Turkish Adaptation Study of Love Bombing Scale on Individuals in Emerging Adulthood

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to adapt the Love Bombing Scale developed by Strutzenberg and colleagues (2017) into Turkish and to examine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the scale. 
Method: The study was conducted with 465 participants in emerging adulthood between the ages of 18-29 using convenience sampling.  
Results: In the study, validity and reliability studies of the scale developed to measure the phenomenon of love bombing were conducted. In this context, exploratory (208 participants) and confirmatory factor analyses (465 participants) were conducted with 2 different study groups, and necessary adjustments were applied for model fit. The criterion validity of the scale was tested by comparing it with a related structure in the data collected for confirmatory factor analysis, and its internal consistency was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Analyses were conducted using SPSS and AMOS programs.
Conclusion: The findings obtained from the validity and reliability studies indicate that the Love Bombing Turkish form can be used as a valid and reliable measurement tool for individuals in emerging adulthood.

Keywords

• Love bombing
• Scale adaptation
• Turkish form of love bombing scale
• Romantic relationships
• Emerging adulthood

Aşk Bombardımanı Ölçeğinin Beliren Yetişkinlik Dönemindeki Bireyler Üzerinde Türkçeye Uyarlama Çalışması

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı Strutzenberg ve meslektaşları (2017) tarafından geliştirilen Aşk Bombardımanı Ölçeğini Türkçeye uyarlamak ve ölçeğin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliğini incelemektir. 
Yöntem: Araştırma kolaylıkla bulunabilen örnekleme yöntemiyle 18-29 yaş arası beliren yetişkinlik dönemindeki 673 katılımcı üzerinden yürütülmüştür. 
Bulgular: Araştırmada, aşk bombardımanı olgusunu ölçmeye yönelik geliştirilen ölçeğin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda, 2 farklı katılımcı grubuyla açımlayıcı (208 katılımcı) ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri (465 katılımcı) yapılmış, model uyumuna yönelik gerekli düzenlemeler uygulanmıştır. Ölçeğin ölçüt geçerliği, doğrulayıcı faktör analizi için toplanmış veride ilişkili bir yapı ile karşılaştırılarak test edilmiş ve iç tutarlılığı Cronbach alfa katsayısı ile hesaplanmıştır. Analizler SPSS ve AMOS programları kullanılarak yürütülmüştür.
Sonuç: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmalarından elde edilen bulgular Aşk Bombardımanı Türkçe formunun beliren yetişkinlik dönemindeki bireylerde geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.

Keywords

• Aşk bombardımanı
• Aşk bombardımanı ölçeği Türkçe formu
• Ölçek uyarlama
• Romantik ilişkiler
• Beliren yetişkinlik

References

1. ANCHOR THERAPHY (2024, 5 Şubat). Overcoming the aftermath of love bombing. https://www.anchortherapy.org/blog/overcoming-the-aftermath-of-love-bombing-nyc-therapist
2. ARABI, S. (2017). The powerful effect of love bombing and intermittent reinforcement on children of narcissists. Psych Central.
3. ARNETT, J.J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. Am. Psychol. 55, 469-480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
4. ASTLEITNER, H., BAINS, A. ve HÖRMANN, S. (2023). The effects of personality and social media experiences on mental health: Examining the mediating role of fear of missing out, ghosting, and vaguebooking. Computers in Human Behavior, 138, 107436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107436.
5. ATLAM, D.H., AKYEL, B. ve YÜNCÜ, Z. (2023). Romantik ilişkilerde bağımlılık ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Addicta The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 10 (1), 52-58. 10.5152/ADDICTA.2023.23027
6. BALCI, Ş. ve GARGALIK, E. (2020). Narsisistik kişilik özellikleri ile sosyal medya kullanımı arasında bir bağlantı var mı? Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 44, 125-140.
7. BANKS, D. (2024). Love bombing vs. genuine interest: Signs and differences. https://www.marriage.com/advice/love/love-bombing-or-genuine-love/
8. BARR, A. B., ve SIMONS, R. L. (2014). A dyadic analysis of relationships and health: Does couple-level context condition partner effects? Journal of Family Psychology, 28(4), 448-459. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037310

