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The Effects of Health Expenditures on Health Outcomes in Türkiye

Year 2024, Issue: 23, 882 - 900, 31.08.2024

Abstract

Aim: In this study, time series and regression analyses were conducted to understand and explore the impact of both public and private health expenditures on health outcomes in Türkiye.
Methods: In the study, life expectancy at birth, human development index, disability-adjusted life years per 100,000 people, and share of total health expenditures in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) were employed as dependent variables. Total public and private health investments, current health expenditures for hospitals, current health expenditures for retail sales, and other medical equipment providers were used as independent variables. The data included the period between 2002 and 2019.
Results: The results confirm the positive impact of health expenditures in Türkiye, especially public and private health investments, and hospital current expenditures on the burden of disease. However, surprisingly, the results revealed that both public and private health expenditures had no impact on life expectancy at birth, the Human Development Index, or the share of total health expenditures in GDP. As a significant finding, this study demonstrated that public and private health investments and current hospital expenditures in Türkiye have shown improvements in disease burdens, indicating that investment decisions in this area are crucial in terms of both short-term and long-term benefits.
Conclusion: These results support the efforts of the country to create a sturdy, objective, and proof-based decision-making process.

References

  • 1. Ata AY, Eryer A. Sağlık statüsü üzerinde sağlık harcamaları ve gelir dağılımının etkisi: MINT ülkeleri üzerine bir inceleme. Karadeniz Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2021;2(2):32-49.
  • 2. Reeves A, Basu S, McKee M, Meissner C, Stuckler D. Does investment in the health sector promote or inhibit economic growth? Global Health. 2013;23(9):43. doi: 10.1186/1744-8603-9-43.
  • 3. Martin S, Rice N, Smith PC. Does healthcare spending improve health outcomes? Evidence from English programme budgeting data. Journal of Health Economics. 2018;27(4):826-842.
  • 4. Albulescu C, Oros C, Tiwari AK. Is there any convergence ın health expenditures across EU countries? Economics Bulletin. 2017;37:2095-101.
  • 5. Bein M, Coker-Farrell EY. The association between medical spending and health status: A study of selected African countries. Malawi Med J. 2020;32(1):37-44. doi: 10.4314/mmj.v32i1.8.
  • 6. Andrews D, Boote AR, Rizavi SS, Singh S. Debt relief for low-ıncome countries. IMF Pamphlet Series No. 51, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC; 1999;
  • 7. Demirkıran M, Yardan ED, Yabana B. Türkiye sağlık harcamaları trendi. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2016;9(1).
  • 8. OECD (2021). Health Expenditure as a Share of GDP Website https://www.oecd.org/health/health-expenditure.htm [accessed 3 January 2024]
  • 9. WHO. Countries are Spending More on Health, But People are Still Paying Too Much Out of Their Own Pockets. WHO (2019). https://www.who.int/news/item/20-02-2019-countries-are-spending-more-on-health-but-people-are-still-paying-too-much-out-of-their-own-pockets.
  • 10. Eryer A, Ata AY. Sağlık harcamaları ve gelir dağılımının bebek ölüm hızı üzerine etkisi: oecd ülkeleri üzerine ekonometrik bir inceleme. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2024;21(1):174-189.
  • 11. Kim TK, Lane SR. Government health expenditure and public health outcomes: a comparative study among 17 countries and ımplications for us health care reform. American International Journal of Contemporary Research. 2013;3(9):8-13. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182010725
  • 12. Carrin G, Politi C. Exploring the health ımpact of economic growth, poverty reduction, and public health expenditure. Tijdschrift voor Economie en Management. 1995;40:227- 246.
  • 13. Filmer D, Pritchett L. Mortality and Public Spending on Health: How Much Does Money Matter? Child World Bank, Washington, DC; 1997.
  • 14. Demery L, Walton M. Are Poverty Reduction and Other 21st Century Social Goals Attainable? World Bank, Washington, DC; 1998
  • 15. Anand S, Ravallion M. Human development in poor countries: on the role of private incomes and public services. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1993;7(1):133-150. doi: 10.1257/jep.7.1.133
  • 16. Bidani B, Ravallion M. Decomposing social indicators using distributional data. Journal of Econometrics. 1997;77(1):125-139. doi: 10.1016/S0304-4076(95)01809-3.
