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A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE COLLAPSED SACHET WATER FACTORIES IN KANO METROPOLIS, KANO, NIGERIA

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 46, 104 - 114, 20.05.2022

Abdulrazak Usman , Mahmoud Zubair Imam

https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1060729

Öz

Decrease in the supply of portable drinking water across most settlements in Nigeria and the continuous increases in demand for drinking water gave birth to sachet water otherwise called ‘Pure Water”. The study into this industry is imperative, as it provides drinking water to many households in addition to employing many youths, thereby decreasing unemployment and enhancing economic growth. However, it has been observed that many of the factories within the industry collapse barely few years after commencing operation. This research therefore aims to examine the causes of the collapse sachet water factories (CSWFs) in Tarauni, Kumbotso, Dala, Nassarawa, Municipal, Gwale and Ungoggo of Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. Survey research design was adopted. One hundred and sixty-nine (169) samples of CSWFs and their employers were identified, questionnaires were distributed to proprietors. Result of a descriptive statistics has shown that 8 of the 16 challenges have significant impact with ownership structure and government bureaucracy having the largest with 7.58 score. A correlation analysis has suggested that the factors have a mean score of 5.231 and standard deviation of 1.60075. The paper thus recommends provision of industry specific loans for sachet water operators by the Bank of Industry; owners should employ professionals to conduct intensive market survey and develop a realistic business plan, in order to minimize failures; Cooperative organization should be formed by the SWFs, to support their member, in case of difficulties.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sachet Water Pure Water Factory Collapse Factory Collapsed Factories