9. BEATON, D., BOMBARDIER, C., GUILLEMIN, F. ve FERRAZ, M.B. (2007). Recommendations for the cross-cultural adaptation of the dash & quickdash outcome measures, Institute for Work & Health. https://dash.iwh.on.ca/sites/dash/files/downloads/Cross_cultural_adaptation_guide_2007.pdf
10. BERI, R. (2024). A study on love bombing, narcissism and emotional abuse among young adults in relationship and situationship. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Approaches in Psychology, 2, (6), 22-46.
11. BIOLCATI, R., PUPI, V., ve MANCINI, G. (2022). Cyber dating abuse and ghosting behaviours: Personality and gender roles in romantic relationships, Current Issues in Personal Psychology, 10(3), 240-251. https://doi:10.5114/cipp.2021.108289.
12. BORSA, J. C., DAMÁSIO, B. F., ve BANDEIRA, D. R. (2012). Cross-Cultural adaptation and validation of psychological instruments: Some considerations. Paidéia, 22(53), 423-432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-43272253201314
13. BOWLBY, J. ve BOWLBY, R. (2012). The making and breaking of affectional bonds. Routledge.
14. BÜYÜKÖZTÜRK, Ş. (2007). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (7ed.). Pegem A Yayincilik.
15. CHIN, K., EDELSTEIN, R. S., ve VERNON, P. A. (2019). Attached to dating apps: Attachment orientations and preferences for dating apps. Mobile Media & Communication, 7(1), 41-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157918770696
16. COLLINS, T. J. ve GILLATH, O. (2012). Attachment, breakup strategies, and associated outcomes: The effects of security enhancement on the selection of breakup strategies. Journal of Research in Personality, 46 (2), 210-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.01.008
17. DE BOER, A., VAN BUEL, E. M., ve TER HORST, G. J. (2012). Love is more than just a kiss: a neurobiological perspective on love and affection. Neuroscience, 201, 114-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.017
18. DUMAN, N. ve NAZARI, S. (2024). Üniversite öğrencilerinin love-bombing ve ghosting deneyimleri ile romantik ilişkilerde öz-yeterlik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 14(4), 2020-2036. https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1511166
19. ERKAN, Z., ŞIK, A., ve KARATAŞ, A. (2023). Ghosting: Bir ayrılık stratejisi olarak ortadan kaybolma. Aile Psikolojik Danışmanlığı Dergisi, 6(1), 37-56. https://doi.org/10.58434/apdad.1284984b.
20. FELDMAN, R.S. (2021). Discovering The Life Span. (C. Şahin, Çev.; 5. bsk.). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
21. FINCHAM F.D. ve CUİ M. (2011). Emerging adulthood and romantic relationships: an ıntroduction. Fincham F.D., Cui M. (Ed.). Romantic Relationships in Emerging Adulthood içinde. Cambridge University Press. s. 3-12.
22. FISCHER, K. (2024, 10 Haziran). Love bombing: Signs to look out for. WebMD https://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/what-is-love-bombing
23. FOX, J. (2013). Into hell: Gang-prostitution of minors. Wash & L. J. Civ. Rts & Soc. Just 20, 591. https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/crsj/vol20/iss2/11
24. FURMAN, W. ve BUHRMESTER, D. (1992). Age and sex differences in perceptions of networks of personal relationships. Child Development., 63, 103-115. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130905
25. GÜLEÇOĞU, Ş.N. ve ALTINSU-SÖNMEZ, Ö. (2024). Beliren yetişkinlik döneminde gençlerin romantik öz yeterlik pozitif şema ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(4), 376-392. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.1563255
26. HAYES, S. ve JEFFRIES, S. (2016). Romantic terrorism?An autoethnographic analysis of gendered psychological and emotional tactiscs in domestic vioelence. Journal of Research in Gender Studies, 6(2).
27. HEGEL, J., CUMMINGS, J.A., TOEWS, K…. DELEURME, K. (2022). Women survivors of adolescent dating violence describe the maintenance of their abusive relationships: First person stories via YouTube. Violence Against Women, 29(7). https://doi.org/107780122210999
28. HEINDRICK, S.S. (2009). Yakın ilişkiler psikolojisi. (A. Dönmez, Çev.). Nobel Yayınevi.
29. HINES, D. A., ve SAUDINO, K. J. (2008). Personality and intimate partner aggression in dating relationships: The role of the Big Five. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 34(6), 593-604. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20277
30. HOCHBERG, Z. E., ve KONNER, M. (2020). Emerging adulthood, a pre-adult life-history stage. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 10, 486415. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00918
31. IMAMOGLU, S.E. (2021). Interpersonal relationships. E-book: Yeni İnsan Publishing House, https://www.turcademy.com/tr/kitap/kisilerarasiiliskiler-9786055895082
32. KAYGAS, Y. ve CANDEMIR, G. (2023). Romantik ilişkilerde ghosting: Hayalet sevgili. Uluslararası Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(3), 1049-71. https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.1258703
33. KHATTAMI, R. ve KOIRI, M. (2021). Kim family’s manipulative behaviors in parasite (2019). Journal of Literary and Cultural Studies, 9(3), 29-37.
