuesin milk by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry: a review. Food additives and contaminants. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 35(2):242–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2017.1393107.
  • Sachi, S., Ferdous, J., Sikder, M.H., Hussani, S.M.A.K. (2019). Antibiotic residues in milk: Past, present, and future. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 6(3): 315–332. doi: 10.5455/javar.2019.f350
  • Samanidou, V., Nisyriou, S. (2008). Multi-residue methods for confirmatory determination of antibiotics in milk. J Sep Sci, 31(11):2068-90. doi: 10.1002/jssc.200700647.
  • Sarmah, A.K., Meyer M.T., Boxall A.B. (2006). A global perspective on the use, sales, exposure pathways, occurrence, fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics (VAs) in the environment. Chemosphere, 65(5):725– 59. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.026.
  • Seğmenoğlu, M.S. (2014). Makrolit Grubu Bazı Antibiyotiklerin Sütte Varlığının Belirlenmesi. AVKAE Derg., 4: 9-13 Siddique, I.H., Loken, K.I., Hoyt, H.H. (1965). Antibiotic residues in milk transferred from treated to untreated quarters in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 146:589–93.
  • Sharma, Chetan et al. 2018. “Antimicrobial Resistance: Its Surveillance, Impact, and Alternative Management Strategies in Dairy Animals.” Frontiers in Veterinary Science 4(JAN): 1–27.
  • Spera, A.M, Esposito, S., Pagliano, P. (2019). Emerging antibiotic resistance: carbapenemase-producing enterobacteria. Bad new bugs, still no new drugs. Infez Med., 27(4):357-364.
  • Tadesse, Haftay Abraha et al. 2018. “Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of E. Coli Isolated from Raw Cow Milk and Fresh Fruit Juice in Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia.” Veterinary Medicine International 2018.
  • Tekinşen O.C., Tekinşen K.K. 2005. Sütün Bileşimi. Süt ve Süt Ürünleri. 1. Baskı. Konya. p.10. Weaver L. (1992). Antibiotic residues in milk and meat: perceptions and realities. Vet. Med., 12:1222–8.
  • Virolainen, Nina E., Mariël G. Pikkemaat, J. W.Alexander Elferink, and Matti T. Karp. 2008. “Rapid Detection of Tetracyclines and Their 4-Epimer Derivatives from Poultry Meat with Bioluminescent Biosensor Bacteria.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56(23): 11065–70.
  • Yıldız, T. 2014. Tavuk Etinde Antibiyotik Kalıntılarının Hplc Yöntemiyle Belirlenmesi. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul, Türkiye.
  • Zheng, N., Wang, J., Han, R., Xu, X., Zhen, Y., Qu, X., Sun, P., Li, S., Yu, Z. (2013). Occurrence of several main antibiotic residues in raw milk in 10 provinces of China. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill, 6(2):84- 9. doi: 10.1080/19393210.2012.727189
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Nutrition and Dietetics (Other)
Journal Section REVIEW ARTICLE
Authors

Meryem Akhan 0000-0001-8065-8635

Burcu Çakmak Sancar 0000-0002-0737-7009

Muhsin Öztürk 0000-0002-3076-8251

Özer Ergün 0000-0003-1675-7238

Publication Date December 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Akhan, M., Çakmak Sancar, B., Öztürk, M., Ergün, Ö. (2023). PİYASADA SATIŞA SUNULAN UHT SÜTLERDE ANTİBİYOTİK KALINTILARININ PREMİ® TEST İLE ARAŞTIRILMASI. İstanbul Esenyurt Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(1), 1-8.