Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Sürecinde Gelir Eşitsizliği ve Orta Gelir Tuzağı: Gelir Düzeyine Göre Karşılaştırmalı Analiz

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, gelir eşitsizliğinin Orta Gelir Tuzağı üzerindeki etkisini ampirik olarak incelemek ve bu iki değişken arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisini kalkınma düzeyine duyarlı bir yaklaşımla analiz etmektir. Literatürde gelir eşitsizliği ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki sıklıkla ele alınmakla birlikte, bu ilişkinin Orta Gelir Tuzağı bağlamında ve özellikle farklı gelir gruplarına göre ayrıştırılarak nedensellik temelli biçimde incelendiği çalışmalar sınırlıdır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada, orta gelirli ve yüksek gelirli ülkeler ayrı ayrı analiz edilerek karşılaştırmalı bir değerlendirme yapılmaktadır.
Yöntem: Çalışmada, 1995–2023 dönemine ait toplam 107 orta ve yüksek gelirli ülkeyi kapsayan panel veri seti kullanılmıştır. Ampirik analiz sürecinde sırasıyla Pesaran CIPS birim kök testi ve Westerlund panel eşbütünleşme testi uygulanmıştır. Eşbütünleşme tespitinin ardından FMOLS ve DOLS tahmincileri ile uzun dönemli ilişkinin yönü ve büyüklüğü belirlenmiştir. Son olarak Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel nedensellik testi ile kısa dönemli nedensellik ilişkileri analiz edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Elde edilen bulgular, orta gelirli ülkelerde gelir eşitsizliği ile kişi başına düşen gelir arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve çift yönlü bir nedensellik olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu durum, eşitsizliğin büyümeyi sınırlayarak Orta Gelir Tuzağından çıkışı engellediğini ortaya koymaktadır. Yüksek gelirli ülkelerde de çift yönlü bir ilişki bulunmakla birlikte, etki daha zayıf düzeydedir.
Sonuç: Çalışma, gelir eşitsizliğinin kalkınma süreci üzerindeki etkilerinin ülke gruplarına göre farklılaştığını ortaya koyarak literatüre katkı sunmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular, özellikle orta gelirli ülkelerde eşitsizliği azaltıcı politikaların sürdürülebilir kalkınma ve Orta Gelir Tuzağından çıkış açısından kritik bir rol oynadığını göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda, eşitsizlikle mücadele yalnızca sosyal adaletin değil, aynı zamanda sürdürülebilir ve kapsayıcı ekonomik büyümenin de temel bir bileşeni olarak değerlendirilmelidir.

Keywords

• Gelir Eşitsizliği
• Orta Gelir Tuzağı
• Ekonomik Büyüme
• Ekonomik Kalkınma
• Panel Nedensellik Analizi.

Income Inequality and the Middle-Income Trap in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Comparative Analysis by Income Level

Abstract

Purpose: The primary aim of this study is to empirically examine the impact of income inequality on the Middle-Income Trap and to analyze the causal relationship between these two variables through a development-sensitive approach. While the relationship between income inequality and economic growth has been widely discussed in the literature, studies that investigate this relationship within the context of the Middle-Income Trap, particularly by differentiating across income groups and employing a causality-based framework, remain limited. In this context, the study conducts a comparative analysis by examining middle-income and high-income countries separately.
Methods: A panel dataset covering a total of 107 middle- and high-income countries for the period 1995–2023 is employed in this study. In the empirical analysis, the Pesaran CIPS unit root test and the Westerlund panel cointegration test are applied sequentially. Following the identification of cointegration, the direction and magnitude of the long-run relationship are estimated using FMOLS and DOLS estimators. Finally, short-run causality relationships are examined through the Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality test.
Findings: The results reveal a statistically significant and bidirectional causality between income inequality and per capita income in middle-income countries. This implies that inequality not only stems from but also actively shapes the growth process, making it harder to escape the Middle-Income Trap. In high-income countries, a similar bidirectional relationship is observed, though the impact of inequality on growth is relatively weaker.
Conclusion: The The study contributes to the literature by demonstrating that the effects of income inequality on the development process vary across country groups. The findings indicate that inequality-reducing policies play a particularly critical role for middle-income countries in achieving sustainable development and escaping the Middle-Income Trap. In this respect, addressing income inequality should be considered not only as a matter of social justice but also as a fundamental component of sustainable and inclusive economic growth.

Keywords

• Income Inequality
• Middle Income Trap
• Economic Growth
• Economic Development
• Panel Data Analysis.

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