34. KOESSLER, R. B., KOHUT, T. ve CAMPBELL, L. (2019). When your boo becomes a ghost: The association between breakup strategy and breakup role in experiences of relationship dissolution. Collabra: Psychology, 5(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.230
35. KUPERBERG, A. ve PADGETT, J.E. (2016). The role of culture in explaining college students' selection into hookups, dates, and long-term romantic relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 33,1070-1096. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407515616876
36. LEEDOM, L. J., ANDERSEN, D., GLYNN, M. A., ve BARONE, M. L. (2019). Counseling intimate partner abuse survivors: Effective and ineffective interventions. Journal of Counseling & Development, 97(4), 364-375. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12285
37. LAWRENCE, E.M., ROGERS, R.G., ZAJACOVA, A. ve WADSWORTH, T. (2019). Marital happiness, marital status, health, and longevity. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(5),1539-1561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-0009-9
38. LEFEBVRE, L. E., ALLEN, M., RASNER, R. D., GARSTAD, S., WİLMS, A., ve PARRİSH, C. (2019). Ghosting in emerging adults’ romantic relationships: The digital dissolution disappearance strategy. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 39(2), 125-150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276236618820519
39. MACCALLUM, R. C., WİDAMAN, K. F., ZHANG, S., & HONG, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4, 84-99. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.1.84
40. NAVARRO, R., LARRAÑAGA, E., YUBERO, S. ve VÍLLORA, B. (2020). Psychological correlates of ghosting and breadcrumbing experiences: A preliminary study among adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031116.
41. NUNNALY, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2. bsk.). McGraw-Hill.
42. ÖZGÜVEN, İ. E. (2011). Psikolojik testler. PDREM.
43. PANCANI, L., MAZZONI, D., AURELI, N. ve RIVA, P. (2021). Ghosting and orbiting: An analysis of victims’ experiences. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(7), 1987-2007. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211000417.
44. PETRIC, D. (2022). Potential detrimental health and social effects of ghosting. GNOSI: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Human Theory and Praxis, 6(1), 62-73. https://www.gnosijournal.com/index.php/gnosi/article/view/214
45. RECZEK, C., LIU, H. ve SPIKER, R. (2014). A population-based study of alcohol use in same-sex and different-sex unions. Journal of Marriage and Family, 76, 557-572. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12113
46. RUBIN, Z. (1970). Measurement of romantic love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16(2), 265-273. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0029841
47. SARAÇOĞLU, M. (2022, 24 Haziran). Günümüz ilişkilerindeki 3 terim: Love bombing, gaslighting, ghosting. Uplifers. https://www.uplifers.com/gunumuz-iliskilerindeki-3-terim-love-bombing-gaslighting-ghosting/
48. STOCKL, H., MARCH, L., PALLITTO, C., ve GARCIA-MORENO, C. (2014). WHO Multi-country study team ıntimate partner violence among adolescents and young women: prevalence and associated factors in nine countries: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 14(8).
49. STRUTZENBERG, C. C., WIERSMA-MOSLEY, J. D., JOZKOWSKI, K. N. ve BECNEL, J. N. (2017). Love-bombing: A narcissistic approach to relationship formation. Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences, 18(1), 81-89. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/discoverymag/vol18/iss1/14
50. ŞENCAN, H. (2005). Sosyal ve davranışsal ölçümlerde güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik. Seçkin.
51. TABACHNICK, B. G. ve FIDELL, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson.
52. TANFER, A. (2023, 15 Kasım). Love Bombing (Aşk Bombardımanı). Yeni nesil ilişki terimleri. Relate. https://www.therelate.app/blog/love-bombing-iliski-yaklasimi
53. TERZİ, Y. (2019). Anket, güvenilirlik- geçerlilik analizi. 19 Mayıs Üniversitesi. https://avys.omu.edu.tr/storage/app/public/yukselt/62069/GA4.pdf
54. TIMMERMANS, E., HERMANS, A-M. ve OPREE, S. J. (2020). Gone with the wind: Exploring mobile daters’ ghosting experiences. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(2), 783-801. https://doi.org/10.1177%0265407520970287.
55. UMBERSON, D., WILLIAMS, K., ve THOMEER, M. B. (2013). Family status and mental health: Recent advances and future directions. C. S. Aneshensel & J. C. Phelan (Eds.). Handbook of the sociology of mental health içinde (405-431). Springer Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_20
56. VELICER, W. F. ve FAVA, J. L. (1998). Effects of variable and subject sampling on factor pattern recovery. Psychological Methods, 3(2), 231-251. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.2.231
57. ZIMMER-GEMBECK M.J. (1999). Stability, change and ındividual differences in involvement with friends and romantic partners among adolescent females. J. Youth Adolesc., 28, 419-438. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021612907073