  • 17. Karim DO. Health expenditure and economic growth nexus: an ARDL-type analysis for Nigeria. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research. 2016;2(2):516-29.
  • 18. Christopoulos K. Eleftheriou K. The fiscal ımpact of health care expenditure: evidence from the OECD countries. Economic Analysis and Policy. 2020;67:195-202. doi: 10.1016/j.eap.2020.07.010
  • 19. Karaman S, Ürek D, Bilgin Demir İ, Uğurluoğlu Ö, Işık O. The impacts of healthcare spending on health outcomes: New evidence from OECD countries. Erciyes Medical Journal. 2020;42(2).
  • 20. Lippi G, Mattiuzzi C, Cervellin G. No correlation between health care expenditure and mortality in the European Union. Eur J Intern Med. 2016;32:e13-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2016.02.025
  • 21. Mackenbach JP. Health care expenditure and mortality from amenable conditions in the European Community. Health Policy. 1991;19(2-3):245-55. doi: 10.1016/0168-8510(91)90011-l.
  • 22. van Baal P, Obulqasim P, Brouwer W, Nusselder W, Mackenbach J. The Influence of Health Care Spending on Life Expectancy. Tilburg: Netspar - Network for Studies on Pensions, Aging and Retirement. 2013.
  • 23. Deshpande N, Kumar A, Ramaswami R. The Effect of National Healthcare Expenditure on Life Expectancy. Georgia Institute of Technology; 2014.
  • 24. Asiskovitch S. Gender and health outcomes: the impact of healthcare systems and their financing on life expectancies of women and men. Soc Sci Med. 2010;70(6):886-95. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.018.
  • 25. Onofrei M, Vatamanu AF, Vintilă G, Cigu E. Government health expenditure and public health outcomes: A comparative study among EU Developing Countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(20):10725. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182010725.
  • 26. Tanaka T, Okamoto S, Canning D. National health spending, health-care resources, service utilization, and health outcomes. Am J Epidemiol. 2022;191(3):386-396. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwab179.
  • 27. Aydan S, Donar GB, Arıkan C. The effects of public health and social spending on health outcomes: A panel data analysis of OECD countries. Hacettepe Journal of Health Administration. 2021;24(3):469-482.
  • 28. Anwar A, Hyder S, Mohamed Nor N, Younis M. Government health expenditures and health outcome nexus: a study on OECD countries. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1123759. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1123759.
  • 29. Tüylüoğlu Ş, Tekin M. Gelir düzeyi ve sağlık harcamalarının beklenen yaşam süresi ve bebek ölüm oranı üzerindeki etkileri. Çukurova Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2009;13(1):1-31.
  • 30. Şener M, Yiğit V. Sağlık sistemlerinin teknik verimliliği: OECD ülkeleri üzerinde bir araştırma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2017;(26):266-290.
  • 31. Yumuşak İG, Yıldırım DÇ. Sağlık harcamaları iktisadi büyüme ilişkisi üzerine ekonometrik bir inceleme. Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi. 2009;4(1):57-70.
  • 32. Sevüktekin M, Nargeleçekenler M. Ekonometrik Zaman Serileri Analizi. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık; 2007.
  • 33. Alpar R. Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistiksel Yöntemler. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık; 2013.
  • 34. Joumard I, Andre C, Nicq C, Chatal O. Health Status Determinants: Lifestyle, Environment, Health Care Resources And Efficiency. Paris: OECD; 2008.
  • 35. Akinkugbe O, Mohanoe M. Public health expenditure as a determinant of health status in Lesotho. Soc Work Public Health. 2009;24(1-2):131-47. doi: 10.1080/19371910802569716.
  • 36. Guindon GE, Contoyannis P. A second look at pharmaceutical spending as determinants of health outcomes in Canada. Health Econ. 2012;21(12):1477-95. doi: 10.1002/hec.1415.
  • 37. Sharmistha S, Grabowski R. how effective is public health expenditure improving overall health? A cross-country analysis. Applied Economics. 2003;35(7):835-845,
  • 38. Hadley J. More Medical Care, Better Health? Urban Institute, Washington, DC; 1982
  • 39. Thornton J. Estimating a health production function for the US: some new evidence, Applied Economics. 2002;34:59-62. doi: 10.1080/00036840010025650
  • 40. Daroudi R, Akbari Sari A, Nahvijou A, Faramarzi A. Cost per DALY averted in low, middle- and high-income countries: evidence from the global burden of disease study to estimate the cost-effectiveness thresholds. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2021;19(1):7. doi: 10.1186/s12962-021-00260-0.