Destekleyen Kurum

Federal College of Education (Technical) Bichi

Kaynakça

  • Adisa, A. T., Abdulraheem, I., & Mordi, C. (2014). The characteristic and challenges of small business in Africa: An exploratory study of Nigerian small-scale business owner. Economic Insights-Trends and Challenges, 3(66), 1-14.
  • Ajala, A. S., & Gana, A. (2015). Analysis of challenges facing rice processing in Nigeria. A Review. Journal of Food Processing, 15, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/893673
  • Ajayi, D. D. (2011). Nigeria’s industrial development: Issues and challenges in the new millennium Sustainable Development and Planning. A Journal of Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 150, 711-723. https://doi.org/10.2495/SDP110591
  • Ali, M. (2003). Issues in Nigerian Economy. Nsukka: A.M.P. Express Publishers Limited.
  • Aremu, M. A. (2004). Small-scale enterprises: Panacea to poverty problem in Nigeria. Journal of Enterprises and Development, 1(1), 1-8.
  • Aremu, M. A., & Adeyemi, S. A. (2011). Small and medium scale enterprises as a survival strategy for employment generation in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development, Canadian Center of Science and Education, 4(1), 200-2006. https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v4n1p200
  • Bangladesh Economic Review (2017). Economic Adviser’s Wing, Finance Division, Ministry of Finance, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, retrieved from: https://mof.gov.bd/site/page/44e399b3-d378-41aa-86ff- 8c4277eb0990
  • Barau, S. A (2007). An account of the high population in Kano State, Northern Nigeria. Concern Group for Justice and Fairness. A Non- Governmental Organization. (online) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230865880_An_Account_ of_the_High_Population_in_Kano_State
  • Buhari, A. I. (2017). Impact of low Patronage of Home Made Goods on Nigeria’s Economic Growth. International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics, 4(2), 62-69. (online) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319204374_IMPACT_OF_LO W_PATRONAGE_OF_HOME_MADE_GOODS_ON_NIGERIA'S_ECONOMIC_ GROWTH
  • CBN (2003). Central Bank of Nigeria: Statistical Bulletin. Abuja, Nigeria: Published by CBN
  • Chirisa, I. (2009). The geography of informal sector operations (ISOs): A perspective of Urban Zimbabwe. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 2(4), 66-79.
  • Cortright, J. (2006). Making sense of clusters: Regional competitiveness and economic development. Brookings Institution, Metropolitan Policy Program (Online) https://www.brookings.edu/research/making- sense-of-clusters-regional-competitiveness-and-economic- development/
  • Desai, V. (2006). Small Scale Industries and Entrepreneurship, Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing House.
  • Etumeahu, H. E., Okekeke, C. C., & Kingsley, U. C. (2009). Small business problems in Nigeria: A comparison with Sweden. (Masters’ in Business Administration Thesis, School of Management, Blekinge Institute of Technology) chrome- extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html? pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva- portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A832088%2FFULLTEXT01.pdf&cle n=796605
  • Federal Ministry of Industry (1989). Manufacturing industries in Nigeria. Lagos, Nigeria.
  • Giulianu, G., Kang, S., & Yuan, Q. (2016). Spatial dynamics of the logistics industry and implications for freight of hotels flows. A Research Report from the National Center for Sustainable Transportation Metrans Transportation Center. University of Southern California. United States of America. Pg 3-30 (online) chrome- extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html? pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fcontent%2Fqt94h6t7s9%2F qt94h6t7s9_noSplash_a53af6266b486eba3cdd721544f95952.pdf&cle n=6449553&chunk=true
  • Hassan, M. M., Aleneze, M. S., & Good, Z. R. (2019). Spatial pattern analysis of manufacturing, industries in Keraniganj, Dhaka, Bangladesh. GeoJournal, 85(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018- 9961-5.
  • Ifechukwu, J. A. O. (2000). Small Business Management: A Concise Text in Entrepreneurship. Lagos: Golden Business Publishers Ltd.
  • Imafidon, K., & Itoya, J. (2014). An analysis of the contribution of commercial banks to small scale enterprises on the growth of the Nigeria Economy. International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 5, No. 9(1); August 2014 (Online) chrome- extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html? pdfurl=http%3A%2F%2Fijbssnet.com%2Fjournals%2FVol_5_No_9_1_Au gust_2014%2F25.pdf&clen=271425&chunk=true
  • Izediuno, O. L., Alice, O.T., & Daniel, O. A (2018). Analytical review of small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria. International Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Research, 6(2), 32-46. Retrieved from chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html? pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F234646133.p df&clen=540336&chunk=true
  • Labrianidis, L. (2001). Delocalization of Labor Intensive Industries: An Argument in Favor of ‘’Triangular Manufacturing’’ between Developed Countries- Greece-Balkans. Paper Presented at the International Conference ‘’ Restructuring Stability and Development in South- Eastern Europe. Retrieved from chrome- extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html? pdfurl=http%3A%2F%2Fseedcenter.prd.uth.gr%2Fprojects%2FMNE%2F1st confer%2F1stconf_papers%2FLabrianisdis.pdf&clen=117397&chunk=tru e
  • Lee, K. H., Kang, S., William C., Terry, W. C., & Michael, S. A. (2018). A spatial relationship between the distribution patterns of hotels and amenities in the United States. Cogent Social Sciences, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2018.1444918
  • Liman, A. M. (2014). A spatial analysis of industrial growth and decline in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. (Dissertation Submitted to the School of Post Graduate Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. In Partial
  • Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Geography.
  • Liu, X. (2008). SME development in China: A policy perspective on SME IndustrialClustering. In Lim, H. (Ed.), SME in Asia and Globalization. ERIA Research Project Report 2007-5, (pp.37-68). Available at: http://www.eria.org/SME%20Development%20in
  • MAN (1983), Manufacturers’ Association of Nigeria: Directory
  • Oduntan, K. O. (2014). The role of small and medium enterprises in economic development: The Nigerian Experience International Conference on Arts, Economics and Management (ICAEM'14), 2014 Dubai (UAE), March 22-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/ICEHM.ED031403875
  • OECD (2015a). Implementation of the WTO Facilitation Agreement: The Potential Impact on Trade Cost OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate, retrieved from: http://www.oecd.org/tad/tradedev/WTO- TFImplementation-Policy-rief_EN_2015_06.pdf
  • OECD (2015b). Key Issues Paper, Marketing of the OECD Council at Ministerial Level, Paris 7-8 June 2017, retrieved from: https://www.oecd.org/mcm/documents/C-MIN-2017-2-EN.pdf
  • OECD (2016). Entrepreneurship at a Glance. OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/enterprenurship-aag-2016-en
  • OECD (2017), Small, Medium, Strong. Trends in SME Performance and Business Conditions, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264275683-en
  • OECD (2017). Small, Medium, Strong. Trends in SME Performance and Business Conditions, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264275683-en
  • OECD (2018). Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs 2018: An OECD Scoreboard. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • Ogbuabor, J. E., Malaolu, A. V., & Elias, I. T. (2013). Small scale enterprises, poverty alleviation and job creation in Nigeria: Lessons from Burnt Bricklayers in Benue State. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 4(18), retrieved from: chrome- extention//efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html? pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F234646133.p df&clen=540336&chunk=true
  • Oladele, A. T., & Ezinwo, E. B. (2017). Spatial distribution of small scale enterprises in University of Port Harcourt: The Tree Connect. A Journal of Agricultural Economics and Extension Research Studies, 5(1),2-10. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324600706_Spatial_Distrib ution_of_Small_Scale_Enterprises_in_University_of_Port_Harcourt_T he_Tree_Connect
  • Oladimeji, S. L. (2019) Environmental problems of sachet water consumption in Saki town, Oyo State, Nigeria. (Thesis, Bachelor of Natural Resources Degree Programme in Sustainable Coastal Management, Raseborg) Retrieved from https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/262945/Sanni_Lukma n.pdf
  • Oni, O. E., & Daniya, A. A. (2012). Development of small-scale and medium scale enterprises: The role of government and other financial institution. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 1(7), 16-29. Retrieved from chrome- extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html? pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Farabianjbmr.com%2Fpdfs%2FOM_VOL_1_(7)% 2F2.pdf&clen=73122&chunk=true
  • Ottaviano, I. G. P., & Puga, D. (1997). Agglomeration in the global economy: A survey of the new economic geography center for economic performance Discussion Paper No. 356, August 1997.
  • Pandey, V. (2013). Trends, opportunities and challenges in small scale and cottage industries in Uttar Pradesh. Asian Journal of Technology & Management Research, 3(2). Retrieved from chrome- extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html? pdfurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajtmr.com%2Fpapers%2Fvol3issue2%2FTRE ND-OPPORTUNITIES-AND-CHALLENGES.pdf&clen=437271&chunk=true
  • Reeg, C. (2017). Spatial development initiatives- potentials, challenges and policy lesson with a specific outlook for inclusive agrocorridor in Sub-Saharan Africa (79 Studies). Bonn, Germany Development Institute. Retrieved from https://www.die- gdi.de/en/studies/article/spatial-development-initiatives-potentials- challenges-and-policy-lessons-with-a-specific-outlook-for- inclusive-agrocorridors-in-sub-sahara-africa/
  • Schatzl, L. (1973). Industrialization in Nigeria: A Spatial Analysis. Weltforum-Verlag, Munchen, Germany.
  • Syed, M. H., Attique, R., Ijaz, N., Naved, H. & Usman, N., (2017). Spatial Analysis of Small and Cottage Industries in Punjab, Pakistan. A Final Report by International Growth Center. F-37310-PAK-2. P.g.4-20, Retrieved from chrome- extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html? pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theigc.org%2Fwp- content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F09%2F37310- FINAL.pdf&clen=1844629&chunk=true
  • Towergate Insurance (2021). Finding a standard definition for small- scale businesses. Mincing Lane, London, England. Retrieved from www.towergateinsurance.co.uk
  • Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat (2019). Definition of small and medium enterprises in Canada. Retrieved from 27-10-2012 www.wcoomd.org-wto-atf-dev
  • United Nation Development Programme (2015). Micro, Small and Medium-Size Enterprises (MSMEs) as suppliers to the extractive industry Report, retrieved from www.ke.undp.org-kenya-docs.
  • Zhang, X. (2005). Outward investment of industrial clusters: New way of SME International Operation in China. Technology Economy, 6, 42-43. Retrieved from chrome- extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html? pdfurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalpolicybrief.org%2Fimages%2F 2017%2FAUGUST%2FIJARPP%2FARTICLE3.pdf&clen=3232730&chunk=true

