Zika Virus Infections and Protection in Humans

Year 2017, Issue: 3, 287 - 308, 30.12.2017

Fulya Çalman S. Arda Öztürkcan Mesut Karahan

Abstract

Zika
virus was first isolated from Rhesus monkeys in April 1947. First human
infection was identified in Nigeria in 1954. It is mainly transmitted from the
family of Culicidae and

mosquitoes
in Aedes genus. Apart from mosquitoes, the virus can also serve as a reservior
in non-human primates and rodents. Most common symptoms are fever, headache,
fatigue and cutaneous rash. The initial symptoms of the dieseas appear in 3 to
12 days after a mosquito bite. Despite the previous reports of Zika cases from
Africa and Asia, the first outbreak was reported in Micronesia in 2007. The
patients and symptoms associated with the disease especially microcephaly
(skull shrinking in newborns) seen in Brezil in 2015 indicated the significance
of this infection as a health problem. Also, a Guillain-Barré syndrome, which
is thought to be caused by Zika virüs, also contributed to the ever growing
concerns about Zika virus. Despite the fact that Zika infection has mild symptoms,
there is neither a specific treatment nor a protective vaccine against it. This
review provides informations about the structure of Zika virus, pathways of
infection, epidemiology of illness, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical features,
alternative treatment methods, protection methods and current vaccines, and
possible prevention methods.

Keywords

Zika virus, epidemiology, human, prevention, mosquitoes, microcephaly

İnsanlarda Zika Virüsü Enfeksiyonları ve Korunma

Abstract

Zika
virüsü ilk olarak 1947 yılında Uganda ormanlarında yaşayan Rhesus maymunundan izole edilmiştir. İnsanda ilk Zika virüs
enfeksiyonu 1954 yılında Nijerya’da bildirilmiştir. Virüs artropod kökenli
(arbovirüs) bir virüs olup Falaviviridae
ailesinde yer alan Flavivirüs genusunda bulunan bir virüs’dür. Bulaşma
çoğunlukla Culicidae ailesinde yer
alan Aedes cinsi sivrisineklerle
olmaktadır. Sivrisinek haricinde insan dışı primatlar ve kemirgenler de
rezervuar olarak kaynak olabilmektedir. Çoğunlukla belirtiler ateş, baş ağrısı,
yorgunluk ve kutanöz döküntü şeklindedir. Hastalık, sivrisinek ısırığından 3
ila 12 günlük bir kuluçka süresinden sonra oluşmaktadır. 2007 yılına kadar,
Afrika ve Asya’da bulunan birçok ülkeden Zika virüsünden kaynaklı olan vakalar
bildirilmiş olsa da 2007 yılında Mikronezya’da bir salgın ortaya çıkmıştır.
2015 yılında Brezilya’dan bildirilen Zika virüsü hastaları ve hastalıkla
bağlantısı olabilecek komplikasyonları özellikle mikrosefali (yeni doğanlarda kafatası
küçülmesi) doğum oranı artışları sebebiyle önemli bir tehdit olarak çıkmıştır.
Bu durum, Zika virüsünün özellikle yeni doğan bebekler üzerinde etkili olmasına
ve ciddi endişeler yaratmasına sebep olmuştur. Ayrıca Zika virüsünün etkisiyle
ortaya çıktığı düşünülen Guillain-Barre Sendromu periferik bir sinir sistemi
rahatsızlığı olup enfeksiyonla ilgili gelişen sıkıntıları artırmıştır.
Milyonlarca insan geçmişten 2015 yılının bitimine kadar Zika virüsü tarafından
etkilenmiştir. Zika virüsü hastalığı hafif seyirli etki etmesiyle beraber
spesifik tedavi yöntemi bulunmamaktadır. Zika virüsü ile oluşan
enfeksiyonlardan korunmaya yönelik henüz bir aşı bulunmamaktadır. Bu derlemede,
Zika virüsünün yapısı, virüsün bulaşma yolları, enfeksiyonun epidemiyolojisi,
patogenezi, tanısı, klinik özellikleri, alternatif tedavi yöntemleri, varsa
mevcut aşılar ve korunma yolları hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. 

Keywords

Zika virüsü, epidemiyoloji, mikrosefali, insan, korunma, sivrisinekler, mikrosefali

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