Türkiye’deki Sağlık Harcamalarının Sağlık Sonuçları Üzerine Etkisi

Year 2024, Issue: 23, 882 - 900, 31.08.2024

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de hem kamu hem de özel sağlık harcamalarının sağlık sonuçları üzerindeki etkisini anlamak ve incelemek için zaman serisi ve regresyon analizleri yürütülmüştür.
Yöntem: Çalışmada, doğumda beklenen yaşam süresi, insani gelişme endeksi, 100.000 kişi başına engellilik ayarlı yaşam yılı ve toplam sağlık harcamalarının Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hasıla (GSYH)'daki payı bağımlı değişkenler olarak kullanılmıştır. Toplam kamu ve özel sağlık yatırımları, hastaneler için cari sağlık harcamaları, perakende satışlar için cari sağlık harcamaları ve diğer tıbbi ekipman sağlayıcıları bağımsız değişkenler olarak kullanılmıştır. Veriler 2002 ile 2019 arasındaki dönemi kapsamaktadır.
Bulgular: Sonuçlar, Türkiye'de sağlık harcamalarının, özellikle kamu ve özel sağlık yatırımlarının ve hastane cari harcamalarının hastalık yükü üzerindeki olumlu etkisini doğrulamaktadır. Ancak, şaşırtıcı bir şekilde, sonuçlar hem kamu hem de özel sağlık harcamalarının doğumda beklenen yaşam süresi, insani gelişme endeksi ve toplam sağlık harcamalarının Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hasıla (GSYH)'daki payı üzerinde hiçbir etkisinin olmadığını ortaya koymuştur. Önemli bir bulgu olarak, bu çalışma Türkiye'de kamu ve özel sağlık yatırımlarının ve hastane cari harcamalarının hastalık yüklerinde iyileşme gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur; bu da bu alandaki yatırım kararlarının hem kısa hem de uzun vadeli faydalar açısından önemli olduğunu göstermektedir.
Sonuç: Bu sonuçlar ülkenin sağlam, nesnel ve kanıta dayalı bir karar alma süreci oluşturma çabalarını desteklemektedir.