A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE COLLAPSED SACHET WATER FACTORIES IN KANO METROPOLIS, KANO, NIGERIA

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 46, 104 - 114, 20.05.2022

Abdulrazak Usman , Mahmoud Zubair Imam

https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1060729

Öz

Decrease in the supply of portable drinking water across most settlements in Nigeria and the continuous increases in demand for drinking water gave birth to sachet water otherwise called ‘Pure Water”. The study into this industry is imperative, as it provides drinking water to many households in addition to employing many youths, thereby decreasing unemployment and enhancing economic growth. However, it has been observed that many of the factories within the industry collapse barely few years after commencing operation. This research therefore aims to examine the causes of the collapse sachet water factories (CSWFs) in Tarauni, Kumbotso, Dala, Nassarawa, Municipal, Gwale and Ungoggo of Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. Survey research design was adopted. One hundred and sixty-nine (169) samples of CSWFs and their employers were identified, questionnaires were distributed to proprietors. Result of a descriptive statistics has shown that 8 of the 16 challenges have significant impact with ownership structure and government bureaucracy having the largest with 7.58 score. A correlation analysis has suggested that the factors have a mean score of 5.231 and standard deviation of 1.60075. The paper thus recommends provision of industry specific loans for sachet water operators by the Bank of Industry; owners should employ professionals to conduct intensive market survey and develop a realistic business plan, in order to minimize failures; Cooperative organization should be formed by the SWFs, to support their member, in case of difficulties.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sachet Water Pure Water Factory Collapse Factory Collapsed Factories

