Zika Virus Infections and Protection in Humans

Abstract

Zika virus was first isolated from Rhesus monkeys in April 1947. First human infection was identified in Nigeria in 1954. It is mainly transmitted from the family of Culicidae and

mosquitoes in Aedes genus. Apart from mosquitoes, the virus can also serve as a reservior in non-human primates and rodents. Most common symptoms are fever, headache, fatigue and cutaneous rash. The initial symptoms of the dieseas appear in 3 to 12 days after a mosquito bite. Despite the previous reports of Zika cases from Africa and Asia, the first outbreak was reported in Micronesia in 2007. The patients and symptoms associated with the disease especially microcephaly (skull shrinking in newborns) seen in Brezil in 2015 indicated the significance of this infection as a health problem. Also, a Guillain-Barré syndrome, which is thought to be caused by Zika virüs, also contributed to the ever growing concerns about Zika virus. Despite the fact that Zika infection has mild symptoms, there is neither a specific treatment nor a protective vaccine against it. This review provides informations about the structure of Zika virus, pathways of infection, epidemiology of illness, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical features, alternative treatment methods, protection methods and current vaccines, and possible prevention methods.

Keywords

• Zika virus,epidemiology,human,prevention,mosquitoes,microcephaly

İnsanlarda Zika Virüsü Enfeksiyonları ve Korunma

Abstract

Zika virüsü ilk olarak 1947 yılında Uganda ormanlarında yaşayan Rhesus maymunundan izole edilmiştir. İnsanda ilk Zika virüs enfeksiyonu 1954 yılında Nijerya’da bildirilmiştir. Virüs artropod kökenli (arbovirüs) bir virüs olup Falaviviridae ailesinde yer alan Flavivirüs genusunda bulunan bir virüs’dür. Bulaşma çoğunlukla Culicidae ailesinde yer alan Aedes cinsi sivrisineklerle olmaktadır. Sivrisinek haricinde insan dışı primatlar ve kemirgenler de rezervuar olarak kaynak olabilmektedir. Çoğunlukla belirtiler ateş, baş ağrısı, yorgunluk ve kutanöz döküntü şeklindedir. Hastalık, sivrisinek ısırığından 3 ila 12 günlük bir kuluçka süresinden sonra oluşmaktadır. 2007 yılına kadar, Afrika ve Asya’da bulunan birçok ülkeden Zika virüsünden kaynaklı olan vakalar bildirilmiş olsa da 2007 yılında Mikronezya’da bir salgın ortaya çıkmıştır. 2015 yılında Brezilya’dan bildirilen Zika virüsü hastaları ve hastalıkla bağlantısı olabilecek komplikasyonları özellikle mikrosefali (yeni doğanlarda kafatası küçülmesi) doğum oranı artışları sebebiyle önemli bir tehdit olarak çıkmıştır. Bu durum, Zika virüsünün özellikle yeni doğan bebekler üzerinde etkili olmasına ve ciddi endişeler yaratmasına sebep olmuştur. Ayrıca Zika virüsünün etkisiyle ortaya çıktığı düşünülen Guillain-Barre Sendromu periferik bir sinir sistemi rahatsızlığı olup enfeksiyonla ilgili gelişen sıkıntıları artırmıştır. Milyonlarca insan geçmişten 2015 yılının bitimine kadar Zika virüsü tarafından etkilenmiştir. Zika virüsü hastalığı hafif seyirli etki etmesiyle beraber spesifik tedavi yöntemi bulunmamaktadır. Zika virüsü ile oluşan enfeksiyonlardan korunmaya yönelik henüz bir aşı bulunmamaktadır. Bu derlemede, Zika virüsünün yapısı, virüsün bulaşma yolları, enfeksiyonun epidemiyolojisi, patogenezi, tanısı, klinik özellikleri, alternatif tedavi yöntemleri, varsa mevcut aşılar ve korunma yolları hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. 

Keywords

• Zika virüsü,epidemiyoloji,mikrosefali,insan,korunma,sivrisinekler,mikrosefali

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