References

  • 1. Ata AY, Eryer A. Sağlık statüsü üzerinde sağlık harcamaları ve gelir dağılımının etkisi: MINT ülkeleri üzerine bir inceleme. Karadeniz Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2021;2(2):32-49.
  • 2. Reeves A, Basu S, McKee M, Meissner C, Stuckler D. Does investment in the health sector promote or inhibit economic growth? Global Health. 2013;23(9):43. doi: 10.1186/1744-8603-9-43.
  • 3. Martin S, Rice N, Smith PC. Does healthcare spending improve health outcomes? Evidence from English programme budgeting data. Journal of Health Economics. 2018;27(4):826-842.
  • 4. Albulescu C, Oros C, Tiwari AK. Is there any convergence ın health expenditures across EU countries? Economics Bulletin. 2017;37:2095-101.
  • 5. Bein M, Coker-Farrell EY. The association between medical spending and health status: A study of selected African countries. Malawi Med J. 2020;32(1):37-44. doi: 10.4314/mmj.v32i1.8.
  • 6. Andrews D, Boote AR, Rizavi SS, Singh S. Debt relief for low-ıncome countries. IMF Pamphlet Series No. 51, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC; 1999;
  • 7. Demirkıran M, Yardan ED, Yabana B. Türkiye sağlık harcamaları trendi. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2016;9(1).
  • 8. OECD (2021). Health Expenditure as a Share of GDP Website https://www.oecd.org/health/health-expenditure.htm [accessed 3 January 2024]
  • 9. WHO. Countries are Spending More on Health, But People are Still Paying Too Much Out of Their Own Pockets. WHO (2019). https://www.who.int/news/item/20-02-2019-countries-are-spending-more-on-health-but-people-are-still-paying-too-much-out-of-their-own-pockets.
  • 10. Eryer A, Ata AY. Sağlık harcamaları ve gelir dağılımının bebek ölüm hızı üzerine etkisi: oecd ülkeleri üzerine ekonometrik bir inceleme. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2024;21(1):174-189.
  • 11. Kim TK, Lane SR. Government health expenditure and public health outcomes: a comparative study among 17 countries and ımplications for us health care reform. American International Journal of Contemporary Research. 2013;3(9):8-13. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182010725
  • 12. Carrin G, Politi C. Exploring the health ımpact of economic growth, poverty reduction, and public health expenditure. Tijdschrift voor Economie en Management. 1995;40:227- 246.
  • 13. Filmer D, Pritchett L. Mortality and Public Spending on Health: How Much Does Money Matter? Child World Bank, Washington, DC; 1997.
  • 14. Demery L, Walton M. Are Poverty Reduction and Other 21st Century Social Goals Attainable? World Bank, Washington, DC; 1998
  • 15. Anand S, Ravallion M. Human development in poor countries: on the role of private incomes and public services. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1993;7(1):133-150. doi: 10.1257/jep.7.1.133
  • 16. Bidani B, Ravallion M. Decomposing social indicators using distributional data. Journal of Econometrics. 1997;77(1):125-139. doi: 10.1016/S0304-4076(95)01809-3.
  • 17. Karim DO. Health expenditure and economic growth nexus: an ARDL-type analysis for Nigeria. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research. 2016;2(2):516-29.
  • 18. Christopoulos K. Eleftheriou K. The fiscal ımpact of health care expenditure: evidence from the OECD countries. Economic Analysis and Policy. 2020;67:195-202. doi: 10.1016/j.eap.2020.07.010
  • 19. Karaman S, Ürek D, Bilgin Demir İ, Uğurluoğlu Ö, Işık O. The impacts of healthcare spending on health outcomes: New evidence from OECD countries. Erciyes Medical Journal. 2020;42(2).
  • 20. Lippi G, Mattiuzzi C, Cervellin G. No correlation between health care expenditure and mortality in the European Union. Eur J Intern Med. 2016;32:e13-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2016.02.025
  • 21. Mackenbach JP. Health care expenditure and mortality from amenable conditions in the European Community. Health Policy. 1991;19(2-3):245-55. doi: 10.1016/0168-8510(91)90011-l.
  • 22. van Baal P, Obulqasim P, Brouwer W, Nusselder W, Mackenbach J. The Influence of Health Care Spending on Life Expectancy. Tilburg: Netspar - Network for Studies on Pensions, Aging and Retirement. 2013.
  • 23. Deshpande N, Kumar A, Ramaswami R. The Effect of National Healthcare Expenditure on Life Expectancy. Georgia Institute of Technology; 2014.
  • 24. Asiskovitch S. Gender and health outcomes: the impact of healthcare systems and their financing on life expectancies of women and men. Soc Sci Med. 2010;70(6):886-95. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.018.
  • 25. Onofrei M, Vatamanu AF, Vintilă G, Cigu E. Government health expenditure and public health outcomes: A comparative study among EU Developing Countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(20):10725. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182010725.
  • 26. Tanaka T, Okamoto S, Canning D. National health spending, health-care resources, service utilization, and health outcomes. Am J Epidemiol. 2022;191(3):386-396. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwab179.
  • 27. Aydan S, Donar GB, Arıkan C. The effects of public health and social spending on health outcomes: A panel data analysis of OECD countries. Hacettepe Journal of Health Administration. 2021;24(3):469-482.
  • 28. Anwar A, Hyder S, Mohamed Nor N, Younis M. Government health expenditures and health outcome nexus: a study on OECD countries. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1123759. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1123759.
  • 29. Tüylüoğlu Ş, Tekin M. Gelir düzeyi ve sağlık harcamalarının beklenen yaşam süresi ve bebek ölüm oranı üzerindeki etkileri. Çukurova Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2009;13(1):1-31.
  • 30. Şener M, Yiğit V. Sağlık sistemlerinin teknik verimliliği: OECD ülkeleri üzerinde bir araştırma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2017;(26):266-290.
  • 31. Yumuşak İG, Yıldırım DÇ. Sağlık harcamaları iktisadi büyüme ilişkisi üzerine ekonometrik bir inceleme. Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi. 2009;4(1):57-70.
  • 32. Sevüktekin M, Nargeleçekenler M. Ekonometrik Zaman Serileri Analizi. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık; 2007.
  • 33. Alpar R. Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistiksel Yöntemler. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık; 2013.
  • 34. Joumard I, Andre C, Nicq C, Chatal O. Health Status Determinants: Lifestyle, Environment, Health Care Resources And Efficiency. Paris: OECD; 2008.
  • 35. Akinkugbe O, Mohanoe M. Public health expenditure as a determinant of health status in Lesotho. Soc Work Public Health. 2009;24(1-2):131-47. doi: 10.1080/19371910802569716.
  • 36. Guindon GE, Contoyannis P. A second look at pharmaceutical spending as determinants of health outcomes in Canada. Health Econ. 2012;21(12):1477-95. doi: 10.1002/hec.1415.
  • 37. Sharmistha S, Grabowski R. how effective is public health expenditure improving overall health? A cross-country analysis. Applied Economics. 2003;35(7):835-845,
  • 38. Hadley J. More Medical Care, Better Health? Urban Institute, Washington, DC; 1982
  • 39. Thornton J. Estimating a health production function for the US: some new evidence, Applied Economics. 2002;34:59-62. doi: 10.1080/00036840010025650
  • 40. Daroudi R, Akbari Sari A, Nahvijou A, Faramarzi A. Cost per DALY averted in low, middle- and high-income countries: evidence from the global burden of disease study to estimate the cost-effectiveness thresholds. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2021;19(1):7. doi: 10.1186/s12962-021-00260-0.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Policy
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Emel Saraç 0000-0002-6274-5986

Nazan Torun 0000-0003-1793-3248

Early Pub Date August 31, 2024
Publication Date August 31, 2024
Submission Date July 24, 2024
Acceptance Date August 20, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 23

Cite

JAMA Saraç E, Torun N. The Effects of Health Expenditures on Health Outcomes in Türkiye. IGUSABDER. 2024;:882–900.

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