Kaynakça

  • Adisa, A. T., Abdulraheem, I., & Mordi, C. (2014). The characteristic and challenges of small business in Africa: An exploratory study of Nigerian small-scale business owner. Economic Insights-Trends and Challenges, 3(66), 1-14.
  • Ajala, A. S., & Gana, A. (2015). Analysis of challenges facing rice processing in Nigeria. A Review. Journal of Food Processing, 15, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/893673
  • Ajayi, D. D. (2011). Nigeria’s industrial development: Issues and challenges in the new millennium Sustainable Development and Planning. A Journal of Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 150, 711-723. https://doi.org/10.2495/SDP110591
  • Ali, M. (2003). Issues in Nigerian Economy. Nsukka: A.M.P. Express Publishers Limited.
  • Aremu, M. A. (2004). Small-scale enterprises: Panacea to poverty problem in Nigeria. Journal of Enterprises and Development, 1(1), 1-8.
  • Aremu, M. A., & Adeyemi, S. A. (2011). Small and medium scale enterprises as a survival strategy for employment generation in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development, Canadian Center of Science and Education, 4(1), 200-2006. https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v4n1p200
  • Bangladesh Economic Review (2017). Economic Adviser’s Wing, Finance Division, Ministry of Finance, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, retrieved from: https://mof.gov.bd/site/page/44e399b3-d378-41aa-86ff- 8c4277eb0990
  • Barau, S. A (2007). An account of the high population in Kano State, Northern Nigeria. Concern Group for Justice and Fairness. A Non- Governmental Organization. (online) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230865880_An_Account_ of_the_High_Population_in_Kano_State
  • Buhari, A. I. (2017). Impact of low Patronage of Home Made Goods on Nigeria’s Economic Growth. International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics, 4(2), 62-69. (online) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319204374_IMPACT_OF_LO W_PATRONAGE_OF_HOME_MADE_GOODS_ON_NIGERIA'S_ECONOMIC_ GROWTH
  • CBN (2003). Central Bank of Nigeria: Statistical Bulletin. Abuja, Nigeria: Published by CBN
  • Chirisa, I. (2009). The geography of informal sector operations (ISOs): A perspective of Urban Zimbabwe. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 2(4), 66-79.
  • Cortright, J. (2006). Making sense of clusters: Regional competitiveness and economic development. Brookings Institution, Metropolitan Policy Program (Online) https://www.brookings.edu/research/making- sense-of-clusters-regional-competitiveness-and-economic- development/
  • Desai, V. (2006). Small Scale Industries and Entrepreneurship, Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing House.
  • Etumeahu, H. E., Okekeke, C. C., & Kingsley, U. C. (2009). Small business problems in Nigeria: A comparison with Sweden. (Masters’ in Business Administration Thesis, School of Management, Blekinge Institute of Technology) chrome- extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html? pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva- portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A832088%2FFULLTEXT01.pdf&cle n=796605
  • Federal Ministry of Industry (1989). Manufacturing industries in Nigeria. Lagos, Nigeria.
  • Giulianu, G., Kang, S., & Yuan, Q. (2016). Spatial dynamics of the logistics industry and implications for freight of hotels flows. A Research Report from the National Center for Sustainable Transportation Metrans Transportation Center. University of Southern California. United States of America. Pg 3-30 (online) chrome- extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html? pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fcontent%2Fqt94h6t7s9%2F qt94h6t7s9_noSplash_a53af6266b486eba3cdd721544f95952.pdf&cle n=6449553&chunk=true
  • Hassan, M. M., Aleneze, M. S., & Good, Z. R. (2019). Spatial pattern analysis of manufacturing, industries in Keraniganj, Dhaka, Bangladesh. GeoJournal, 85(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018- 9961-5.
  • Ifechukwu, J. A. O. (2000). Small Business Management: A Concise Text in Entrepreneurship. Lagos: Golden Business Publishers Ltd.
  • Imafidon, K., & Itoya, J. (2014). An analysis of the contribution of commercial banks to small scale enterprises on the growth of the Nigeria Economy. International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 5, No. 9(1); August 2014 (Online) chrome- extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html? pdfurl=http%3A%2F%2Fijbssnet.com%2Fjournals%2FVol_5_No_9_1_Au gust_2014%2F25.pdf&clen=271425&chunk=true
  • Izediuno, O. L., Alice, O.T., & Daniel, O. A (2018). Analytical review of small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria. International Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Research, 6(2), 32-46. Retrieved from chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html? pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F234646133.p df&clen=540336&chunk=true
  • Labrianidis, L. (2001). Delocalization of Labor Intensive Industries: An Argument in Favor of ‘’Triangular Manufacturing’’ between Developed Countries- Greece-Balkans. Paper Presented at the International Conference ‘’ Restructuring Stability and Development in South- Eastern Europe. Retrieved from chrome- extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html? pdfurl=http%3A%2F%2Fseedcenter.prd.uth.gr%2Fprojects%2FMNE%2F1st confer%2F1stconf_papers%2FLabrianisdis.pdf&clen=117397&chunk=tru e
  • Lee, K. H., Kang, S., William C., Terry, W. C., & Michael, S. A. (2018). A spatial relationship between the distribution patterns of hotels and amenities in the United States. Cogent Social Sciences, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2018.1444918
  • Liman, A. M. (2014). A spatial analysis of industrial growth and decline in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. (Dissertation Submitted to the School of Post Graduate Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. In Partial
  • Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Geography.
  • Liu, X. (2008). SME development in China: A policy perspective on SME IndustrialClustering. In Lim, H. (Ed.), SME in Asia and Globalization. ERIA Research Project Report 2007-5, (pp.37-68). Available at: http://www.eria.org/SME%20Development%20in
  • MAN (1983), Manufacturers’ Association of Nigeria: Directory
  • Oduntan, K. O. (2014). The role of small and medium enterprises in economic development: The Nigerian Experience International Conference on Arts, Economics and Management (ICAEM'14), 2014 Dubai (UAE), March 22-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/ICEHM.ED031403875
  • OECD (2015a). Implementation of the WTO Facilitation Agreement: The Potential Impact on Trade Cost OECD Trade and Agriculture Directorate, retrieved from: http://www.oecd.org/tad/tradedev/WTO- TFImplementation-Policy-rief_EN_2015_06.pdf
  • OECD (2015b). Key Issues Paper, Marketing of the OECD Council at Ministerial Level, Paris 7-8 June 2017, retrieved from: https://www.oecd.org/mcm/documents/C-MIN-2017-2-EN.pdf
  • OECD (2016). Entrepreneurship at a Glance. OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/enterprenurship-aag-2016-en
  • OECD (2017), Small, Medium, Strong. Trends in SME Performance and Business Conditions, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264275683-en
  • OECD (2017). Small, Medium, Strong. Trends in SME Performance and Business Conditions, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264275683-en
  • OECD (2018). Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs 2018: An OECD Scoreboard. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • Ogbuabor, J. E., Malaolu, A. V., & Elias, I. T. (2013). Small scale enterprises, poverty alleviation and job creation in Nigeria: Lessons from Burnt Bricklayers in Benue State. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 4(18), retrieved from: chrome- extention//efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html? pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F234646133.p df&clen=540336&chunk=true
  • Oladele, A. T., & Ezinwo, E. B. (2017). Spatial distribution of small scale enterprises in University of Port Harcourt: The Tree Connect. A Journal of Agricultural Economics and Extension Research Studies, 5(1),2-10. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324600706_Spatial_Distrib ution_of_Small_Scale_Enterprises_in_University_of_Port_Harcourt_T he_Tree_Connect
  • Oladimeji, S. L. (2019) Environmental problems of sachet water consumption in Saki town, Oyo State, Nigeria. (Thesis, Bachelor of Natural Resources Degree Programme in Sustainable Coastal Management, Raseborg) Retrieved from https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/262945/Sanni_Lukma n.pdf
  • Oni, O. E., & Daniya, A. A. (2012). Development of small-scale and medium scale enterprises: The role of government and other financial institution. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 1(7), 16-29. Retrieved from chrome- extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html? pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Farabianjbmr.com%2Fpdfs%2FOM_VOL_1_(7)% 2F2.pdf&clen=73122&chunk=true
  • Ottaviano, I. G. P., & Puga, D. (1997). Agglomeration in the global economy: A survey of the new economic geography center for economic performance Discussion Paper No. 356, August 1997.
  • Pandey, V. (2013). Trends, opportunities and challenges in small scale and cottage industries in Uttar Pradesh. Asian Journal of Technology & Management Research, 3(2). Retrieved from chrome- extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html? pdfurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajtmr.com%2Fpapers%2Fvol3issue2%2FTRE ND-OPPORTUNITIES-AND-CHALLENGES.pdf&clen=437271&chunk=true
  • Reeg, C. (2017). Spatial development initiatives- potentials, challenges and policy lesson with a specific outlook for inclusive agrocorridor in Sub-Saharan Africa (79 Studies). Bonn, Germany Development Institute. Retrieved from https://www.die- gdi.de/en/studies/article/spatial-development-initiatives-potentials- challenges-and-policy-lessons-with-a-specific-outlook-for- inclusive-agrocorridors-in-sub-sahara-africa/
  • Schatzl, L. (1973). Industrialization in Nigeria: A Spatial Analysis. Weltforum-Verlag, Munchen, Germany.
  • Syed, M. H., Attique, R., Ijaz, N., Naved, H. & Usman, N., (2017). Spatial Analysis of Small and Cottage Industries in Punjab, Pakistan. A Final Report by International Growth Center. F-37310-PAK-2. P.g.4-20, Retrieved from chrome- extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html? pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theigc.org%2Fwp- content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F09%2F37310- FINAL.pdf&clen=1844629&chunk=true
  • Towergate Insurance (2021). Finding a standard definition for small- scale businesses. Mincing Lane, London, England. Retrieved from www.towergateinsurance.co.uk
  • Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat (2019). Definition of small and medium enterprises in Canada. Retrieved from 27-10-2012 www.wcoomd.org-wto-atf-dev
  • United Nation Development Programme (2015). Micro, Small and Medium-Size Enterprises (MSMEs) as suppliers to the extractive industry Report, retrieved from www.ke.undp.org-kenya-docs.
  • Zhang, X. (2005). Outward investment of industrial clusters: New way of SME International Operation in China. Technology Economy, 6, 42-43. Retrieved from chrome- extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html? pdfurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalpolicybrief.org%2Fimages%2F 2017%2FAUGUST%2FIJARPP%2FARTICLE3.pdf&clen=3232730&chunk=true
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Beşeri Coğrafya
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ
Yazarlar

Abdulrazak Usman 0000-0003-3093-4341

Mahmoud Zubair Imam Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-4175-9369

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Mayıs 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 46

Kaynak Göster

APA Usman, A., & Imam, M. Z. (2022). A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE COLLAPSED SACHET WATER FACTORIES IN KANO METROPOLIS, KANO, NIGERIA. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education(46), 104-114. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1060729
AMA Usman A, Imam MZ. A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE COLLAPSED SACHET WATER FACTORIES IN KANO METROPOLIS, KANO, NIGERIA. IGGE. Mayıs 2022;(46):104-114. doi:10.32003/igge.1060729
Chicago Usman, Abdulrazak, ve Mahmoud Zubair Imam. “A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE COLLAPSED SACHET WATER FACTORIES IN KANO METROPOLIS, KANO, NIGERIA”. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, sy. 46 (Mayıs 2022): 104-14. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1060729.
EndNote Usman A, Imam MZ (01 Mayıs 2022) A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE COLLAPSED SACHET WATER FACTORIES IN KANO METROPOLIS, KANO, NIGERIA. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education 46 104–114.
IEEE A. Usman ve M. Z. Imam, “A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE COLLAPSED SACHET WATER FACTORIES IN KANO METROPOLIS, KANO, NIGERIA”, IGGE, sy. 46, ss. 104–114, Mayıs 2022, doi: 10.32003/igge.1060729.
ISNAD Usman, Abdulrazak - Imam, Mahmoud Zubair. “A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE COLLAPSED SACHET WATER FACTORIES IN KANO METROPOLIS, KANO, NIGERIA”. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education 46 (Mayıs 2022), 104-114. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1060729.
JAMA Usman A, Imam MZ. A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE COLLAPSED SACHET WATER FACTORIES IN KANO METROPOLIS, KANO, NIGERIA. IGGE. 2022;:104–114.
MLA Usman, Abdulrazak ve Mahmoud Zubair Imam. “A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE COLLAPSED SACHET WATER FACTORIES IN KANO METROPOLIS, KANO, NIGERIA”. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, sy. 46, 2022, ss. 104-1, doi:10.32003/igge.1060729.
Vancouver Usman A, Imam MZ. A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE COLLAPSED SACHET WATER FACTORIES IN KANO METROPOLIS, KANO, NIGERIA. IGGE. 2022(46):104-1.